an introduction to the species-people correlation
DESCRIPTION
An introduction to the correlation between human population and biodiversity, vascular plants, stream macro-invertebrates, ants, grasshoppers, maps of the world, Synthesis of the North American Flora, Ohio and Virginia not included. Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macro-invertebratesTRANSCRIPT
An introduction to the species-people correlation
Marco Pautasso,Division of Biology,
Imperial College London, Silwood Campus, UK
8 July 2008
from: Lonsdale et al. (2008) European Journal of Forest Research
Random sample of 100 papers per year on ‘species richness’ in WOS (1991-2004)
Global biodiversity patterns: vascular plants
from Barthlott et al. (2007) Erdkunde
Global human population density patterns
from Small & Cohen (2004) Current Anthropology
Map of the world by Abraham Ortelius, ~1570
From: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:1572_Typus_Orbis_Terrarum_Ortelius.jpg
Orbis terrarum, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, ~27 a.C.
from http://www.arqweb.com/vitrum/orbis22.asp
Species-people correlation in Europe
from Araujo (2003) Global Ecology & Biogeography
plants birds
people
spp
n = 2877, r2 = 0.18, y = 1.75+ 0.22x, p < 0.0001
1
2
3
4
2 3 4 5 6 7
log10 human population size (n)
log1
0 vas
cula
r pla
nt s
pp ri
chne
ss (n
)
A positive species-people correlation for vascular plants in US counties
Data from the Synthesis of the North American Flora, Ohio and Virginia not included
1. Sampling bias?
from: Pautasso & McKinney (2007) Conservation Biology
US counties with (•) or without (o) Universities and/or Botanical Gardens
from: Pautasso & McKinney (2007) Conservation Biology
• N = 692, r2 = 0.13, y = 2.15 (SE = 0.08) + 0.15 (SE = 0.01) x, p < 0.0001
o N = 2187, r2 = 0.10, y = 2.18 (SE = 0.05) + 0.15 (SE = 0.01) x, p < 0.0001
from: Hufnagel, Brockmann & Geisel (2004) PNAS
number of passengers per day
2. Active conservation?
Photos of veteran trees courtesy of G. Bortolotti; Map of human population density from Swiss Federal Statistical Office
Celtis australis, San Gimignano
Quercus robur, Udine
Castanea sativa,St. Alfio, Sicily
Quercus cerris,Amatrice, Latium
Cupressussempervirens, Forli
people / km2
no information
(c)y = -2.03 + 0.49x, r2 = 0.15, p < 0.0001
0
1
2
4 5 6 7log10 province human population size
log1
0 vet
eran
tree
spec
ies
(c)
y = -1.70 + 0.47x, r2 = 0.69, p < 0.0001
0
1
2
4 5 6 7 8
log10 region human population size
log1
0 vet
eran
tree
spec
ies
(b)y = -2.98 + 0.68x, r2 = 0.13, p < 0.0001
0
1
2
4 5 6 7log10 province human population size
log 1
0 vet
eran
tree
indi
vidu
als
(b)
y = -1.99 + 0.58x, r2 = 0.56, p < 0.00010
1
2
3
4 5 6 7 8
log10 region human population size
log1
0 vet
eran
tree
indi
vidu
als
(c)(a)
(b)
a & b: abundance, c & d: spp richness, a & c: regions; b & d: provinces; from: Pautasso & Chiarucci (2008) Annals of Botany
(d)
Monumental trees in Italy’s regions and provinces
Source: United States Department of Agriculture, 2004Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine
Trace forward/back zipcode
Positive (Phytophthora ramorum) site
Hold released
3. Species introductions?
from: Cushman & Meentemeyer (2008) Journal of Ecology
Multi-scale correlation of human presence and Phytophthora ramorum disease incidence
Sudden Oak Death in California
from Desprez-Loustau et al. (2007) Trends in Ecology & Evolution
b from: http://www.worldmapper.org/
a, c & d: from: Pautasso & Parmentier (2007) Botanica Helvetica
(c)
(d)
(a) (c)
log 1
0sp
pri
chne
ss (n
)
(b) Size of countries reflects n of botanic gardens
Living collections of the world’s botanical gardens
(d)
(yr)
From (all et al.): (a) Kreft (2008) Ecology Letters, (b) Cramer (1999) Global Change Biology, (c) Imhoff (2004) Nature
(b)(a)
4. Both species and people correlate with productivity?
(c)
NPP (g C yr-1 m-2)
vascular plant species richness terrestrial net primary productivity
human-appropriated net primary productivity
from: Marini, Prosser, Klimek & Marrs (in press) J Biogeography
Both species and people correlate with productivity
Altitude Plant species richness in Trentino, Italy
Source: European Academy, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (EURAC)
Excursus: human population density across the Alps
Source: European Academy, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (EURAC)
Excursus (2): human pop. dens. change across the Alps
Air pollution due to urbanization: NO2
source: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/pollution_europe_hires.jpg
[1015 mol/cm2; Jan 2003- Jun 2004]
Some recent studies of the spp-people correlation
World wilderness map from: UNEP-WCMC World Atlas of Biodiversity, GIS analysis by R. Lesslie (ANU), method developed for the Australian Heritage Commission
Balmfordet al. (2001) ScienceReal et al.
(2003) J Biogeog
McKinney (2003) Biol Cons
Vazquez & Gaston (2006) Biodiv & Cons
Chown et al. (2003) Ecol Appl
Luck (2007)J Biogeog
Araujo(2003) GEB
Hunter & Jonzon(1993) CB
Ding et al. (2006) J Biogeog
Moreno-Rueda &
Pizarro (2008) Ecol Res
Diniz-Filho et al. (2006) Acta Oecol.
What about invertebrates? (1) Ants
from Schlick-Steiner et al. (in press) Journal of Biogeography
(a)y = -0.19 + 0.29x, s.s.e. = 0.03, r2 = 0.42, p < 0.0001
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
log10 human population size (n)
log 1
0 ant
spec
ies r
ichn
ess (
n)
(b)y = 0.67 + 0.22x, s.s.e = 0.02, r2 = 0.30, p < 0.0001
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
log10 country area (km2)
log 1
0 ant
spec
ies r
ichn
ess (
n)
(c)y = -1.00 + 0.87x, s.s.e. = 0.13, r2 = 0.56, p < 0.0001
1.0
2.0
3.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 plant species richness (n)
log 1
0 ant
spec
ies r
ichn
ess (
n)
(d)y = 0.65 - 0.27x, s.s.e. = 0.64, r2 = 0.02, p = 0.67
1.0
2.0
3.0
-4.6 -4.5 -4.4 -4.3 -4.2
Boltzmann transformed temperature (1/kT)
log 1
0 ant
spe
cies
rich
ness
(n)
What about invertebrates? (2) Grasshoppers
from Steck & Pautasso (in press) Acta Oecologica
What about invertebrates? (3) May-, stone- & caddis-flies
from Pautasso & Fontaneto (in press) Ecological Applications
Pict
ures
from
http
://bi
okey
s.be
rkel
ey.e
du
from: Lonsdale et al. (2008) European Journal of Forest Research
Random sample of 100 papers per year on ‘species richness’ in WOS (1991-2004)
Conclusions
1) the scale-dependence of the species-people correlation has implications for conservation,
2) a positive spp-people correlation could be due to i) sampling bias, (ii) active
conservation, and (iii) species introductions,
3) but its most plausible/frequent explanation is a correlation of both people and spp
richness with environmental productivity
Acknowledgements
Claude Steck, WSL, CH
Mike Jeger, Wye & Silwood
Ingrid Parmentier,
Univ. of Bruxelles, Belgium
Kevin Gaston, Univ. of
Sheffield
Diego Fontaneto,Silwood
Birgit & FlorianSchlick-Steiner, Univ. of Queensland, Australia
Mike McKinney, Univ. of Tennessee, US
Lorenzo Marini, Univ. of Padua, Italy
Alessandro Chiarucci,
Univ. of Siena, Italy
References Barbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Positive regional species–people correlations: a sampling artefact or a key issue for sustainable development? Animal Conservation 13: 446-447Barbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Is the human population a large-scale indicator of the species richness of ground beetles? Animal Conservation 13: 432-441Cantarello E, Steck CE, Fontana P, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) A multi-scale study of Orthoptera species richness and human population size controlling for sampling effort. Naturwissenschaften 97: 265-271Chiari C, Dinetti M, Licciardello C, Licitra G & Pautasso M (2010) Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 366-371Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections of the world's botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics and Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M & Dinetti M (2009) Avian species richness, human population and protected areas across Italy’s regions. Environmental Conservation 36: 22-31Pautasso M & Powell G (2009) Aphid biodiversity is correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia160: 839-846Pautasso M & Zotti M (2009) Macrofungal taxa and human population in Italy's regions. Biodiversity & Conservation 18: 473-485Pautasso M & Parmentier I (2007) Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural ecosystems? Botanica Helvetica 117: 15-28Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280