An introduction to blood

Blood – The ‘River of the life’

350 years ago: It was discovered thatBlood circulates around the human body.

200 years ago: 1st human blood

transfusion (from one person to another

person) was performed.

100 years ago: Different blood types are

discovered.

30 years ago: Tests are developed to

detect viruses that can transmit diseases

to another person through blood

transfusion.

Karl Landsteiner

Key Discoveries

You have a complex circulatory system

to carry your blood.

If you laid the blood vessels in one

line, the line would be up to 100,000

miles long, or about 2 ½ times around

the world!

The heart is the engine that moves the blood through the body. It pumps one gallon of blood every minute and beats tirelessly, 100,000 times a day, 365 days a year without a break.

A Health tip:

Considering how hard your heart works for you, shouldn’t you take good care of it with a healthy life-style, including plenty of exercise, a low-fat diet and not smoking?

How much blood do we have?

The average adult has about five liters of

blood living inside of their body, coursing

through their vessels, delivering essential

elements, and removing harmful wastes.

Without blood, the human body would stop

working.

8 million blood cells die in human body every

second with the same number being born each

second.

It takes a mere 20 seconds for a red blood cell

to circle the whole body.

The blood looks like a red liquid, but it is made up of billions of cells in a pale yellow-colored fluid called plasma.

There are 3 main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells give blood its red color.

Plasma is the liquid

mostly water, in which all of your blood cells ‘swim’. It contains needed minerals, vitamins, sugars and hormones.

This is how blood looks after being spun in a centrifuge. The different parts of the blood are separated in a test tube.

Red blood cells exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. When breathe, you take in fresh oxygen, you also breathe out excess carbon dioxide brought to your lungs by your blood.

Like an exhaust system, the red blood cells take away the carbon dioxide produced when your body ‘burns’ oxygen.

Red Blood Cells

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange in the Capillaries

White Blood Cells

Your body is in constant battle against invaders. Every day, viruses and bacteria may find their way into your body and can make you sick. White blood cells of various kinds spring into action to combat these invaders. These cells form the immune system.

Platelets

When you cut yourself, you create a hole in both your skin & vessel. When this happens, many processes go into action to:

Plug the hole to stop the loss of

blood

Remove dirt and germs that find an

easy way into your body through

the hole

Repair the damage done to your

body

Bone Marrow

Blood cells are made in the marrow. They originate from stem cells. The stem cells multiply and grow to become the various kinds of blood cells the body needs. When the cells mature they are released into the blood vessels.

Bone Marrow is a blood factory

Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow,

placenta and blood.

These stem cells can be stored and, after a careful

matching process, be transplanted to patients so

that the diseased stem cells are replaced with

healthy ones.

It cannot be manufactured

Animal blood cannot replace it

People are the only source of

blood for those who need it

In Macao, more than 10,000 units of red cell needed annually

1 in 3 people will need blood transfusion in their lifetime

30 donations of blood needed every day in Macao

Therefore, many people are needed to donate blood

Normally your body easily makes all the blood you need. But accidents or disease can cause people to need more blood than their bodies can produce. They depend on blood donated by health people.

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Blood Separation

The plasma can be centrifuged heavily a second time to separate the platelet rich plasma. The supernatant plasma can be expressed into a third bag and

stored as fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The remaining platelet rich plasma is utilized as a platelet pack.

Blood is collected as whole blood This is done by light centrifugation

The platelet rich plasma can then be expressed off, leaving packed

red blood cells

A small portion of each

blood donation is removed

for testing.

Using the information

gathered, each bay of blood

component is labeled,

identifying the blood type

and other special

characteristics of the blood.

TestingThe following tests are manadatory on all units of blood collected

for transfusion:

ABO group and Rh type

Screening for blood-group antibodies

Serologic test for syphilis

Serologic tests for human retroviruses including:

HIV-1/2 antibody

HTLV I/II antibodies

Serologic tests for hepatitis including:

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb)

Hepatitis C antibody

Nucleic Acid tests:

HBV

HIV

HCV

Tested and ready for transfusion, blood components are temporarily stored at the blood center until transported to the hospitals.

Blood components are transported to hospitals, daily and on an emergency basis, so they are on hand when needed.

Blood

Blood Group

Blood Groups

Ankyrin

4.1

P55Actin

Band 3Diego

CarbohydrateABO, H and Lewis

Rh Polypeptide

Rh Glycoprotein

Cell surface

Lipidbilayer

Spectrin tetramer

Cytosol

β-1,3

β-1,3

β-1,4

β-1,3

β-1,3

β-1,3

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

Red Cell Surface

D-galactose

N-acetylglucosamine

L-fucose

Type II Type I

Blood Groups

ABO Blood group

100 years ago, was discovered that different people

have different types of blood. Major types are ‘O’, ‘A’,

‘B’ and ‘AB’.

For a blood donation to be helpful to a patient, there has to be a good match between the blood type of thedonors and the patients.

People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers."

O

41%

A

26%

B

26%

AB

7%

ABO Blood group distribution among Macao donor population

Blood group

Determined by the presence

of different proteins on the

red cell membrane.

group A - A antigen

group B - B antigen

group AB - A and B antigen

group O – None

Group A Group B

Group ABGroup O

ABO Blood group

ABO inheritance

Other blood groups

Recent decades, a number of other characteristics (blood groups)

have been found in blood.

Laboratories test and identify exact type donated so that only right

type is given to a particular patient.

The Macao BTC has a team to find the right blood for a particular

patient.

Red blood cells, can be stored for only 42 days.

We make every effort to ensure as much blood as possible is used before its ‘shelf life’ date is up.

But most importantly, a supply is always on hand and nobody’s life is threatened because donated blood wasn’t

there when it was needed.

The Rh Blood Group System

Rh, not rhesus –rhesus is a monkey, was first described in 1939 by Levine and Stetson when a mother with a post-partum haemorrhage underwent a haemolytic transfusion reaction, having been given blood from her ABO compatible husband.

Would You Let This Crossmatch for You?

Rh Blood Group System

One of the 27 known

blood group systems.

Consist of 48 different

antigens.

Clinical significant

antigens: D C c E

e.

D antigen is the

most important.

RhD positive

antigen

RhD negative

No antigen

The Rh Blood Group System

Inheritance

85

92

99 99

75

80

85

90

95

100

%

Cauc. Blacks Asians Nat. Am.

D

Variations of % RhD negative between populations:

Caucasians: 15%

Asian: 0.3 to 0.5%

Macao:

Chinese: 0.47%

Macanese: 2%

Rh blood group of Macao

population

RhD negative blood donor

正型血型

負型血型

澳門市民負型血型的百分比

99.53%

0.47%

Rh Negative

Rh Positive

RhD negative blood recipients

Rh Negative Blood donors in Macao

45 47 45

7479

70

1510 9 11

25

10

2832

21

41

53

6988

64

101109

93

73 71 71

85

y-2001 y-2002 y-2003 y-2004 y-2005 y-2006 y-2007 y-2008 y-2009

總負型捐血者人數/Total negative donors

新負型捐血者/New negative donors

血液單位/Blood units

21

Rh Negative Blood donors in Macao

More than 99% of the blood donation in Macao is from

donors of Chinese descent who are the predominant

ethnic group in Macao.

About 0.5% of the Chinese population and 2% of the

Macanese in Macao are RhD negative as compared to

15% of the Caucasian population.

Because of these rare variants, it’s very important for

there to be diversity among blood donors. If a person

with rare blood type needs blood and compatible donor

cannot be found, the consequences can be fatal.

Am I negative?

What can you do to help yourself and others with Rh negative blood types?

A first step is to find out your blood type.

If you have a rare blood type, you can put

yourself on our rare blood registry program.

Who may donate blood

–

12.5g/dl

13.5g/dl

Statistics 2009 y

2.6%Donors

11,146

12,683Blood units

428,400

17- 69 yrs

Issued to hospitals: 14,878 units

血 液 發 放Envio de sangue / Issue of blood

Please kindly give your support

Thank you!