an inclusive & efficient service delivery

An Inclusive & Efficient Service Delivery:

Imperative for Sustainable Provision of Drinking Water”

Anshuman

Associate Director,

Water Resources Division

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

‘‘G.STIC, Brussels”

24th October, 2017

Structure of Presentation

1. Major Challenges in Water sector in India

2. Case Studies

• Community-led Water Kiosk System

• Urban Water Demand Management

• River Bank Filtration System

3. Way Forward & Key Messages

State of Water Resources

June 1, 2003:

(Natwarghad)

Gujarat

(Amit Dave/Reuters)

April, 2011: Villagers carry pitchers filled with drinking water from a well at

Meni village (Gujarat)

August, 2010: A man, marooned by flood waters along with his livestock, waves

towards an army helicopter for relief handout in the Rajanpur Pakistan's Punjab (Reuters)

Maharashtra 2013: Drought in village

July, 2012: A girl uses a submerged hand-pump to fetch drinking water during

floods at Dhuhibala village in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam (Utpal Baruah/Reuters)

Saturday, March 14, 2015

Foam from industrial effluents covers the surface of the Yamuna River in New

Delhi, as a man, center background, tries to catch fish

Major Challenges in Water

Sector

Global & Indian Scenario

Declining per capita water availability

Many river basins are water stressed and likely to be

water scarce.

Increasing & competing water demand

Overexploitation/Depletion of groundwater

Water quality issues

Inefficient use of water: Agri/ Irrigation; Domestic (Urban

& Rural), Industrial

Irrational Tariff, inequitable access

Climate change impacts

Limited trans-boundary cooperation (both National and

Regional) on water management & information sharing

Major Regional Challenges in Water Sector

State of water resources: Global

Total annual renewable water resources: Global

Most recent estimates (1985-2010)

The South Asian countries (Afghanistan; Bangladesh;

Bhutan; India; Iran; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka) are

home to about 1/4th of the world’s population, but only

contain about 4.5% (1,945 billion m3 ) of the world’s annual

renewable water resources (43,659 billion m3 ) Source: WWAP 2012. The UN WWDR 4: UNESCO

Developmental stress on water resources

(India)

• Fierce

competition

among sectors:

industries, irrigation,

drinking water etc.

• Industrial water

requirement

doubled during last

decade &

expected to

increase 7 folds

by 2050

Competing Water demand (BCM)

688910

1072

5673

102

12

23

63

5

15

130

52

72 80

8131093

1447

1

10

100

1000

10000

2010 2025 2050

Years

Wate

r D

em

an

d (

Bil

lio

n C

ub

ic M

ete

r)

Irrigation

Drinkingwater

Industry

Energy

Others

Total

Increasing & competing demand

Impacts on water resources

Per capita water availability

Source: WWAP (World water assessment programme). 2015. The UN WWDR -2015: Water for a sustainable world, Paris, UNESCO

India falls in water stressed category

Major issues in Urban Water Sector

Inequitable access

- Access to safe drinking water in Urban areas has increased in last two decades (91.9%; 2011 Census). However, still about 8% lack access in urban and 16% in rural (84%; 2008).

- High Disparity in per capita water supply (Eg. Delhi 29 to 509 lpcd); (India wide- 9 lpcd in Tuticorin to 584 lpcd in Triuvannamalai).

- Slippages!

Unsustainable &

inefficient water-use - Inconsistent supply (2-3

hours) with high leakages, thefts


MDG India Country Report 2015:

During 2012, at all India level, 87.8% households had access to improved

source of drinking water while 86.9% households in rural and 90.1%

households in urban area had access to improved source of drinking water..


High UFW - UFW (Unaccounted for water)

in Urban water supply: (generally 20-50%);

- NCR – 30-50%

Metering - Very low coverage in metering.

- Many places no metering at all

A (2007) study by MoUD & ADB in 20

major cities of India shows an

average water availability of 4.3

hours/day, an average UFW of

about 32% and average metered

connection of only 24.5%

Irrational Tariff - Water tariff does not represent the actual O&M, social and environment cost of

water. Lack of ‘water pinch’.

• Bhopal (lowest tariff that can not cover production cost of Rs. 3/m3 )- Rs. 0.6/m3

• Indore: Average tariff Rs. 2.79/ m3 against production cost of Rs. 13.18/m3

- Low billing & collection efficiency,

- High Staffing ratio (Bhopal (20.7), Indore (18.7), Mumbai (17.2)


"ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF

WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL"

Target 6.1 “By 2030, achieve universal & equitable access to safe &affordable drinking

water for all” (Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services)

Target 6.2 “By 2030, achieve access to adequate & equitable sanitation/hygiene for all and

end open defecation. (Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including hand-washing)

Target 6.3 “By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, halving the proportion of

untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse globally” (Proportion of wastewater

safely treated)

Target 6.4 “By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and

ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and

substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity”. (Change in water use

efficiency over time)

Target 6.5 “By 2030, implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary

cooperation as appropriate”

Target 6.6 “By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems,

Additional targets on Means of Implementation

Target 6.a “By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support

Target 6.b “Support &strengthen participation of local communities

And in addition Target 11.5 : link to other targets (Disaster Management)

What Needs to Be Done?

Given the challenges in water sector…

• The conscience for efficient water management

with use of efficient technologies needs to take a

center stage in planning by the Water

managers/Planners.

• Need to focus with an integrated approach − that takes into account the need of all stakeholders

confined within a particular boundary like basin, sub-

basin, watersheds

• Multi agency, multi disciplinary and multi faceted

approach

Case Studies

(Water Kiosk, WDM, & RBF)

Community Led Water Kiosk

Implementing community

based decentralized system of

safe drinking water supply in

India

Case Study-1

The Vision

Provision of reliable safe drinking water for a low income

community

Decentralized water supply system

Running in an economically self-sustainable model

Developed capability of generating gainful employment

Reduced burden of disease from unsafe drinking water

Community & women centric & enhances the “Bhagidari”

initiative of the Delhi State Government & DJB’s commitment to

serve the urban poor

Potential for replicability

Kiosk ultimately aimed at increasing access and

availability of safe drinking water supply (at affordable

price) to people, especially the poor, who bear the heaviest

burden of poor water quality.

• Reconnaissance survey in

over 20 locations spanning

North east, North west, South

west districts of Delhi.

• Based on selection

parameters and

stakeholders consultations

with DJB and MP (East Delhi

constituency)

A demand driven approach

Key Selection Parameters

• Water supply system and

felt needs covering

availability; quality;

coping costs

• Socio – economic

conditions covering

community

cohesiveness;

willingness to participate

and pay

• Local institutions active in

the area

The Location: Kalandar Colony

Bhalaswa

landfill Kalandar

colony health Centre

24/10/17, 9*32 AMDelhi - Google Maps

Page 1 of 2ht tps:/ /www.google.be/maps/place/Delhi,+India/@23.9332278,73.…47eb62d:0x37205b715389640!8m2!3d28.7040592!4d77.1024902?dcr=0

Map data ©2017 Google, ORION-ME, ZENRIN Belgium 500 km

Delhi

ि दल India

Delhi, India’s capital territory, is a massive metropolitan area in the country’s north. In Old Delhi, a neighborhood

dating to the 1600s, stands the imposing Mughal-era Red Fort, a symbol of India, and the sprawling Jama Masjid

Photos

Quick facts

Delhi

Contd..

• Predominant Occupation: Unskilled labor

(45%)

• Predominant Income: Rs. 2500-5000 (58%)

Dilapidated water infrastructure

Poor and worsening water quality

High coping costs and health

costs

Bhalaswa Landfill

Low income community with

nearly 1760 households (20-25

years old)

Located adjacent to Bhalaswa

sanitary landfill site

• Poses potential health risks

• Serious environmental concern

Parameter Sample from

Pumping station

Pipe water samples from

Kalandar colony

TDS

( 500 mg/l) 350 -600 mg/l 500-1300 mg/l

Total Coliform negative Positive in few

Heavy metal

such as IRON

(0.3 mg/l)

0.01- 0.2 mg/l exceeding the 0.3 limit in 3

samples and extended limit

of 1 mg/l in 2 samples

Occasional Colour, Odour & suspended solids

chlorination

Ranney well

at Palla

UGT + Pumping

station at Sanjay

Gandhi Transport

Nagar

KALANDAR

COLONY (15-20yrs old)

RAJIV NAGAR

D BLOCK

Water supply system and quality

The Process

Baseline development

Qualitative and quantitative tools (Customized

indicators)

Participatory approaches for issue identification

System Design

Water quality assessment (time series data)

Demand assessment for Kiosk capacity design

Resource assessment (water supply, electricity,

siting)

Treatment system design

Feasibility study to assess the viability

Demand based

Multi stakeholders partnerships Low cost / Economically viable

Community owned and managed Project

approach

The Participatory Approach

Community mobilization (workshops, street plays, cluster meetings

etc.) (water & health linkage; water handling & hygiene practices)

The Participatory Approach

Institutionalizing the Kiosk management

Formation of kiosk committee

Developing the distribution system

Consensus water costing

Creating & strengthening committee

capacity for O&M

Technical training

Accounts management training

Conflict resolution

Fostering multi stakeholder

Partnership

The Facility: Water Kiosk

Officially launched and fully functional

Supplying treated safe water to the community

Operated and managed by the Community

through a Committee “Jal Dhara Mahila Samiti”

Nearly, 150 household members of the facility

User cards, cans and coupons distributed

Households paid user fee of Rs. 35/ month

Current cost of water approx. Rs. 0.09/ Liter and

could reduce with increased user base.

Now, operational community based decentralized water

supply system ensures safe reliable potable water for

the residents of Kalandar Colony everyday.

Urban

Water Demand Management

Four Cities

Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Bhopal

Case Study-2

A Paradigm Shift

Supply Driven

How much water

is pumped into

the system

Demand Driven

How much water

is getting to the

consumers

From an Engineering approach

to a Management approach

that considers all issues in a holistic way!


The Concept

Source:

Klas Sandtrom, ACADIA Consultants

WDM refers to

implementation of

policies & measures to

control or influence

the water demand

Urban Water Supply: Standard IWA Water Balance

System

Input

Volume

Authorized

Consumption

Revenue

Water

Non

Revenue

Water

(NRW)

Billed

Authorized

Consumption

Unbilled

Authorized

Consumption

Apparent

Losses

Real

Losses

Water

Losses

Billed Metered Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unauthorized Consumption

Customer Meter Inaccuracies

Leakage on Transmission and

Distribution Mains

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

Leakage on Service Connections

up to point of Customer Meter

Leakage and Overflows at

Storage Tanks

Aqualibre : Water Balance

Summary of Findings

Technical assessment: Water Balance

BHOPAL GWALIOR JABALPUR INDORE

Total system input 8115522 56958250 55020731 73000000

(m3 per annum)

Water losses

(%)

1851122 24602470 18617690 22292631

22.8 43.2 33.8 30.5

Apparent losses

(%)

177360 2042722 1280190 3983125.33

2.2 3.6 2.3 5.5

Real losses

(%)

1673762 22559748 17337500 18309505.67

20.6 39.6 31.5 25.1

Revenue water

(%)

5824570 31955740 34707619 44973128

71.8 56.1 63.1 61.6

Non-revenue water (NRW)

(%)

2290952 25002510 20313112 28026872

28.2 43.9 36.9 38.4

Authorized consumption 77.2 56.8 66.2 49.9

Uncertainty in calculations 35% 25% 32% 32%

Water Used

57 % Houses, Commercial, Industrial

145 Ml/d ≈ 53 000 Ml/year

Losses

43 % or 20% ?

43%: 23 000 Ml/year

or 20%: 10 600 Ml/year

30 000 Ml/year

Eg. Gwalior

Yield of a medium sized dam each year

Assume 20% Losses in Gwalior

Losses: 10.6 million kl/year

Projections with continuation of existing/pre-2004 tariffs

Key features of current accounting system and tariff structure

Single-entry cash based system

Single part tariff structure

Parameter

(Rs. Crore)

Base Case I (Fixed charges)

Short-term (2006-08)

Medium-term

(2008-10)

Long-term (2010-12)

Revenue 13.37 15.16 17.10 18.44

Expenditure 27.88 31.74 36.01 40.78

Gap (tariffs) (14.50) (16.58) (18.92) (22.35)

Financial performance appraisal of Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Financial performance appraisal of Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Assessment of the revenue-expenditure of Waterworks Department

Parameter FY 2004-05

Revenue Collection/KL of water supplied Rs. 0.93 /KL

Expenditure/KL of water supplied Rs. 1.76 /KL

Revenue – Expenditure Gap (In Rs./KL) Loss of Rs. 0.83 /KL

Revenue Collected per no. of connections (Assuming

80,114 consumers)

Rs. 660.63 /Consumer

Expenditure per no. of connections Rs. 1256.94 /Consumer

Revenue – Expenditure Gap (In Rs./connections) Loss of Rs. 596.31 /Consumer

Actual Loss (In Rs.) Rs. 4.78 Crores

Strategies for


• Metering (Smart Meters)

– Bulk management meters

– Consumer meters (domestic and bulk)

• Water audits (as a tool) and balancing

• GIS and MIS (use of ICT)

• Sectorisation/District Metered Areas

• Leak detection and control

• Pressure management

• Energy auditing

• Assets management program

• Water conservation at consumer end ....

WDM strategies (Technical)

- A separate cell for leak

detection and control

within the MC.

- A major drive for

detection of all leaks.

(Active and passive leakage

control using modern

equipment such as sounding

rods.)

- Contractual Leak

detection and maintenance

WDM strategies (Technical)

Leakage detection and control

• Accounting System Reforms:

Introducing a prudent system of account keeping & financial information reporting

– Collection Efficiency, outstanding dues and Capitalization policy

– Category wise revenue billed and collected

– Reporting of income and expenditure items under correct heads

• Transition from cash-based system to double- entry accrual system

• Program-linked allocation of funds

• Rationalization of tariff structure to at least recover the O&M cost

WDM strategies (Financial)

• Formulation of a vision, policy and legislative

framework for provision of water supply services

• Organizational restructuring

• Operationalizing Performance measurement and

Management Information System (MIS)

• Staff Capacity Building /motivation

• Increased stakeholder involvement, especially politicians

• Public Participation and Consumer interface, IEC

campaigns

• Legislation for control on groundwater use

• Policy guidelines for service delivery

• Public private partnership (PPP) arrangements

• Reforms in billing system

WDM strategies (Institutional)

Role of Technology

Role of Technology in Urban Water Service Delivery

Access to efficient and affordable technology is key factor in achieving

the objective of safe & affordable drinking water for all as well as the

SDG goals.

Technological innovations & advancements in water sector hold

considerable promise in the urban water sector. Some examples includes

smart metering & leak detection equipment, advanced ultrafiltration

systems, desalination technologies, river bank filtration systems,

nanotechnology (nano-filtration & nano-sensors), advanced

wastewater treatment & recycle/reuse technologies etc.

Besides these, advancement & use of ICT (information and

communications technology). Use of real-time sensors coupled with

satellite-based wireless data transfer (including GIS, SCADA & cloud

computing etc.) can significantly facilitate & improve the monitoring &

supply of water resources in terms of water quality, water levels, leakage

control etc., and as well help in effective & timely decision making.

River Bank Filtration (Potential pre-treatment technology for drinking water)

Kariyampalli, near Kali River, (south of Dandeli), Karnataka, India.

P. Cady1, T. B. Boving1,2*, B. S. Choudri3, A. Cording4, K. Patil5, V. Reddy5 Fraddry D’souza5 1. University of Rhode Island, Department of Geosciences, Kingston, Rhode Island.

2. * University of Rhode Island, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 315 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI, 02881; e-

mail: [email protected].

3. Centre for Environmental Studies & Research (CESAR), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

4. University of Vermont, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Burlington.

5. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Coastal Ecology and Marine Resources Center, Goa, India.

Case Study-3

RBF Technology

The Potential:

• Riverbank Filtration - proven low-tech water treatment technology

• Scalable at predictable cost and efficiency

• Supports access to drinking water & water efficient drip-irrigation

systems.

• Solar powered in off grid areas.

References:

Acknowledgement:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Illustrating the Potential of Riverbank Filtration Technology: Case Studies from Southern India

Kavita Patil1*, Thomas Boving2 and Fraddry D’souza1

1The Energy and Resources Institute, India . 2 University of Rhode Island, USA*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ISWATS ConferenceApril 21-23 2016, Pune.

Two case studies - one in Uttar Kanada district of Karanataka and the other inSouth Goa district of Goa - demonstrate the potential of River Bank Filtration(RBF) for providing water. Like most parts of India, people in these districts donot have access to safe water for drinking or irrigation or face severe problemswith contaminated surface water resources. In such situations RBF canpotentially address these issues. For instances, RBF provided safe drinking waterfor residents of Kariyampalli village in Karnataka (Cady et al. 2013) and cleanirrigation water for rural farmers of Navelim, Goa (Boving et al. 2016).

In a RBF system, river water is forced to flow through porous riverbed (alluvial) sediments towards the RBF extraction well. As raw surface water travels towards the RBF well, pathogens and dissolved/suspended chemicals are removed or significantly reduced via natural, self-regenerating filtration processes.

Metals: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICPMS) Bacteria: IDEXX Most Probable Number (MPN) technique

Figure 1: Riverbank Filtration (RBF) system diagram: cross-sectional viewshows path of infiltrating river water to the production well.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bore

Well

Kali

River

Open

Well

Well

3

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

pp

b) Lead

Copper

Error bars show maximum range

Figure 4.2: RBF well 3 water has lower averagemetals levels than other local drinking wateroptions Copper showed reduction of up to 98.3%and Lead was removed up to 99.2%

References:

Cady, P., Boving, T.B., Choudri, B.S., Davis, A., Patil, K., Reddy, V., 2013. Attenuation of Bacteria at a Riverbank Filtration Site in Rural India. Water Environment Research; Vol. 85, Number 11, November 2013, pp. 2164-2174.

Boving, T.B., Patil, K., 2016. Riverbank Filtration Technology at the Nexus of Water-Energy-Food. In: Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Theories and Practices (Salam et al. Eds.). Accepted .

Acknowledgement: Funding is provided by World Bank Development Marketplace Program for site at Uttarkanada & Ramboll- Environ Foundation, USA for Goa region.

Figure 5: Fecal coli form bacteria concentration along the Sal River in Goa . Data reported by the Goa State Pollution Control Board.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Apr-14 May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15

Fecal Coliform BacteriaSal River, Goa 2014-15

PAZORCONI, CUNCOLIM

RIVER SAL AT MOBOR

RIVER SAL AT ORLIM BRIDGE

RIVER SAL AT KHAREBAND, MARGAO

RBF improves water quality. Removal of Copper: 62.1–86.4%. Lead: 95.4–97.9%.Bacteria: Total Coliform: 93.5% and E. coli: 98.7% average removal.

RBF water is safer than other drinking water sources in the area, while also reducing groundwater drawdown.

High value crops promise greatest return on investment into RBF in combination with drip irrigation.

Solar energy can power the RBF system, permitting water production in non-electrified, remote areas.

all prupose70%

Drinking10%

Cooking20%

Agriculture0%

Purpose of Usage of RBF water

Yes100%

No0%

Don’t Know0%

Use of RBF water post survey

Use of River Water before RBF

No opinion

7.7%

Domestic

Use

31%

Agriculture

23%

Drinking

32.2%

No - Other

5.1%

No - Bad

Quality

10.3%

No - No

access

16.7%

Figure 3: Survey data pre- and post- RBF installations at Kali river site

Figure 4.1: Total Coliform bacteriashowed an average reduction of93.52% (geometric mean) with amaximum removal rate of 99.82%from the river to the RBF pumpingwell.

Figure 2: RBF site layoutin Karnataka (left) andGoa (right).

Table 1: Technical details of RBF wells. All depth measurements from ground surface elevation.

Figure 6: At the Goa RBF site, a 0.9 KW photovoltaic system powers the submersible pump during day time.

Parameters W1 W2 W3 W4 GW1 GW2*

Station name Kariyampalli Kariyampalli Kariyampalli Kariyampalli Navelim Navelim

Date installed Oct. 26, 2008 Oct. 26, 2008 Oct. 26, 2008 Oct. 26, 2008 Nov 24,2015 Feb 25,2015

Land ownership Private

Location description 5 km ESE from Dandeli 5 km S from Margao

Latitude 150 13' 56.8'' N 150 13' 56.9'' N 150 13' 57.3'' N 150 13' 57.8'' N 15°15‘02.52"N 15°15‘02.01“N

Longitude 740 39' 54.8'' E 740 39' 55.0'' E 740 39' 55.4'' E 740 39' 56.1'' E 73°58'28.88"E 73°58'28.96“E

Above MSL (m) 446 452 455 460 21 20

Distance from river

(m) 29 36 52 79 63 77

Depth of well at

time of drilling (m) 20 25 25 25 18.3 27.4

Depth to bedrock

(m) 13.3 13.0 12.5 14.0 5.2 5.5

Width of well bore

(in) 7.5 9

Length of casing (m) 12 12 11 12 5.5

5.5 (outer)

24.4 (inner)

Casing diameter 15.0 cm (6 inches) 20 cm (8 inches)

8 ( outer)

4 ( inner)

Slotted screening

length (m) No screen 7 7 7 1.8

1.8 (outer)

24.4 (inner)

Slotted screen

diameter (in) NA 6 6 6 8 4

Static water level

below MP (m) 4.29 4.42 3.79 3.84 0.68 0.68

Yield (m3/hr) 2.16 3.60 >9.3 6.85 1.87 3.66

Slug test hydraulic

conductivity (K;

cm/sec) 2.0*10-2 1.8*10-2 7.2*10-3 6.4*10-3 N/A N/A

Kali

RiverWell

1Well

2

Well

3Well

4

Open

well

Bore

well

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Geo

metr

ic M

ean

(M

PN

/ 1

00

mL

)

RBF

Pumping Well

No not any more for

HH38%

Yes only for agriculture

54%

Other uses8%

Use River Water After RBF

In Riverbank Filtration a shallow well

is drilled near a surface water source

(river) and river water is forced to flow

through porous riverbed (alluvial)

sediments towards the RBF extraction

well. As raw surface water travels

towards the RBF well, pathogens and

suspended chemicals are removed or

significantly reduced via natural, self-

regenerating filtration processes.

RBF near River Kali

Implementation of RBF at Kali River (Dandeli, Karnataka)

Introduction

This project investigates a small Riverbank Filtration

(RBF) system in the tropical monsoon climate of rural

western India. As in much of India, the residents of the

small village of Kariyampalli do not have reliable access

to safe drinking water and face problems with

contaminated surface water and with the potential for

groundwater depletion. Riverbank Filtration addresses

both issues of polluted surface water supplies and the

overuse of groundwater, a worldwide problem with

recent data showing severe examples in northern India

(Rodell et al, 2009).

ObjectiveDissolved silica (Hooper and Shoemaker, 1986) and

stable isotope (Sklash and Farvolden, 1979) levels are

examined to determine the percentage of bacterial and

metal contaminant removal that can be attributed to

groundwater dilution versus other RBF processes.

AcknowledgmentsThank you to Anne Veeger and Vinka Craver for advice and guidance,

Prasanna Namannavar and Ataur Rehaman Khazi for field support, and

Heather Cook for laboratory assistance. Funding for this project was

provided by the World Bank Development Marketplace Program.

Bacteria Data

Discussion

The silica mixing model uses the Kali River and local

groundwater from the Bore Well as end members to calculate

average percentage of surface water and groundwater in the RBF

wells. This model shows an average of 27.5% river water in the

production well, RBF Well 3. Although other wells in the RBF

well field show a change in silica concentration with time, Well 3

shows a constant percentage of groundwater in samples taken

before and after 10 months of regular pumping. Isotopic data

suggest evaporation in the rice paddies near the research

site is affecting Wells 3 and 4. Metals and total coliform

data indicate that the Bore Well water has higher

contaminant concentrations than the river. The pumping

well concentrations are lower than both theoretical

source waters for all contaminants examined.

Pamela Cady1, Dr. Tom Boving1 Dr. B.S. Choudri2, Kavita Patil2, Veerabasawant Reddy2

1Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA

2The Energy and Resources Institute, Western Regional Centre, Alto-St. Cruz, Goa, India 403 202

Figure 5: Total Coliform bacteria show an average reduction of 93.517% (geometric

mean) with a maximum removal rate of 99.836 % from the river to the pumping well

(Well 3). Dilution levels calculated with dissolved silica data are shown as predicted

values (diamonds). Detection limits of IDEXX system are minimum: <1 MPN / 100

mL and maximum: >2,419.6 MPN / 100 mL.

Performance of Riverbank Filtration in India#404

Figure 6. E. coli bacteria show an average reduction of 98.730% (geometric mean) and

a maximum removal rate of 99.963% from the river to the production well (Well 3).

Dilution levels calculated with dissolved silica data are shown as predicted values

(diamonds).

River

The World Bank

The Energy and Resources Institute

Riverbank Filtration (RBF)In Riverbank Filtration a shallow well is drilled near

a surface water source to improve the water quality

by drawing river water through the aquifer material.

Figure 1: Riverbank Filtration (RBF) system diagram: cross-sectional view

shows path of infiltrating river water to the production well (Kim et al., 2003)

Field Site

Source: maps.google.com

The Riverbank Filtration

research site is located in

India’s Western Ghats

Materials and Methods•Stable isotopes: isotope-ratio mass spectrometer

•Dissolved silica: UV-vis spectrophotometer

•Metals: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass

Spectrometer (ICPMS)

•Bacteria: IDEXX Most Probable Number

(MPN) enumeration technique

ReferencesHooper, R., and Shoemaker, C., 1986, A comparison of chemical and

isotopic hydrogaph separation: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no.

10, p. 11.

Rodell, M., Velicogna, I., and Famiglietti, J.S., 2009, Satellite-based

estimates of groundwater depletion in India: Nature 460, p. 999-1002.

Sklash, M., and Farvolden, R., 1979, The role of groundwater in storm

runoff: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, p. 21.

Figure 4. RBF water has lower average metals levels than other local

drinking water options

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Kali

River

Well

1

Well

2

Well

3

Well

4

Open

Well

Bore

Well

Geo

met

ric

Mea

n (

MP

N /

100 m

L)

Predicted Values

Observed Values

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Kali

River

Well

1

Well

2

Well

3

Well

4

Open

Well

Bore

Well

Geo

met

ric

Mea

n (

MP

N /

10

0 m

L)

Observed Value

Predicted Value

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Silica Concentration (mg/L)

% R

iver

Wat

er

Circled data points are

separated from uncircled

points by 10 months of

regular pumping

Isotope Data

Dissolved Silica Data

Metals Data

Figure 3. Silica concentration demonstrates percentage of Kali River water drawn

into RBF wells 1, 2 and 4 increases with time pumping.

Figure 2. Mixing line A shows Wells 1 and 2 falling between river water and

groundwater (Bore Well). Mixing line B shows evaporative effect of rice paddies

on Open Well and Wells 3 and 4.

Figure 4. RBF water has lower average metals levels than other local drinking

water options

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Silica Concentration (mg/L)

% R

iver

Wat

er

Circled data points are

separated from uncircled

points by 10 months of

regular pumping

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0 10 20 30 40 50

Dissolved Silica (mg/L)

del

ta 1

8-O

(0/0

0)

River Bore Well Open Well W 1 W 2 W 3 W 4

AB

Conclusions

● Isotopes: Wells 1 & 2 are similar to Kali River

Wells 3 & 4 are influenced by evaporation

● Silica: Wells 1 & 2 are similar to Kali River

Wells 3 & 4 are closer to local groundwater

Well 3 shows an average of 27.5% river water

● Metals: Copper: Well 3: 62.1–86.4% average removal

Lead: Well 3: 95.4–97.9% average removal

● Bacteria: Total Coliform: 93.5% average removal

E. coli: 98.7% average removal

● Percent groundwater in RBF water is unclear

● Groundwater dilution by itself does not explain metals

and pathogen removal

● RBF water is safer than other drinking water sources

in the area, while also reducing groundwater drawdown

Contact InformationPamela Cady

Department of Geosciences

College of the Environment and Life Sciences

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI 02881

phone: 401-440-4423

email: [email protected]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bore

Well

Kali

River

Open

Well

Well

3

Con

centr

atio

n (

pp

b) Lead

Copper


• Surface water was too polluted to be used safely for irrigation, drinking.

• RBF was implemented along with stakeholder engagement, and pre

and post intervention impacts evaluated

RBF: Results

Major outcomes of the RBF: Pre & Post implementation Survey

References:

Acknowledgement:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bore

Well

Kali

River

Open

Well

Well

3

Con

cent

rati

on (

ppb) Lead

Copper



References:





0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000



PAZORCONI, CUNCOLIM

RIVER SAL AT MOBOR







all prupose70%

Drinking10%

Cooking20%

Agriculture0%


Yes100%

No0%

Don’t Know0%



No opinion

7.7%

Domestic

Use

31%

Agriculture

23%

Drinking

32.2%

No - Other

5.1%

No - Bad

Quality

10.3%

No - No

access

16.7%











Latitude 150 13' 56.8'' N 150 13' 56.9'' N 150 13' 57.3'' N 150 13' 57.8'' N 15°15‘02.52"N 15°15‘02.01“N


Above MSL (m) 446 452 455 460 21 20

Distance from river

(m) 29 36 52 79 63 77

Depth of well at


Depth to bedrock

(m) 13.3 13.0 12.5 14.0 5.2 5.5

Width of well bore

(in) 7.5 9


5.5 (outer)

24.4 (inner)


8 ( outer)

4 ( inner)

Slotted screening


1.8 (outer)

24.4 (inner)

Slotted screen


Static water level

below MP (m) 4.29 4.42 3.79 3.84 0.68 0.68

Yield (m3/hr) 2.16 3.60 >9.3 6.85 1.87 3.66

Slug test hydraulic

conductivity (K;

cm/sec) 2.0*10-2 1.8*10-2 7.2*10-3 6.4*10-3 N/A N/A

Kali

RiverWell

1Well

2

Well

3Well

4

Open

well

Bore

well

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Geo

met

ric

Mea

n (

MP

N /

10

0 m

L)

RBF

Pumping Well

No not any more for

HH38%


54%

Other uses8%


The Impact:

• After RBF

implementation, river

water was not used for

household use which

was otherwise the case

• RBF water was 100%

used as water resource

of which 10% drinking,

20% cooking & rest for

all other usages (except

agriculture)

RBF: Results

Major outcomes of the RBF: Pre & Post implementation Survey

The Impact:

• Total Coliform bacteria showed an

average reduction of 93.52%

(geometric mean) with a maximum

removal rate of 99.82% from the

river to the RBF pumping well.

• RBF well 3 water has lower

average metals levels than other

local drinking water options. Copper

showed reduction of up to 98.3%

and Lead was removed up to 99.2%

References:

Acknowledgement:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bore

Well

Kali

River

Open

Well

Well

3

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb) Lead

Copper



References:





0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000



PAZORCONI, CUNCOLIM

RIVER SAL AT MOBOR







all prupose70%

Drinking10%

Cooking20%

Agriculture0%


Yes100%

No0%

Don’t Know0%



No opinion

7.7%

Domestic

Use

31%

Agriculture

23%

Drinking

32.2%

No - Other

5.1%

No - Bad

Quality

10.3%

No - No

access

16.7%











Latitude 150 13' 56.8'' N 150 13' 56.9'' N 150 13' 57.3'' N 150 13' 57.8'' N 15°15‘02.52"N 15°15‘02.01“N


Above MSL (m) 446 452 455 460 21 20

Distance from river

(m) 29 36 52 79 63 77

Depth of well at


Depth to bedrock

(m) 13.3 13.0 12.5 14.0 5.2 5.5

Width of well bore

(in) 7.5 9


5.5 (outer)

24.4 (inner)


8 ( outer)

4 ( inner)

Slotted screening


1.8 (outer)

24.4 (inner)

Slotted screen


Static water level

below MP (m) 4.29 4.42 3.79 3.84 0.68 0.68

Yield (m3/hr) 2.16 3.60 >9.3 6.85 1.87 3.66

Slug test hydraulic

conductivity (K;

cm/sec) 2.0*10-2 1.8*10-2 7.2*10-3 6.4*10-3 N/A N/A

Kali

RiverWell

1Well

2

Well

3Well

4

Open

well

Bore

well

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Geo

met

ric

Mea

n (M

PN

/ 10

0 m

L)

RBF

Pumping Well

No not any more for

HH38%


54%

Other uses8%


References:

Acknowledgement:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions









0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Bore

Well

Kali

River

Open

Well

Well

3

Con

cen

trat

ion

(p

pb) Lead

Copper



References:





0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000



PAZORCONI, CUNCOLIM

RIVER SAL AT MOBOR







all prupose70%

Drinking10%

Cooking20%

Agriculture0%


Yes100%

No0%

Don’t Know0%



No opinion

7.7%

Domestic

Use

31%

Agriculture

23%

Drinking

32.2%

No - Other

5.1%

No - Bad

Quality

10.3%

No - No

access

16.7%











Latitude 150 13' 56.8'' N 150 13' 56.9'' N 150 13' 57.3'' N 150 13' 57.8'' N 15°15‘02.52"N 15°15‘02.01“N


Above MSL (m) 446 452 455 460 21 20

Distance from river

(m) 29 36 52 79 63 77

Depth of well at


Depth to bedrock

(m) 13.3 13.0 12.5 14.0 5.2 5.5

Width of well bore

(in) 7.5 9


5.5 (outer)

24.4 (inner)


8 ( outer)

4 ( inner)

Slotted screening


1.8 (outer)

24.4 (inner)

Slotted screen


Static water level

below MP (m) 4.29 4.42 3.79 3.84 0.68 0.68

Yield (m3/hr) 2.16 3.60 >9.3 6.85 1.87 3.66

Slug test hydraulic

conductivity (K;

cm/sec) 2.0*10-2 1.8*10-2 7.2*10-3 6.4*10-3 N/A N/A

Kali

RiverWell

1Well

2

Well

3Well

4

Open

well

Bore

well

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Geo

metr

ic M

ean

(M

PN

/ 1

00

mL

)

RBF

Pumping Well

No not any more for

HH38%


54%

Other uses8%


Potential of RBF

Conclusions

• RBF improves water quality. Removal of Copper: 62.1–

86.4%. Lead: 95.4–97.9%.Bacteria: Total Coliform: 93.5%

and E. coli: 98.7% average removal.

• RBF water is safer than other drinking water sources in

the area, while also reducing groundwater drawdown.

• High value crops promise greatest return on investment into

RBF in combination with drip irrigation.

• Solar energy can power the RBF system, permitting water

production in non-electrified, remote areas.

Way Forward &

Key Messages

For many countries specially the South Asian nations, Water

Demand Management (WDM) interventions like reducing

leakages/losses/NRW/UFW, etc., needs to be prioritized over

supply side interventions.

While the full infrastructure develops in due course, the access

to drinking water for rural & peri-urban population can be

supplemented through innovative decentralized water supply

systems such as community-run water kiosks.

Local community engagement, sensitization and capacity

building has to be integrated in rural & peri-urban water supply

systems.

Careful blending of innovative technologies along with local

community/stakeholder engagement can supplement (e.g.

RBF) and enhance the sustainability of water supply

interventions

Key Messages

Government policies and investment plans need to prioritize

and incentivize the water demand management.

Water must be valued through appropriate and rational pricing

that can make a cost beneficial sense of water efficient

interventions and become a driver for use of innovative

systems & technologies in water sector.

Appropriate incentives/disincentives & market mechanisms

(micro-credits, subsidies, low interest loans etc.) need to be

created to facilitate uptake & wide-scale use of efficient &

innovative technologies amongst the majority of the

populations.

Key Messages

Thank You

Contact Details:

Anshuman

Associate Director

Water Resources Division

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-03.

Email: [email protected]

Ph: +9111 24682100 (Ext: 2207)

Mobile: (+91) 9899809115

an inclusive & efficient service delivery

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