an2400 application note - stmicroelectronics...an2400 audio player evaluation board concept 5/23 2...

November 2006 Rev 1 1/23

AN2400Application note

Audio player evaluation boardbased on ST7Lite

IntroductionThis application note demonstrates how to add audio playback to any application using a general-purpose ST7 microcontroller. To demonstrate this feature, an evaluation board, source code in C, schematics, and layout are available.

The Audio player evaluation board reconstructs audio signals through the PWM of a ST7FLITES2 microcontroller. Serial Flash is used to store the audio data in a binary file format. To store this audio data in the Flash, the sound files need to be in .wav format so that can be converted into .bin file format with the help of the PC GUI available with this package. Once the data is stored, the microcontroller reads it through an SPI interface and generates the sound using the PWM feature. A sixth order low pass filter removes any unwanted high frequency components from the signal before passing it through a speaker.

The key features of the Audio player evaluation board are as follows:

1% calibrated on-chip RC oscillator. The used microcontroller, ST7FLITES2, contains an internal RC oscillator with an accuracy of 1% for a given device. It can be calibrated to obtain a frequency required for the application. There is therefore no need for any external oscillator.

LVD (brown-out) on chip. The purpose of the Low Voltage Detector (LVD) is to ensure that the ST7 always functions in its safe area. No external reset circuit is required.

Small footprint solution.

Low power operation. Reduces battery/power supply cost (through extended battery life).

Supports lower density serial Flash if fewer messages needed.

Order of filter can be reduced to cut cost even more.

www.st.com

http://www.st.com

Contents AN2400

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Contents

1 Audio player evaluation board overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1 Instructions for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Audio player evaluation board concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1 Audio recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Audio reproduction flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4 Filter design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 WAV file conversion process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Appendix A Files description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

A.1 Function description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

A.2 Interrupt routine description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Appendix B Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Appendix C Bill of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

AN2400 Audio player evaluation board overview

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1 Audio player evaluation board overview

This evaluation board includes the following main components:

8-bit microcontroller: ST7FLITES2. However, the ST7Flite02 can also be used.

An external 8 MBit Serial Flash, M25P80 family

External components to build a low cost passive filter.

An audio amplifier (TDA7233)

3.3V low-cost voltage regulator

Figure 1. Audio player evaluation board block diagram

The main features of the evaluation board are as follows:

Plays pre-recorded audio clips stored on an ST 8-Mbit serial Flash

Can play up to 15 different audio files

Easy to use Index and Play push-buttons

Power input 6V DC

Phone-quality sound: 8 kHz/8 bit

1.1 Instructions for useAssuming the external Flash is already programmed with sounds, you need to:

1. Power-on the board

2. Connect the board to the speaker

3. Select the desired sound by pressing the Index button. The File Index indicates the sound to be played with the help of 4 LEDs.

4. Push the Play Sound button.

5. Adjust the volume potentiometer to your convenience.

ST7Lite02DIP16

6th orderRC filter

VolumeControl

PowerAmplifier

ExternalSpeaker

Connection

SPI

ZIFSocket

Binary LED display

PowerSupply Circuit

ExternalInput

File Index

Play

Reset Mic

roco

ntro

ller TDA

7233

VoltageRegulator

SerialFlash

Audio player evaluation board overview AN2400

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Figure 2. Labeled diagram of Audio player evaluation board

ICC Connector

ExternalSpeaker Jack

File Index LEDs

Volume Control

Play Switch

File Index Switch

Power Jack

Power LED

ZIF Socketfor Flash

AN2400 Audio player evaluation board concept

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2 Audio player evaluation board concept

2.1 Audio recordingA PC is used to prepare audio to be programmed onto the external serial Flash. The file must contain audio data as well as some basic file management structure to allow the ST7 to pick the correct audio during playback.

The serial Flash is used to store the audio files in binary format. For this purpose, it is necessary to have the audio files in .wav format which allows them to be converted to a .bin file to be programmed into the serial Flash.

For conversion to binary, the .wav files should have an 8 kHz sampling frequency and 8-bit quantization format. These files are input into the provided WAV Converter utility to generate a single .bin file.

Figure 3. Sound recording flow

Once this process is completed, the board is ready to play customized sounds provided by the user.

A sound is selected using the Index push-button, and then heard by pressing the Play button.

WAVBIN

011011011001010101

Recording process: Can be done on a standard PC, in a recording studio, or just some existing audio samples

Original Sound Sampling Quantifying

PC Processing: Convert the .WAV files into a propriety binary file used to reprogram the onboard serial Flash

WAVWAV

WAV File Storage Conversion to Binary File Burn binary file to M25PSerial Flash Memory

Standard8kHz/8-bit.WAV files

Audio reproduction flow AN2400

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3 Audio reproduction flow

Figure 4. Audio reproduction flow

Data, which is stored in the serial Flash, is read by the microcontroller through the SPI interface. This data is then fed through the timer registers to generate a PWM output whose duty cycle varies according to the data value.

The sequential path of the data flow from the serial Flash to the speaker is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Flow of data from external serial flash to external speaker

Micro Data Processing: Complete source code free available from ST

Train of Pulses PWM 6th Order RC Low-Pass

Reproduction of “phone

Analog Filtering

quality” audio

Reconstructed signal to Speaker

Filter quality/cost tradeoff can be achieved by populating or not the filter capacitors

MCU reads data fromSerial Flash through SPI timer feature Filter

8-BIT COREALU

AD

DR

ES

S A

ND

DA

TA

BU

S

RESET

PORT B

PORT A

SPI

8-BIT ADC

w/ WATCHDOG

PB4:0(5 bits)

1 MHz. RC OSC

InternalCLOCK

CONTROL

RAM(128 Bytes)

PA7:0(8 bits)

VSS

VDD POWERSUPPLY

FLASH

+ PLL x 4 or x 8

LITE TIMER

MEMORY

DATA EEPROM(128 Bytes)

12-BIT AUTO-RELOAD TIMER

LVD/AVD

(1 or 1.5K Bytes)

ExternalSerial Flash

SPI DataTransfer

PWM Timer Feature

ExternalFilter/Speaker

AN2400 Audio reproduction flow

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The microcontroller initiates the communication when it selects the Flash and starts reading the data on a full duplex, synchronous basis. Once the microcontroller reads the data, it generates a train of pulses using the PWM feature of the 12-bit auto reload timer. This is explained with the help of an example:

Audio samples of 8 kHz, 8-bit format are to be reproduced. This data is coded in an 8-bit format (with values from 0 to 255).

To reproduce the audio with sampling rate of 8 kHz, the microcontroller outputs each value in every 1/8000 sec (every 125 µs). This means that the period of the PWM is set at 125µs.

If the coded value of the audio signal is “1”, the microcontroller needs to generate the PWM signal with a HIGH output for 1 count and LOW for the rest of the 255 counts. This is shown in the figure below:

Figure 6. Waveform depicting the microcontroller output

Figure 7 below shows how the duty cycle register generates this output.

This process uses a duty cycle register, a 12-bit auto reload register and an up-counter.

When an up-counter overflow occurs (OVF event), the ATR value is loaded into the up-counter, the preloaded duty cycle is transferred to the duty cycle register. The PWM0 signal is then set to a high level. Finally, when the upcounter matches the DCRx value, the PWM0 signal is set to a low level.

To use this sequence for audio generation, the following steps are taken:

1. When the up-counter reaches 0xFFF, an overflow event occurs. At this point, the PWM output becomes high.

2. The ATR register value is loaded into the up-counter which in this example is 0xF00. 0xF00 is selected to maintain a range of 0-FF i.e. 0xF00-0xFFF for an 8-bit resolution .wav file.

3. The DCR lower 8-bit register (DCR0L) is loaded with a value that the microcontroller has read from the serial Flash. The DCR0H register value remains 0x0F. In this

1

x

256 256 256 256

Varying duty cycles

BIN

1x

Data value of 1 is read from Flash and ART generatesa PWM pulse with a duty cycle high of length 1

Data value of x is read from Flash and ART generatesa PWM pulse with a duty cycle high of length x

255

(256 - x) and (256-x) low.

with 255 low.

Flash

Audio reproduction flow AN2400

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example therefore, the microcontroller reads “1”. The complete contents of the duty cycle register is 0xF01.

4. The PWM output remains high until the point at which the up-counter contents do not match the DCR register contents which corresponds to the value from the serial Flash.

5. As the up-counter value matches the DCR register value, the PWM output goes low and remains low until the next overflow, i.e. until 0xFFF.

Note: To obtain a PWM signal, the DCR register value should be greater than the up counter starting value.

Figure 7. PWM function

The resultant output signal of the microcontroller has a duty cycle corresponding to the 8-bit of quantization and 8kHz sampling frequency. So following that, the timer frequency will be 8 kHz * 256 = 2 MHz.

This means that 2MHz is the minimum PWM frequency needed for use of the PWM for audio generation. With the ST7Lite device, the timer can receive Fcpu=8MHz. To utilize the 8MHz timer frequency, the firmware puts 4 times the sample value on the PWM.

The 8 kHz sampling frequency has a very high pitch and is audible to the human ear, so the signal needs to be reconstructed, passing it through a 6th-order low pass filter. This removes any unwanted high frequency component from the signal. The signal is then passed to the amplifier and through to the speaker. The filter cut-off frequency is set to 8 kHz. If it is necessary to change the sampling frequency of the audio to be played, the cut-off frequency of the filter needs to be adjusted according to signal frequency range. The human ear can detect sounds between 20Hz to 20kHz. However, a range of 4 kHz to 8kHz is suitable for human voice, hence the 8 kHz is the minimum required sampling frequency.

The microcontroller runs on the internal RC oscillator. It is important to carefully calibrate the internal RC frequency, as any discrepancy in fCPU value has a huge impact on the audio reproduction.

AN2400 Filter design

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4 Filter design

Here, a 6th-order low pass filter is used. A low pass filter passes all the signals below the cutoff frequency and attenuates the signal above cutoff frequency. The reason behind using a sixth order filter is to have a steeper slope and therefore a better frequency response. It is created by cascading six first-order low pass filters as shown in figure below:

Figure 8. Sixth order low pass RC-filter

Calculating resistance of low pass filter:

The value of C is taken as 0.01 µf and the cutoff frequency fC is 8kHz.

Cutoff frequency: fC = 1 / (2 π RC)

so: R = 1 / (2 π C fC)

= 1 / (2 π (.01 µF) (8 kHz) )

= 1990 Ω

R = 1.9 kΩ

1.9 kΩ is not a standard value, so 1.8 kΩ is used.

R R R R R R

C C C C C C

VoutVin

WAV file conversion process AN2400

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5 WAV file conversion process

(Utility provided to convert .wav -> .bin)

The key point of this demonstration board is to be able to customize it to play a set of sounds defined by the user. The user input to perform this operation will be the user .wav files. The .wav format is part of the RIFF bitstream format. This is one of the most current of audio formats for uncompressed PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) audio data as well as for computer audio storage. As it is required to be able to play multiple sounds in this demo, all audio data needs to be together in a file that can be programmed in the serial Flash. This is the purpose of the ARF utility.

The utility generates a .bin file such that:

It can be used to flash the content of the M25P serial Flash chip

It is in optimized format for the ST7FLiteS2 MCU to read and playback

It can contain up to 15 separate sounds that can be accessed individually

1 sec of audio uses 64 KB of Flash.

(With its 8 MB Flash, this board can playback up to 2 min of audio)

The folder where you have stored the utility should look similar to the following:

Figure 9. Files used to create a .bin file from a .wav file

1. Copy all .wav files into the same folder. (only 8 kHz/8-bit Files).

2. Copy romgen.bat and arf.exe into the same folder.

3. Edit clips.ini with names of sound clips, ensure that there are NO SPACES in the filenames.

4. Run romgen.bat.

5. Program the Serial Flash with the romfile.bin file.

Note: 1 A semicolon in front of a line in the INI file creates a comment line which is not processed by the ARF ROM generator utility.

2 The ARF utility program supports from 1 to 15 audio files, with a total file size supported up to the storage capacity of the 8-Mbit ST M25P80 Serial Flash ROM chip.

This process generates the romfile.bin file in the same folder with the following structure (as shown in Table 1). The microcontroller correctly interprets this structure while accessing the audio samples.

AN2400 WAV file conversion process

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Table 1. Storage of data in the flash

Offsets Description

00000000Gives the number of audio files stored in the serial flash. 1st Byte contains the value 1-15. Next 3 bytes are unused.

00000004-00000007 Gives the first record size (LSB first)

00000008-0000000B Gives the first record start address (LSB first)

0000000C-0000000F Gives the second record size (LSB first)

00000010-00000013 Gives the second record start address (LSB first)

Conclusion AN2400

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6 Conclusion

This solution provides an easy way to generate audio using an ST7 microcontroller. This can be customized to fit wide application requirements in term of audio. The solution provided can also be easily adapted to target a different microcontroller from the same family, or while using a different timer a wider range of platform options (ST7, STR7…).

AN2400 Files description

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Appendix A Files description

Table 2. Files and their description

A.1 Function description

A.1.1 RC_calibration()

A.1.2 IO_Init()

Files Description

Main.cContains the parameters, constants (#define), macros, global variables, function prototypes and their definition.

interrupt_vector.cContains the basic interrupt vector tables for ST7 devices and the preprocessors.

interrupt_routines.c Contains the interrupt service routines and preprocessors.

interface.h Contains the external declaration for the global variables.

interrupt_routines.h Contains the external declaration for the interrupt service routines.

define.h Contains the preprocessors and constants.

io7flite0.h Contains IO definitions for the various registers of ST7FLITES2

lib_bits.h Contains the constants (#define) and the public macros and declarations.

bitdef.h Contains the constants (#define) for the various registers of ST7FLITES2.

Input Parameter None

Output Parameter None

Global Variables None

Dependencies None

DescriptionUsed for the RC oscillator frequency adjustment. An 8-bit RC control register is used for the adjustment.




Dependencies None

DescriptionUsed to configure the data direction register and option register in output mode and in push pull mode respectively.

Files description AN2400

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A.1.3 SPI_Init()

A.1.4 PWM_Init()

A.1.5 LiteTimer_Init()

A.1.6 GlobalVar_Init()




Dependencies None

Description1) Configures the SPICSR and SPICR register.2) Enables the microcontroller in master mode.




Dependencies None

DescriptionEnables the overflow, input capture and compare interrupts.

PWM channel 0 is also enabled.




Dependencies None

DescriptionEnables the timebase interrupt as soon as the counter overflow occurs. Thereby, time base flag is set by hardware.



Global Variables

1) max_file_index

2) file_index3) IButton_flag

4) PButton_flag

5) tcnt


15/23

A.1.7 LED_Display()

A.1.8 Read_1_Byte()

A.1.9 Check_Indexbutton()

A.1.10 Check_Playbutton()

Dependencies None

Description

1) Determines the maximum file index.

2) Determines the current file index to be played.

3) Gives the distinction between an index button and a play button.4) Sets a timer counter for blinking of all the LEDs when the soundboard is switched on.




Dependencies None

Description Switches ON the LEDs in a binary format



Global Variables fbuff [index]

Dependencies None

DescriptionReads the first byte of the flash, thereby establishing a communication path between microcontroller and flash device through SPI interfacing.



Global Variables IButton_flag

Dependencies

1) Key_Debounce()

2) SetNew_Index()3) LED_Display()

DescriptionChecks whether the index button has been pressed or not. If pressed then switching over to next index file is done and thereby LED display also changes.



Global Variables

Files description AN2400

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A.1.11 Key_Debounce()

A.1.12 SetNew_Index()

A.1.13 Get_Current_Pointers()

A.1.14 Playbyte()

DependenciesKey_Debounce()

Get_Current_Pointers ()

Description Checks which file is to be played.



Global Variables tcnt

Dependencies None

Description Time delay for debouncing of switch



Global Variables

1) IButton_flag

2) file_index3) max_file_index

Dependencies None

Description Ensures that the index files do not exceed the required limit.




Dependencies None

Description

It works in the following way : 1) selects the flash

2) reads the data from it

3) sends the data to microcontroller from the flash4) reads and finds the start address of the data



Global Variables1) pwmrdy

2) pwm_val


17/23

A.2 Interrupt routine description:

A.2.1 LTIC_ISR (Lite timer compare interrupt service routine)

A.2.2 TO_ISR (Timer overflow interrupt service routine)

A.2.3 TC_ISR

Dependencies Key_Debounce()

DescriptionPlays the index files by reading the data from the flash through SPI interface.



Global Variables Tcnt

Dependencies none

DescriptionDecrements the counter from xx to 00. After decrementing, it clears the interrupt by reading the LTCSR register.



Global Variables1) pwmrdy2) pwm_val

Dependencies none

DescriptionWhenever this interrupt occurs, the variable pwmrdy is incremented, and the PWM value is loaded in the duty cycle register.




Dependencies None

Description Clears the interrupt generated by the PWM0 signal.

Schematics AN2400

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Appendix B Schematics

Figure 10. Schematic 1of 2

AN2400 Schematics

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Bill of materials AN2400

20/23

Appendix C Bill of materials

Table 3. Bill of materials for Audio player evaluation board

Index Quantity ReferenceValue /

Generic Part Number

Package Manufacturer

Manufacturer ordering

code/ Orderable

Part Number

1 6C1, C3, C4, C7, C18, C19

0.1 UF 50V CERAMIC

SMD0805 KEMETC0805C104Z5UACTU

2 1 C210 UF CER 25V

1206 PANASONICECJ-3YB1E106M

3 1 C50.022 UF 50V CERAMIC

SMD0805 AVX08055G223ZAT2A

4 2 C9,C6 220 UF 10V 8 * 6.2 mm PANASONICECE-V1AA221P

5 8C8, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17

0.01 UF 50V 10% CERAMIC

SMD0805 AVX08055C103KAT2A

6 1 C10100 UF 6.3V CERAMIC

6.3 *5.4 mm NICHICONUWX0J101MCL1GB

7 1 D1 DIODESTP SMA ST STPS140A

8 1 J1POWER JACK 2.5MM

POWER JACK- 14.17 * 8.96 mm

CUI PJ-102B

9 1 J2NOT INSTALLED

NOT INSTALLED

MOLEX 22-28-4024

10 2 J5, J3 2 PIN HDR 2 PIN HDR MOLEX 22-28-4024

11 1 J4 HEADER 2X5 HEADER 2X5 MOLEX 10-89-1101

12 1 J6 HEADER 1X6 HEADER 1X6 MOLEX 22-28-4064

13 1 J7SPEAKER JACK

SPEAKER JACK

CUI INC MJ-2506N

14 5LED1, LED2, LED3, LED4, LED5

GREEN LED SMD0805 LITEONLTST-C170GKT

15 1 RP1RES ARRAY 220

0805 CTS 743C083221J

16 2 RP2, RP3RES ARRAY 1.8K

0805 CTS743C083182JTR

17 6R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8

10K SMD0805 YAEGO9C08052A1002FKHFT

18 2 R6, R7 100K SMD PANASONICERJ-6GEYJ104V

AN2400 Bill of materials

21/23

19 1 R9 10K POT11.48 * 9.71 mm

PANASONICEVU-F2AF30D14

20 1 R10 220E SMD0805 YAEGORC0805JR-07220RL

21 1 R11 4.7E SMD0805 YAEGORC0805JR-074R7L

22 2 SW1, SW2PUSH BUTTON SPST

4.7X3.5X2.1 mm

PANASONIC EVQ-P2K02Q

23 1 U1 3.3 VREG DPAK ST KF33BDT

24 1 U2 MCU DIP16 STST7FLITES2Y0B6

25 1 U3WIDE ZIF SOCKET

SO8EMULATION TECHNOLOGY

S-SOP-00-008-B

26 1 U4 AUDIO AMP SO8 ST TDA7233D

27 1 U58-MBIT FLASH

SO8W STM25P80-VMW6G

Index Quantity ReferenceValue /

Generic Part Number

Package Manufacturer

Manufacturer ordering

code/ Orderable

Part Number

Revision history AN2400

22/23

7 Revision history

Table 4. Document revision history

Date Revision Changes

10-Nov-2006 1 Initial release.

AN2400

23/23

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