AN OUT LINE OF PROJECT REPORT

A Project Report Is An Academic Record For Evaluation, Presenting

Every Related Facts And Figures Connected To The Project Work Assigned To

The V Semester Students Of Diploma Course.

Students Get Assigned Some Topic For Their Study As Their Projects

Work To The Commencement Of Their Semester .The Guides Form Batches Of

Student’s .Every Batch Will Have One Of Two Lectures As Their Guides.

These Guides Will Help The Students To Carry Out Their Work

Successfully .The Guide First Outlines The General Scope Of The Topic

Enlighten The Students On The Nature ,Scope ,Reward, Practical Difficulties

And Advantages Connected To The Proposed Project .The Students After

Considering Carefully The Prospect Of The Viability And Advisability Selected

The Topic For Their Project Works

GUIDE LINES FOR THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT

01 Identifying The Topic /Are The Project.

02 Procuring Materials For The Project.

03 Making Use Of The Dare Collected On The Object.

04 Preparing A Sample /Mode/Miniature /Project work As A

Pretest /Rehearsal And Get It Evaluated By The Guide

05 Carrying Out The Project Work At The

Appropriate/Suitable Site As May Be Deemed Fit By The

Guide, Applying And Remedial Measure Suggested

Recommended By The Guides .

06 completing The Project Work Within The Stipulated

Period Of Time.

07 Collection And Noting Down On Record The Entire

Finding. After The Approval Of The Guide

Having These Things In Mind We Are Presenting This Project

Work

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We Owe A Deep Gratitude To Mr M.VEERAMANI,B.E.Miste., Principal For

Allowing Us Inspiration And Encouragement To This Project Work

We Express Our Sincere Thanks To Our English Lecture Mrs

N.INDHUMATHY,M.A.,M.Phil., For Offering Her Service Hand And Uplifting Us

To Do This Outline Of A Project Work Successfully.

We Thank Out Head Of The Department Mechanical Engineering Mr

K.MURUGANBABU,B.E., For Valuable Guidance And Ms S.PRIYA,

M.A.,M.Phil.,M.A.,M.Phil., Lecture In English Providing Project Materials.

CONTENT

1 SYNOPSIS

2 INTRODUCTION

3 DIAGRAM

4 REGENERATIVE BRAKE 

5 HYPERMILING

6 CAMPARE

7 ADVANTAGES

8 DISADVANTAGES

9 BIBLOGRAPHY

SYNOPSIS

Regenerative braking is not the same as dynamic braking, which

dissipates the electrical energy as heat and does not maintain energy in

a usable form.

INTRODUCTION

A brake is a device for applying a force against the friction of the road,

slowing or stopping the motion of a machine or vehicle, or alternatively a

device to restrain it from starting to move again. The kinetic energy lost

by the moving part is usually translated to heat by friction. Alternatively,

inregenerative braking, much of the energy is recovered and stored for

later use.

Note that kinetic energy increases with the square of the velocity (E =

1/2·m·v2 relationship). This means that if the speed of a vehicle doubles,

it has four times as much energy. The brakes must therefore dissipate

four times as much energy to stop it and consequently the braking

distance is four times as long.

Brakes of some description are fitted to most wheeled vehicles,

including automobiles of all kinds, trucks, trains, motorcycles,

and bicycles. Baggage carts and shopping carts may have them for use

on a moving ramp.

Most aeroplanes are fitted with wheel brakes on the undercarriage.

Some aircraft also feature air brakes designed to reduce their speed in

flight. Notable examples include gliders and some WWII-era aircraft,

primarily some fighters and many dive bombers of the era. These allow

the aircraft to maintain a safe speed in a steep descent. The Saab B

17 dive bomber used the deployed undercarriage as an air brake.

Deceleration and avoiding acceleration when going downhill can also be

achieved by using a low gear; see engine braking.

Friction brakes on cars store the heat in the rotating part (drum

brake or disc brake) during the brake application and release it to the air

gradually.

DIAGRAM

REGENERATIVE BRAKE

A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces vehicle speed by

converting some of its kinetic energy into a storeable form of energy

instead of dissipating it as heat as with a conventional brake. The

captured energy is stored for future use or fed back into a power system

for use by other vehicles.

Electrical regenerative brakes in electric railway vehicles feed the

generated electricity back into the supply system. In battery

electric and hybrid electricvehicles the energy is stored in a battery or

bank of capacitors for later use. Energy may also be stored

by compressing air or by a rotating flywheel.

HYPERMILING

Because braking (except regenerative braking) converts kinetic energy

into heat energy, it wastes energy that was used earlier to gather speed.

Additionally, regenerative braking is not 100% efficient at recovering

energy. Because of this, an easy way to see how well you are

conserving your fuel is to note how much and how often you are braking.

If the majority of your slowing is from unavoidable mechanical friction or

drag, this means you are more or less squeezing out most of the

potential from your vehicle. Some drivers use various techniques to

minimize braking to save fuel

BASICS

We all know that pushing down on the brake pedal slows a car to a stop.

But how does this happen? How does your car transmit the force from

your leg to its wheels? How does it multiply the force so that it is enough

to stop something as big as a car?

When you depress your brake pedal, your car transmits the force from

your foot to its brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a

much greater force than you could apply with your leg, your car must

also multiply the force of your foot. It does this in two ways:

Mechanical advantage

Hydraulic force multiplication

The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires

transmit that force to the road using friction also. Before we begin our

discussion on the components of the brake system, we'll cover these

three principles: Leverage. Hydraulics. Friction.

THE MOTOR AS A GENERATOR

Vehicles driven by electric motors use the motor as a generator when

using regenerative braking: it is operated as a generator during braking

and its output is supplied to an electrical load; the transfer of energy to

the load provides the braking effect.

Early examples of this system were the front-wheel drive conversions of

horse-drawn cabs by Louis Antoine Krieger (1868-1951). The Krieger

electric landaulet had a drive motor in each front wheel with a second set

of parallel windings (bifilar coil) for regenerative braking.[1]

An Energy Regeneration Brake was developed in 1967 for

the AMC Amitron.[2] This was a completely battery powered

urban concept car whose batteries were recharged by regenerative

braking, thus increasing the range of the automobile.[3]

ELECTRICAL RAILWAY OPERATION

During braking, the traction motor connections are altered to turn them

into electrical generators. The motor fields are connected across the

main traction generator (MG) and the motor armatures are connected

across the load. The MG now excites the motor fields. The rolling

locomotive or multiple unit wheels turn the motor armatures, and the

motors act as generators, either sending the generated current through

onboard resistors (dynamic braking) or back into the supply

(regenerative braking).

For a given direction of travel, current flow through the motor armatures

during braking will be opposite to that during motoring. Therefore, the

motor exerts torque in a direction that is opposite from the rolling

direction.

Braking effort is proportional to the product of the magnetic strength of

the field windings, times that of the armature windings.

CAMPARISION OF DYNAMIC AND REENERATIVE BRAKE

Dynamic brakes ("rheostatic brakes" in the UK), unlike regenerative

brakes, dissipate the electric energy as heat by passing the current

through large banks of variable resistors. Vehicles that use dynamic

brakes include forklifts, Diesel-electric locomotives and streetcars. If

designed appropriately, this heat can be used to warm the vehicle

interior. If dissipated externally, large radiator-like cowls are employed to

house the resistor banks.

The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes when compared with

dynamic brakes is the need to closely match the generated current with

the supply characteristics. With DC supplies, this requires that the

voltage be closely controlled. Only with the development of power

electronics has this been possible with AC supplies, where the supply

frequency must also be matched (this mainly applies to locomotives

where an AC supply is rectified for DC motors).

A small number of mountain railways have used 3-phase power supplies

and 3-phase induction motors. This results in a near constant speed for

all trains as the motors rotate with the supply frequency both when

motoring and braking.

USE

Regenerative brakes are being used in compressed air cars to refuel the

tank during braking.

Brake (railway)

Electromagnetic brake

Dynamic braking

Regenerative shock absorber

Hybrid Synergy Drive

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Project Is Gallery From The Following Treasure

They Are

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