an ethical analysis of human elective egg freezing final (july 05)

7/28/2019 An Ethical Analysis of Human Elective Egg Freezing FINAL (July 05)

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Aehklrjumc tj tnd Qdpjrt 51

5. @mtrjcuht`jm 58

1. Snd Dtn`hs jb Dodht`vd Dll Brddz`ml 5<

1.5 Ldtt`ml tnd Sdrf`mjojly Q`lnt 5).4 Yeroèfdmt jb X`mlepjrd. 1951. X`mlepjrd Yeroèfdmt Qdpjrts (Nemserc) . Mj 51, sdss`jm 5, Rjo. >0; cetd53.55.1951. Eld-Qdoetdc Bdrtò`ty Cdho`md.2 Emc bjr tnd rdesjm tnet tn`s `s pr`mh`peooy em dtn`heo emeoys`s, tndsd hjumtr`ds pjo`h`ds jr oehk tndrdjb erd mjtc`shussdc burtndr `m tn`s rdpjrt. \d eosj o`f`t jur bjoojw`ml c`shuss`jm tj dxefpods jb hjumtr`ds `m wn`hn dll

brddz`ml emc @RB erd lj`ml tj ad bdeturdc es dmeao`mlbdrtò`ty. @m jtndr hjumtr`ds, sjfdt`fds adheusd jb huotureordesjms, aut jbtdm adheusd jb tnd`r cdvdojp`ml stetus, bdrtò`ty trdetfdmts erd jbtdm lj`ml tj tekd e aehk sdet tj


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rdl`jmeo c`sper`ty `m tnd prjv`s`jm jb ndeotn-rdoetdc preht`hds. \d fey b`mc tnet prjnà`t`jms

`m jmd gur`sc`ht`jm s`fpoy bjrhd pdjpod `mtj fjrd pdrf`ss`vd jmds tn`s `s jmd aes`s jb

rdprjcuht`vd tjur`sf.

@m tn`s rdpjrt, tnd rdecdr wòo b`mc e mjrfet`vd emeoys`s jb tnd `ssuds jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml.

\d sdperetd tndsd `mtj Fjreo emc Xjhèo hjms`cdret`jms (Xdht`jm 1.8 & 1.3). Snd emeoys`s

`s aesdc jm up tj cetd ho`m`heo emc ndeotn dv`cdmhd, eotnjuln tn`s `s suagdht tj hnemld `m e

rep`coy ecvemh`ml b`doc (suffer`sdc `m Xdht`jm 1.1). Odl`soet`jms, hesd oew emc lu`cdo`mds `m

ver`jus gur`sc`ht`jms erd crewm upjm tj hjms`cdr pjssàod rdluoet`jm `m `ssuds jb rdprjcuht`vd

tjur`sf, tnd oèaò`ty jb ho`m`hs, tnd dssdmtèo dodfdmts jb `mbjrfdc hjmsdmt, emc pjssàod eld

rdstr`ht`jms (sdht`jm 8). @t `s sulldstdc tnet o`hdms`ml emc ljjc ho`m`heo preht`hd brefdwjrks

snjuoc ad dsteao`sndc emc dmbjrhdc. Snd rdpjrt hjmhoucds tnet buturd dll brddz`ml pjo`h`dsjulnt tj eccrdss sebdty, wdoberd, emc `cdmt`ty `ssuds jb wjfdm, tnd ndeotn emc wdoberd jb

buturd ldmdret`jms, dqueo`ty `ssuds, emc sjhèo ecvemteld eoo et tnd sefd t`fd. Et e t`fd wndm

pjo`h`ds jm dll brddz`ml erd ad`ml w`cdoy dveouetdc, `t `s `fpjrtemt tj umcdrstemc tnd ver`jus

erlufdmts ad`ml fecd bjr tnd dxpemcdc usd jb tnd tdhnmjojly. \d njpd tj odmc hoer`ty tj tnd

cdaetd ay douh`cet`ml tnd rdesjms bjr wemt`ml tj brddzd dlls adyjmc tnjsd wnj mddc tnd

tdhnmjojly adheusd jb ho`m`heo `mc`het`jms.

stretdl`ds tj hjmtrjo jvdrpjpuoet jm. Sndy fey stòo ad jbbdrdc es sdrv`hds `m suhn hjumtr`ds, aut jbtdm jmoyeveòeaod tj e f`mjr`ty ebboudmt lrjup.


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Em Dtn`heo Emeoys`s jb Nufem Dodht`vd Dll Brddz`ml

Admgef`m Hepps, Pum-Ns`dm Cème O`m, emc Rjj Sdhk Hnuem

5. @mtrjcuht`jm

Jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm jr dll brddz`ml `s e tdhnm`qud usdc tj stjrd dlls et sua-zdrj

tdfpdreturds. @t wes b`rst usdc `m e suhhdssbuo nufem prdlmemhy `m 50>2.0 X`mhd tndm,

tdhnmjojl`ds nevd addm `fprjvdc emc mdwoy cdvdojpdc. Bjr dxefpod, rep`c (v`tr`b`het`jm)brddz`ml emc adttdr ho`m`heo tdhnm`quds nevd rdsuotdc `m `fprjvdc jjhytd surv`veo,

bdrtò`set`jm, emc prdlmemhy retds brjf brjzdm-tnewdc jjhytds `m `m v`trj bdrtò`set`jm (@RB)

trdetfdmt. 59 @t `s tnjulnt tnet tj cetd tndrd nevd addm e bdw tnjusemc aea`ds ajrm us`ml brjzdm

stjrdc dlls wjrocw`cd. 55

Eotnjuln metureo cdho`md `m bdrtò`ty `s dxpdhtdc w`tn `mhrdes`ml eld, tndrd hem eosj ad

a`jojl`heo emc ldmdt`h behtjrs tnet hem ebbdht bdrtò`ty. H`rhufstemhds suhn es òomdss fey

cdtdrf`md `b, emc tnd jpt`jms jb wndm emc njw, e wjfem hem hjmhd`vd. Snd ecvdmt jb

dbbdht`vd hjmtrehdpt`jm nes eosj dmeaodc wjfdm tj hjmtrjo tnd t`fd wndm tndy hjmhd`vd.

Njwdvdr, tnd hnj`hd tj, jr h`rhufstemhds tnet cdoey prdlmemhy, hem nevd e cdtr`fdmteo dbbdht

jm tnd eaò`ty tj hjmhd`vd oetdr.51 Cur`ml tnd o`bd jb e wjfem, jverèm eld`ml jhhurs tnrjuln

0 Hndm, H. 50>2. Yrdlmemhy ebtdr nufem jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm. Oemhdt 57 >>3->>2.59 Swj pepdrs mjtd tnet suhhdss retds `m @RB erd hjfpereaod tj prdlmemh`ds us`ml brjzdm dfaryjs emc brdsn

dlls7 Lr`bj, G. emc Mjyds, M. 1959. Cdo`vdry retd us`ml hyrjprdsdrvdc jjhytds `s hjfpereaod tj hjmvdmt`jmeo `mv`trj bdrtò`zet`jm us`ml brdsn jjhytds7 pjtdmtèo bdrtò`ty prdsdrvet`jm bjr bdfeod hemhdr pet`dmts. Bdrtò`ty emcXtdrò`ty 087805-802; emc Ge`m, G. emc Yeuosjm, Q. 1992. Jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty >27598


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tnd lrecueo cdhrdes`ml mufadrs jb bjoo`hods hj`mh`c`ml w`tn c`f`m`sndc queo`ty jb dlls, wn`hn

fey es eld`ml uot`fetdoy wòo odec tj ho`m`heo `mbdrtò`ty. Et erjumc 89 yders jb eld,

bdrtò`ty mjrfeooy adl`ms tj cdhrdesd, tndm stdecòy cdho`mds up tj e pj`mt jb ehhdodretdc

cdtdr`jret`jm. 58

Dll brddz`ml, tndrdbjrd, `s em jpt`jm tj prdsdrvd dlls juts`cd tnd ajcy et em jpt`feo stetd.

Njwdvdr, tn`s hjfds w`tn hdrte`m r`sks jb tnd prjhdcurd `tsdob, emc tnd hurrdmtoy umkmjwm

buturd ndeotn `fpo`het`jms bjr tnd wjfem emc emy rdsuot`ml hnòc. Eotnjuln tndrd erd cete

brjf @RB trdetfdmts jm tnd ndeotn jb wjfdm wnj umcdrlj tnd ver`jus prjhdcurds tj hjoodht

tnd`r dlls, tndrd erd odss cete jm njw dll brddz`ml ebbdhts pdr`meteo juthjfds, suhn es tnd

suhhdss retd jb hjmhdpt`jm emc prdlmemhy, jr wndtndr `t nes ojml-tdrf dbbdht jm hnòcrdm ajrm.

Sndrd erd eosj jastdtr`h emc mdjmeteo r`sks wn`hn `mhrdesd es tnd wjfems eld `mhrdesds. Dllbrddz`ml eosj rdo`ds jm oetdr turm`ml tj @RB trdetfdmt, wn`hn rdsuots `m jmoy fjcdst mufadrs

jb suhhdssbuo prdlmemh`ds.53

Xjfd hjupods, wnj prdbdr mjt tj brddzd dfaryjs tnet erd mjt `fpoemtdc cur`ml @RB trdetfdmt,

fey prdbdr tj brddzd tnd dlls `mstdec jb hrdet`ml supdrmufdrery dfaryjs es e fjreooy jr

rdo`l`jusoy prdbdreaod jpt`jm. Jtndr rdesjms hem ad hetdljr`sdc es ho`m`heooy-`mc`hetdc rdesjms

emc dodht`vd rdesjms. @m tnd b`rst hesd, dll brddz`ml fey ad usdc ay wjfdm tj prdsdrvd tnd`r

bdrtò`ty adbjrd umcdrlj`ml tndrepy wn`hn `fpe`rs jr fey `fpe`r tnd`r rdprjcuht`vd ndeotn, bjr

dxefpod, rdhurrdmt jverèm surldry bjr adm`lm c`sdesd; prjpnyoeht`h jjpnjrdhtjfy `m wjfdm

w`tn AQHE (ldmdt`h) futet`jms; 54 emc hemhdr trdetfdmt ay hndfjtndrepy. Hemhdr herd `s mjw

odec`ml tj dvdr fjrd adttdr juthjfds, emc tndrdbjrd fjrd wjfdm fey wemt tj hjms`cdr emc

nevd tnd jppjrtum`ty tj hjmhd`vd `m tnd buturd. 52

1951. Snd dbbdht jb pjstpjmdfdmt jb b`rst fjtndrnjjc jm pdrfemdmt mvjoumtery hnòcodssmdss emc tjteo bdrtò tyretd `m s`x Durjpdem hjumtr`ds s`mhd tnd 50% (1993);nttp7//www.fjn.ljv.sl/hjmtdmt/cef/fjnZwda/Yuao`het jms/@mbjrfet jm%19Yepdrs/1993/@RBZpepdr.pcb. Sndsdcete erd mjt c`ss`fòer tj jtndr hjumtr`ds dxpdr`dmhds.54 Eotnjuln sjfdt`fds pjrtreydc es tnd dtn`heo s`cd jb dll brddz`ml, tn`s prjhdcurd eosj oehks ho`m`heo emcbjoojw up cete jm pet`dmt juthjfds emc buturd prdlmemh`ds; sdd7 Adcjshn`, L. emc Jktey, K. 1958. Hurrdmtepprjehn tj bdrtò`ty prdsdrvet`jm ay dfaryj hryjprdsdrvet`jm. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 007 5302-5491; Jktey, K.,ò, E., emc Wneml, G. 1959. \nj `s tnd adst hemc`cetd bjr jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm rdsderhn: Bdrtò`ty emcXtdrò`ty 087 58-54.52 \`tn ecvemhdfdmts odec`ml tj fjrd hnemhds bjr suhhdssbuo hemhdr trdetfdmt, tndrd `s e rdqu`rdfdmt tj ess`st `m

rdturm`ml tnd pdrsjm tj tnd stetd adbjrd hemhdr, emc wn`hn f`lnt `mhoucd tnd hepeh`ty bjr hnòc rder`ml; sdd7Jktey, dt eo. à`c.


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fdems tj prdsdrvd bdrtò`ty dvdm `b umcdrp`mmdc ay tn`s prdbdrdmhd. Xjhèo, tndrdbjrd, cjds

mjt hepturd tnd arjecdr ndeotn rdesjms wny e wjfem f`lnt wemt tj cdh`cd tj cj tn`s; emc, `m

sjfd hesds, dodht`vd usd `s mjt qu`td es rdfjvdc brjf ho`m`heo `mc`het`jms. Bjr dxefpod, e

wjfem `m ndr twdmt`ds hem cdh`cd tj brddzd ndr dlls wndm tndy erd fjst a`jojl`heooy vèaod

tj ndop ndr hnemhds jb hjmhd`v`ml oetdr. Emjtndr wjfem fey wemt tj brddzd ndr dlls adheusd

snd `s ewerd tnet ndr hojsd rdoet`vds nevd ljmd tnrjuln prdfeturd fdmjpeusd (jr emy jtndr

rdodvemt òomdss) emc snd fey wemt tj f`m`f`sd tnd r`sk tnet ndr dlls erd ojst pr`jr tj e pj`mt

et wn`hn snd wemts tj nevd hnòcrdm. Sndrd fey ad mj jav`jus sjhèo c`bbdrdmhds adtwddm

tndsd hnj`hds7 eld`ml hrdetds e ho`m`heo `mc`het`jm jb bdrtò`ty cdho`md, gust es e ho`m`heo

prdc`spjs`t`jm f`lnt cj, emc `t nes eordecy addm mjtdc tnet brddz`ml dlls et em deroy eld

f`lnt fdem adttdr hnemhds jb e oetdr prdlmemhy. Snus, tnd cdh`s`jm `s eajut sebdluerc`ml ndr

rdprjcuht`vd pjtdmtèo; tnet `s, ndr pjtdmtèo tj nevd e ndeotny aeay `b emc wndm snd cjds

cdh`cd tj adhjfd prdlmemt. 15

15 @m rdoetdc sdmsd, tnd @sredo Met`jmeo A`jdtn`hs Hjumhò (@MAH) hjms`cdrs eld-rdoetdc bdrtò`ty cdho`md tj ad endeotn ssud, tnus hjmstru`ml dll brddz`ml es prdvdmt`vd fdc`h`md; Xnkdc`-Qeb`c, X. emc Nesnòjm`-Cjodv, P.

1951. Dll brddz`ml bjr mjm-fdc`heo usds7 tnd oehk jb e rdoet`jmeo epprjehn tj eutjmjfy `m tnd mdw @sredo` pjo`hyemc m ehecdf`h c`shuss`jm. Gjurmeo jb Fdc`heo Dtn`hs 8>7 543-54


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1. Snd Dtn`hs jb Dodht`vd Dll Brddz`ml

1.5 Ldtt`ml tnd Sdrf`mjojly Q`lnt

@m tn`s rdpjrt, wd usd metureo hjmhdpt`jm tj `mc`hetd emy hjmhdpt`jm w`tnjut ho`m`heo

`mtdrvdmt`jm,11 emc ert`b`hèo hjmhdpt`jm tj `mc`hetd tnd usd jb emy ert`b`hd rdqu`r`ml ho`m`heo

`mtdrvdmt`jm. @m v`trj Bdrtò`set`jm (@RB) trdetfdmt `s tnd prjhdcurd jb jate`m`ml lefdtds brjf

`mtdmcdc betndrs jr cjmjrs emc ert`b`hèooy bdrtò`s`ml tnd dll `m v`trj , adbjrd poeh`ml tnd

dfaryj `mtj tnd wjfa wndrd `t cdvdojps `m utdrj . Dll brddz`ml jr jjhytd 18 hryjprdsdrvet`jm

`s e tdhnm`qud tnet `s hetdljr`sdc w`tn jtndr Ess`stdc Qdprjcuht`jm Sdhnmjojl`ds (EQSs).

Snd tdrf`mjojly bjr tnd usd jb dll brddz`ml tdhnmjojl`ds w`tnjut dx`st`ml ho`m`heo `mc`het`jms

`s e hjmtdmt`jus `ssud. @t nes hjfd umcdr e mufadr jb oeados. Xjfd jb tndsd snjuoc ad evj`cdc

tj `mc`hetd umwemtdc hjmmjtet`jms. Bjr dxefpod, tnd oeadoo`ml jb dll brddz`ml es e o`bdstyod

hnj`hd `mv`tds tnd hjmtdmt`jm jb tnd pjo`t`hs jb aoefd wndm cdoàdret`ml jm sdms`t`vd `ssuds

wn`hn fey nevd em `fpeht jm ldmcdr rjods, 13 suhn es tnd oeadoo`ml jb aec fjtndrs. 14 E

s`fòer mdlet`v`ty fey ad ettehndc tj sj-heoodc pdrpdtueo pjstpjmdrs wnj vjoumteròy cdoey

hjmhdpt`jm, aut tndm, pjssàoy, b`mc tnet tndy erd `mvjoumteròy hnòcodss es e hjmsdqudmhd.12

Hnòcodssmdss `s stòo e teajj bjr sjfd, emc `t `s e hnj`hd tnet fey ettreht sjhèo

c`sepprjveo. 1<

O`kd o`bdstyod, tnd tdrf sjhèo, dvdm wndm o`mkdc tj wjrtnwnòd pursu`ts o`kd dcuhet`jm,

fey sulldst jvdroy sdob-jr`dmtdc rdesjms bjr wemt`ml tj brddzd jmds dlls. 1> Sndsd

hjmmjtet`jms snjuoc ad c`spdoodc adheusd jb eofjst hdrte`moy jutcetdc pdrhdpt`jms jb

11 Snd `fpjrtemt pj`mt tj strdss `s tnet ho`m`heo `mtdrvdmt jm wjuoc ar`ml tnd `mtdmcdc hjmhdpt`jm umcdrepprjprètd odl`soet`vd ruods hjvdr`ml fdc`heo sdrv`hds.18 Em jjhytd `s tnd `ffeturd bdfeod rdprjcuht`vd hdoo dll pr`jr tj bdrtò`set`jm; `t `s cdr`vdc brjf emjjljmùf.13 Hb. Xemcdojwsk` pj`mts tj tnd a`jojl`heo hojhk es e fdems tj dmhjureld herddr wjfdm tj adhjfd fjtndrsemc tj hr`t`h`sd tndf bjr ndcjm`st`h o`bdstyods; Xemcdojwsk`, F. 5009. Beòurds jb v`joet`jm7 Bdfeod eldmhy emc`mbdrtò`ty `m n`stjr`heo pdrspdht`vd.X`lm 547 3. Aec Fjtndrs7 Snd pjo`t`hs jb aoefd m twdmt`dtn-hdmtury Efdr`he .

Mdw Pjrk. Mdw Pjrk Tm`vdrs`ty Yrdss.12 Kmdeod, C. emc Gjsn`, N. 199>. Yjstpjmdfdmt emc hnòcodssmdss7 Dv`cdmhd brjf twj Ar`t`sn hjnjrts.

Cdfjlrepn`h Qdsderhn 507 5084-5023.1< Qe`mdy, X. 1958. Ndodm F`rrdm hjmbrjmts tnd b`meo bdfeod teajj.Snd Sdodlrepn 3 tn Bda.1>

Ojhkwjjc, L. 1955. Xjhèo dll brddz`ml7 tnd prjspdht jb rdprjcuht`vd `ffjrteo ty jr e cemldrjus cdous`jm: Qdprjcuht`vd A`jfdc`h`md Jmo`md 187 883-839.


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fjtndrnjjc emc ldmcdr rjods. Jmd eutnjr cdshr`adc tnd pest tdmcdmhy (survdydc `m 50


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hrdet`ml e mjvdo ho`m`heo hjmc`t`jm suhn es eld-rdoetdc `mbdrtò`ty. Es`cd brjf tnd hjmhdrm

eajut dmldmcdr`ml e mjrf bjr ndeotny bdrtòd wjfdm tj umcdrlj tnd r`sks jb dll brddz`ml,

fdc`heo`set`jm `s hjmtdmt`jus es `t fey sdrvd es e aes`s bjr hrdet`ml em umdtn`heo dxtdms`jm jb

fdc`heo mddc (tnet, bjr dxefpod, hjffjc`b`ds a`jojl`heo prjhdssds, es c`shussdc `m sdht`jm

1.3.5).

\d usd tnd tdrf Dodht`vd Dll Brddz`ml. @m jmd sdmsd, tn`s tdrf adst hepturds e purdoy

cdshr`pt`vd tdrf`mjojly7 cdoeydc fjtndrnjjc hem ad e hjmsh`jus, cdoàdretd, hnj`hd jmd

tnet `s mjt mdhdsseròy umcdrtekdm ay tnd `mc`v`cueo eojmd aut w`tn ndr k`m. Eordecy tndrd erd

emdhcjtds jb perdmts prjv`c`ml b`memhèo suppjrt bjr tnd rdtr`dveo emc brddz`ml jb tnd`r

ceulntdrs dlls es e gj`mt cdh`s`jm; 83 emc stjr`ds erd dfdrl`ml `m sjfd hjffum`t`ds tnet `t `s

e wey tj kddp dxtdmcdc befòy, suhn es lremcperdmts, neppy wnòd tnd hjupod pursuds jtndr`mtdrdsts. Njwdvdr, dodht`vd nes eosj addm hr`t`h`sdc bjr `fpoy`ml fjrd hjmtrjo tnem wjfdm

ehtueooy nevd jvdr hjmhdpt`jm. Hjjkd dt eo. erlud, bjr `mstemhd, tnet cdoeydc hnòcader`ml `s

rerdoy e hjmsh`jus hnj`hd. 84 Snd`r queo`tet`vd stucy w`tn wjfdm jvdr 84 `m tnd TK

(hjms`st`ml jb tnjsd w`tn mj hnòcrdm wnj wdrd mjt prdlmemt; prdlmemt w`tn tnd`r b`rst hnòc;

emc w`tn mj hnòcrdm ettdmc`ml e bdrtò`ty ho`m`h) snjwdc tnet tndy cj mjt rdlerc tndfsdovds es

nev`ml uot`fetd hjmtrjo jvdr wndm tndy hem nevd hnòcrdm. Sndy hoe`f tnet t`f`ml jb

hnòcader`ml cdpdmcs jm e hjfpodx `mtdrpoey jb behtjrs.

Pdt, hnj`hd `s jmd fjt`vet`jm bjr tek`ml rdesjmdc eht`jm mjt gust e cdshr`pt`jm jb `t emc

ver`ds `m tnd dxtdmt tj wn`hn `t `s brdd, hjdrhdc, hjmstre`mdc, dmhjureldc emc sj bjrtn.

\ndrdes e ho`m`heo hnj`hd f`lnt ad fecd `m tnd hjfpdoo`ml h`rhufstemhds jb òomdss, dodht`vd

cdh`s`jms erd pjtdmtèooy lj`ml tj ad `mboudmhdc ay femy fjrd jpt`jmeo emc jpdret`jmeo

behtjrs. \d wjuoc o`kd hnj`hd, tndrdbjrd, tj ad umcdrstjjc `m `ts fjst prjse`h, aut mjrfet`vd

bjrf7 tnet pdjpod wòo nevd tnd`r jwm hjmhdpt`jms jb tnd ljjc o`bd emc wòo dfaerk jm `ts

pursu`t lu`cdc ay huoturd, sdhuoer emc sp`r`tueo ado`dbs, emc w`tn`m tnd hjmstre`mts jb oew,

pjo`hy emc sjhèo mjrfs. @t rdbodhts tnd eaò`ty tj fekd e cdh`s`jm `m rdspdht jb tnd jpt`jms

83 \umcdr, C. 1958. Xjhèo dll-brddz`ml `m Xw`tzdroemc emc wjrocw`cd e aodss`ml bjr wjfdm tjcey: Xw`ss Fdc`heo \ddkoy 5387 w58


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XO

Sn`s `s prdcjf`memtoy eajut tnd sebdty emc dbb`hehy jb tnd prjhdcurd bjr tnd wjfem

emc tnd ndeotn dbbdhts jm emy buturd hnòcrdm (sdht`jm 1.1).

1. Fjreo

\d dxef`md sjfd fjreo erlufdmts bjr dodht`vd dll brddz`ml es e hnj`hd emc w`tn`m e

rdprjcuht`vd poem. \d hjms`cdr tn`s `s sdht`jm 1.8.

8. Xjhèo

Ndrd wd spdh`b`heooy eccrdss wndtndr tndrd erd pjssàò`t`ds bjr ebbdht`ml tnd

hjffum`ty tnet dtn`heooy prdhoucd dodht`vd dll brddz`ml, jr jtndrw`sd werremt

jvdrs`lnt jb tnd prjhdcurd. Sn`s `s tnd tjp`h jb sdht`jm 1.3.

Snd sh`dmhd sdht`jm `s sdob-dxpoemetjry. Jur epprjehn tj tnd fjreo emc sjhèo, njwdvdr,rdqu`rds e o`ttod fjrd tj ad se`c. Snd sdperet`jm `s prdf`sdc jm tnd bjoojw`ml7 tndrd `s em `cde

tnet hnj`hd `s lrjumcdc `m `mstrufdmteo ojl`h7 hnj`hd hjmhdrms guclfdmt eajut tnd fdems tj

rdeo`sd sjfd ljeo jr purpjsd. Sn`s `s em espdht jb eutjmjfy, aut, hjmtrery tj sjfd jb tnd

hr`t`h`sfs jb em eutjmjfy-lrjumcdc dtn`hs, wd nevd mj `mtdmt`jm jb `sjoet`ml tnd pdrsjm brjf

rdoet`jmeo espdhts. Eoo hnj`hds erd jb hjursd fecd `m sjhèo hjmtdxts, sj tndrd `s mj mddc tj

prdb`x eutjmjfy w`tn rdoet`jmeo. Hnj`hds erd `mboudmhdc ay `mc`v`cueo dxpdr`dmhds, cds`rds,

emc `mtdmt`jms, aut, `fpjrtemtoy, tndy erd mjt fecd `m `sjoet`jm jb sjhèo `mboudmhd emchjmvdmt`jms. @t `s tndrdbjrd `fpjrtemt tj teok eajut e pdrsjms ljeos `m tdrfs jb ndr `cdmt`ty,

tnet `s, e pdrsjm o`vds jut ndr ljeos emc veouds es dxprdss`ml ndr sdmsd jb sdob, jbtdm `m

`cdmt`b`het`jm w`tn jtndrs w`tn`m e hjmtdxt jb `mt`fetd emc stdecy jr fjrd c`stemt emc

supdrb`hèo rdoet`jmsn`ps. @cdmt`ty hjuoc tnus `mvjovd `ffdesureaod emc `mcdtdrf`metd

rdoet`jmsn`ps, emc prjaeaoy rdvjovds erjumc e bouhtuet`ml sdmsd jb sdob7 es jmd jppjrtum`ty

hojsds, emjtndr jpdms up. Sdhnmjojl`ds fey ad dmeao`ml jr jtndrw`sd bjr tnd `mc`v`cueo7

eutjmjfy fey ad (c`s)dmeaodc `m jmd wey jr emjtndr; rdoet`jmsn`ps fey ad bjrldc jr arjkdm.

Jur e`fs `m tn`s rdpjrt, tndrdbjrd, erd tj, b`rstoy, wjrk tnrjuln `cdmt`ty-aesdc rdesjms, emc

tndm, sdhjmcoy, hjms`cdr rdesjms aesdc jm sjhèo erlufdmtet`jm, 8< w`tn rdspdht tj tnd dtn`heo

espdhts jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml. \nòd tn`s sdperet`jm adtwddm tnd fjreo emc tnd sjhèo `s

mjt dmt`rdoy hodem, `t ndops tj cdb`md wnet hnj`hds erd `fpjrtemt tj `mc`v`cueos (wnet wd heoo

8 @m femy hjumtr`ds, @RB `s

hjms`cdrdc es stemcerc ho`m`heo preht`hd bjr pdjpod wnj erd `mhepeaod jb metureo hjmhdpt`jm. @t

rdqu`rds n`lnoy tre`mdc spdhèo`sts tj herry jut tnd prjhdcurds, emc stòo rdsuots `m rdoet`vdoy

bdw suhhdssbuo prdlmemh`ds.

Nufem spdrf (spdrfetjzje) nevd addm suhhdssbuooy brjzdm bjr cdhecds, emc tnd b`rst

suhhdssbuo rdpjrt jb nufem dfaryj brddz`ml tnet ldmdretdc e prdlmemhy wes `m 50>8.

Xuasdqudmtoy ajtn nufem spdrf emc dfaryj hryjprdsdrvet`jm nevd adhjfd rjut`md ho`m`heo

tdhnmjojl`ds. Dll brddz`ml wes b`rst dfpojydc `m tnd 50>9s us`ml sojw brddz`ml, wn`hn lrdw

jut jb tnd mddc tj stjrd dlls mjt usdc `m bdrtò`ty hyhods; tnd b`rst rdpjrt jb e suhhdssbuo

prdlmemhy us`ml e tnewdc dll wes `m 50>2. 80 @t wes hjffdrhèo`sdc `m Efdr`he `m 1993 ay

tnd hjfpemy Dxtdmcdc Bdrtò`ty.39 @RB `mvjovds tnd hjoodht`jm jb dlls brjf tnd wjfem. Sn`s

rdqu`rds `mgdht`ml njrfjmds tnet st`fuoetd tnd jver`ds tj rdodesd dlls, bjoojwdc ay e surl`heo

prjhdcurd tj esp`retd tndf. Xjfd wjfdm mddc tj umcdrlj fjrd tnem jmd st`fuoet`jm hyhod tj

rdtr`dvd dmjuln dlls tj nevd e rdesjmeaod hnemhd jb ette`m`ml rdprjcuht`vd suhhdss (`b tnddlls wdrd oetdr usdc); sjfd dodht tj cj sj tj `mhrdesd tnd hnemhds. Snd prjhdcurd `s t`fd-

hjmsuf`ml, umhjfbjrteaod, dxpdms`vd, emc hem nevd r`sks. Snus pjo`h`ds jbtdm rdhjffdmc

o`f`t`ml tnd mufadr jb @RB hyhods e wjfem snjuoc mjrfeooy lj tnrjuln, rdsuot`ml `m ho`m`hs

tdmc`ml tj jvdr- retndr tnem umcdr-hjoodht dlls. Qetndr tnem bdrtò`sd emc brddzd tnd rdsuot`ml

dfaryjs, tnd umusdc dlls hem ad brjzdm emc stjrdc `m hesd tnd hurrdmt trdetfdmt hyhod beòs.

Snd emmjumhdfdmt jb tnd a`rtn jb tnd b`rst aeay brjf brjzdm jjhytds `m tnd TK tr`lldrdc

hjffdmts hr`t`heo jb tn`s tdhnm`qud. @m pert`huoer, e prjf`mdmt bdrtò`ty dxpdrt wermdc tnet

brddz`ml nufem jjhytds hjuoc heusd `rrdpereaod nerf tj buturd ldmdret`jms adheusd jb tnd

hjms`cdreaod r`sk jb hnrjfjsjfeo nerf tj hnòcrdm pjsdc ay (tnd tndm meshdmt) sojw brddzd

8> Odr`cjm, jp. h`t. mjtd 51; Sd Rdocd, D. emc Ydersjm, Y. 1991. Snd verèaò`ty jb bdfeod rdprjcuht`vd eld`ml. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm Tpcetd >7 535-543.80 Hndm, jp. h`t. mjtd 0.39 Xnkdc`-Qeb`c, X. emc Nesnòojm`-Cjodv, P. 1955. Dll brddz`ml bjr eld rdoetdc bdrtò`ty cdho`md7 Yrdvdmt`vd

fdc`h`md jr e burtndr fdc`heo`zet jm jb rdprjcuht`jm: Emeoyz`ml tnd mdw @sredo` pjo`hy. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 027 105-103.


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XW

emc rep`c tnew fdtnjcs usdc. 35 Et tnd t`fd, sojw brddz`ml wes eosj cjlldc ay pjjr dll

surv`veo, o`f`tdc bdrtò`set`jm suhhdss, emc ojw prdlmemhy emc o`vd a`rtn retds.

R`tr`b`het`jm usds tdhnmjojl`ds tj rep`coy brddzd dlls, emc nes addm cdb`mdc es e v`trdjus,

tremsperdmt, `hd-brdd sjo`c`b`het`jm jb wetdr-aesdc sjout`jms et sua-zdrj tdfpdreturds. 31 Snd

b`rst o`vd a`rtn wes rdhjrcdc `m 5000. 38 \ndtndr v`tr`b`het`jm `s em `fprjvdfdmt jm fjcdrm

sojw-brddz`ml tdhnm`quds `s hjmtdmt`jus. Xtuc`ds nevd sulldstdc tnet wndm hjfperdc,

v`tr`b`het`jm nes adttdr dll surv`veo emc bdrtò`set`jm retds, emc ho`m`heo prdlmemh`ds pdr dll

tnewdc. Xjfd bdrtò`ty ho`m`hs, njwdvdr, rdpjrt dqu`veodmt suhhdss retds w`tn ajtn (w`tn

brddz`ml emc tnew`ml/bdrtò`set`jm hjmc`t`jms jpt`f`sdc). Femy bdrtò`ty ho`m`hs nevd njwdvdr

fjvdc brjf sojw-brddz`ml tj v`tr`b`het`jm.

\d suffer`sd tnd sh`dmt`b`h dv`cdmhd prdsdmtdc ay tnd EXQF `m tnd`r 1958 lu`cdo`md jm

Feturd jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm. 33

(e) Aesdc jm remcjf`sdc hjmtrjoodc trèos emc oerld jasdrvet`jmeo stuc`ds, tndrd `s ljjc

dv`cdmhd tnet bdrtò`set`jm emc prdlmemhy retds erd s`fòer tj @RB/@mtrehytjpoesf`h spdrf

`mgdht`jm (@HX@) w`tn brdsn jjhytds wndm brjzdm (v`tr`b`dc/tnewdc) jjhytds erd usdc es pert jb

@RB/@HX@ `m yjuml wjfdm.

(a) Cete, wnòd o`f`tdc, snjws mj `mhrdesd `m hnrjfjsjfeo eamjrfeo`t`ds, a`rtn cdbdhts, jr

cdvdojpfdmteo cdb`h`ts `m hnòcrdm ajrm brjf hryjprdsdrvdc jjhytds wndm hjfperdc tj

prdlmemh`ds brjf hjmvdmt`jmeo @RB/@HX@ emc tnd ldmdreo TX pjpuoet`jm.

(h) Bjr rdesjms (e) emc (a), jjhytd v`tr`b`het`jm/werf`ml snjuoc mj ojmldr ad hjms`cdrdc

dxpdr`fdmteo .

(c) Sndrd `s mj hjmhous`vd dv`cdmhd jm wndtndr tnd `mh`cdmhd jb emjfeo`ds emc eamjrfeo`t`ds

jb hnòcrdm ajrm brjf brjzdm dlls `s s`fòer tj tnjsd ajrm brjf brjzdm dfaryjs . \nòd

35 \`mstjm, Q. 1991. \ny `hd aea`ds hjuoc heusd `rrdpereaod nerf tj buturd ldmdret`jms7 E werm`ml brjfAr`te`m's odec`ml bdrtò`ty dxpdrt.Snd Dvdm`ml Xtemcerc (Ojmcjm) Jhtjadr 54.31 O`jw, X., Bjjml, O., Hndm, M., P`p, \., Knew, H., Kufer, G., Regte, L emc Ml, X. 1990. O`vd a`rtn brjfv`tr`b dc werfdc nufem jjhytds bdrtò zdc w`tn brjzdm tnewdc tdst`huoer spdrfetjzje. Qdprjcuht`vd

A`jFdc`h`md Jmo`md 507 50>-195.38 Kuodsnjve, O., Lèmerjo`, O., Felo`, H., Bdrrerdtt`, E., emc Srjumsjm, E. 5000. A`rtn bjoojw`ml v`tr`b`het`jm jb

e sfeoo mufadr jb nufem jjhytds7 hesd rdpjrt. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm 537 89


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X[

brddz`ml dlls `s e veo`c eotdrmet`vd tj brddz`ml dfaryjs, fjrd cete mddc tj ad hjoodhtdc adbjrd

tnd bjrfdr snjuoc ad rjut`mdoy usdc.

Aesdc jm (e-c), tnd EXQF suppjrts tnd usd jb dll brddz`ml tj `fprjvd hufuoet`vd prdlmemhy

retds `m hjupods umcdrlj`ml @RB trdetfdmt wnj erd umeaod tj brddzd dfaryjs; emc bjr wjfdm

umcdrlj`ml ljmecjtjx`h trdetfdmt (d.l. hndfjtndrepy) w`tn bdw jpt`jms tj prdsdrvd tnd`r

bdrtò`ty. Sndy cj mjt rdhjffdmc tnd usd jb dll brddz`ml ay rdprjcuht`vd ndeotny wjfdm bjr

tnd sjod purpjsd jb cdbdrr`ml hnòcader`ml adheusd jb `msubb`h`dmt cete jm sebdty, dbb`hehy,

dtn`hs, dfjt`jmeo r`sks, emc hjst-dbbdht`vdmdss jb jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm bjr tn`s

`mc`het`jm. 34 Snd EXQF hjms`cdr tnet wjfdm `m tnd`r oetd rdprjcuht`vd yders fey ad tnd

jmds fjst `mtdrdstdc `m tnd usd jb dll brddz`ml tj h`rhufvdmt rdprjcuht`vd eld`ml. Njwdvdr,

sebdty emc dbb`hehy jb dll brddz`ml cete erd snjwm w`tn rdspdht jb yjuml n`lnoy sdodhtdc pjpuoet`jms ; 32 emc tndy wr`td7 Xuhhdss retds w`tn jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm eppder tj cdho`md

w`tn fetdrmeo eld hjms`stdmt w`tn tnd ho`m`heo dxpdr`dmhd w`tn brdsn jjhytds emc

s`lm`b`hemtoy sj bjr wjfdm eajvd 8>. 3< Sndrd `s eosj e oehk jb ojml tdrf cete jm

cdvdojpfdmteo juthjfds emc sebdty cete `m c`vdrsd (jocdr) pjpuoet`jms . 3> Hjmsdqudmtoy tnd

EXQF cjds mjt suppjrt dodht`vd dll brddz`ml.

Snd DXNQD c`bbdrs `m `ts rdhjffdmcet`jm jm dodht`vd dll brddz`ml. Aesdc jm tnd sh`dmt`b`h

dv`cdmhd jm sebdty jb dll brddz`ml emc `ts dbb`hehy es cdfjmstretdc ay v`tr`b`het`jm, emc `m

o`lnt jb rdodvemt dtn`heo hjms`cdret`jms, tnd DXNQD hjms`cdrs `t dtn`heooy ehhdpteaod tj jbbdr

jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm tj ndeotny wjfdm tj prdsdrvd tnd`r bdrtò`ty. Snd oehk jb ojml tdrf

cete jm sebdty emc tnd usd jb tnd tdhnmjojly ay wjfdm `m tnd`r oetd rdprjcuht`vd yders cj mjt

cdtdr `ts hjmhous`jm, emc tnd prjhdcurd snjuoc heut`jusoy prjhddc `m rdspdht jb bdrtò`ty

hdmtrds nev`ml e rdspjmsàò`ty tj hjoodht cete jm tnd ojml tdrf ndeotn jb hnòcrdm ajrm brjf

hryjprdsdrvdc dlls. \nòd dodht`vd dll brddz`ml snjuoc mjt ad rdhjffdmcdc bjr wjfdm

eajvd 8> adheusd brddz`ml dlls et tnet steld `s umo`kdoy tj odec tj e suhhdssbuo prdlmemhy,

tndrd fey ad hesds wndrd e pr`jr essdssfdmt jb tnd jverèm rdsdrvd gust`b`ds tnd

34 @a`c. p. 31.32 @a`c. p. 80. @m em dero`dr 1990 ert`hod, tnd EXQF mjtdc tnet puao`sndc cete jm suhhdss retds wes oerldoycdr`vdc brjf dxpdr`dmhd w`tn brjzdm dlls sjurhdc brjf ndeotny yjuml cjmjrs umcdr tnd eld jb 89; Yreht`hdHjff`ttdd jb tnd Efdr`hem Xjh`dty bjr Qdprjcuht`vd Fdc`h`md. 1990. EXQF Qdspjmsd Hjff`ttdd rdspjmsd tjQyaek emc O`dfem7 dodht`vd sdob-cjmet jm jb jjhytds. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 017 5458-5453.3 @a`c.


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prjhdcurd. 30 Snd DXNQD hjmhoucds tnet Hjumsdoo`ml aesdc jm `mc`v`cueo essdssfdmt jb tnd

eveòeaod rdprjcuht`vd pjtdmtèo wjuoc sddf tj ad tnd adst epprjehn. Snd rdesjms bjr

prjhddc`ml w`tn heut`jm `mhoucd tnd s`lm`b`hemt pnys`heo emc psyhnjojl`heo r`sks pjsdc tj tnd

wjfem umcdrlj`ml tnd prjhdcurds jb njrfjmeo nypdrst`fuoet`jm pjtdmtèooy heus`ml JNX,

emc surl`heo rdfjveo jb tnd dlls. 49

Snd tdhnmjojly, njwdvdr, sddfs hjfpereaod tj jtndr EQSs. @m tnd fjst up tj cetd cete jm

dll brddz`ml wd hjuoc b`mc `m tnd `mtdrmet`jmeooy rdputeaod gjurmeo Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty

tnd Dc`tjrèo jp`mdc7 @t fey ad hjmhoucdc tnet v`tr`b`het`jm `s dbbdht`vd. 45 Snd stetdfdmt `s

aesdc jm e rdv`dw `m tnd sefd vjoufd `m wn`hn surv`veo retds jb brjzdm dlls `s mjw et erjumc

09%, emc prdlmemhy retds remld brjf 29 tj 7


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ay wjfdm tj spdh`b`heooy cdoey prdlmemhy erd mjt ydt kmjwm adheusd jb o`ttod eveòeaod cete

brjf tnd bdw sj ber tj nevd usdc `t. 4<

Dxpdr`dmhds jb JNX `mhoucd fjcdretd syfptjfs `mhouc`ml eacjf`meo c`shjfbjrt-

c`stdms`jm, tn`rst, meusde, vjf`t`ml emc cèrrnde wn`hn jmoy rdqu`rd survdòoemhd; tj hesds

tnet mddc njsp`teo`set`jm w`tn verèaod cdlrdds jb sdvdr`ty, `mhouc`ml eacjf`meo-pe`m,

umhjmtrjooeaod vjf`t`ml, ehhufuoet`jm jb bou`c `m tnd eacjfdm (esh`tds), cdhrdesdc aojjc

vjoufd jr prdssurd (nypjvjodfè-nypjtdms`jm), c`bb`huoty `m ardetn`ml (cyspmjde), ojw jr

sdvdrd ur`md jutput (jo`lurè-emurè), dodhtrjoytd `faeoemhd, cdhrdesdc bou`c hjmtdmt `m aojjc

(ndfjhjmhdmtret`jm), eamjrfeo o`vdr bumht`jm, ndpetjrdmeo (o`vdr jr k`cmdy) beòurd,

tnrjfajs`s (aojjc hojts) emc ehutd rdsp`retjry c`strdss symcrjfd. Sremsvel`meo jjhytd

rdtr`dveo lu`cdc ay uotresjumc `s mjw tnd ho`m`heo mjrf, emc hjfpo`het`jms erd dxhdpt`jmeo. 4> Eotnjuln rerd, tnd pnys`heo r`sks jb JNX emc dll rdtr`dveo hem tnrdetdm tnd wjfems o`bd. 40

Snd psyhnjojl`heo r`sks erd fjrd c`bb`huot tj quemt`by, aut `mhoucd strdss emc cdprdss`jm

wnòst umcdrlj`ml tnd prjhdcurds. 29 Njwdvdr, eoo jb tndsd r`sks erd tnd sefd es bjr emy @RB

trdetfdmt `m wjfdm jb hjfpereaod eld. 25 Fjrdjvdr, e vdry rdhdmt stucy `mc`hetdc tnet tndsd

r`sks erd mjw f`m`feo wndm hjfperdc w`tn spjmtemdjus prdlmemh`ds. 21

\nòd `t `s hoder tnet e lrdet cdeo jb burtndr stucy `s mddcdc ndmhd tnd heut`jus suppjrt `t

snjuoc ad mjtdc tnet ajtn Xjh`dt`ds nevd buooy dmcjrsdc jtndr EQSs, suhn es @RB trdetfdmt,

wndrd tndrd `s eosj jmoy lrjw`ml dv`cdmhd jb `ts dbb`hehy `m suhhdssbuo a`rtns. Es e fettdr jb

pjo`hy, tndrdbjrd, suppjrt bjr sjfd tdhnmjojl`ds emc mjt jb jtndrs sddfs tj ad e pert`huoer

essdssfdmt jb r`sk.

4< Jmd stucy jb pet`dmts tj tekd mjtd jb, `m tn`s rdlerc `s (eotnjuln jmoy jmd prdlmemhy-a`rtn nes sj ber addmrdhjrcdc us`ml dodht`vdoy brjzdm dlls; tnd aeay wes ajrm ndeotny)7 Lerhè-Rdoeshj, G., Cjf`mlj, G., Hjaj, E.,Fert`mdz, F., Herfjme, O., emc Ydoo`hdr E. 1958. 4-yders dxpdr`dmhd dfpojy`ml jjhytd v`tr`b`het`jm tj prdsdrvdbdrtò`ty bjr fdc`heo emc mjmfdc`heo `mc`het`jms. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty p``7 X9954-91>1(58)99125-2. cj`7

59.5952/g.bdrtmstdrt.1958.91.993. [Dpua endec jb pr`mtV.4> X`r`stet`c`s, H., Hnrdoès, H., Eodx`ju, E., emc Kessemjs, C. 1958. Ho`m`heo hjfpo`het`jms ebtdr tremsvel`meojjhytd rdtr`dveo7 E rdtrjspdht`vd emeoys`s. Gjurmeo jb Jastdtr`hs emc Lymedhjojly 887 23-22.40 Areet, C., Xhnuttd, G., Adrmercus, Q., Fjj`g, S. emc vem Odduwdm, B. 1959. Fetdrmeo cdetn rdoetdc tj @RB `mtnd Mdtndroemcs 50>3-199>. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm 147 51-52.29 Cjfer, E., Xf`tn, K., Hjmajy, O., @emmjmd, F. emc Eopdr, F. 1959. E prjspdht`vd `mvdst`let`jm `mtj tndrdesjms wny msurdc Tm`tdc Xtetds pet`dmts crjp jut jb m v`trj bdrtò`zet jm trdetfdmt. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 037534


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XT

1.8 Fjreo Erlufdmts

Snd \jroc Ndeotn Jrlem`set`jm (\NJ) cdb`mds rdprjcuht`vd ndeotn es tnd bjoojw`ml7

[YdjpodV nevd tnd hepeaò`ty tj rdprjcuhd emc tnd brddcjf tj cdh`cd `b, wndm emc njw

jbtdm tj cj sj. @fpo`h`t `m tn`s erd tnd r`lnt jb fdm emc wjfdm tj ad `mbjrfdc jb emc

tj nevd ehhdss tj sebd, dbbdht`vd, ebbjrceaod emc ehhdpteaod fdtnjcs jb bdrtò`ty

rdluoet`jm jb tnd`r hnj`hd, emc tnd r`lnt jb ehhdss tj epprjprètd ndeotn herd sdrv`hds

tnet wòo dmeaod wjfdm tj lj sebdoy tnrjuln prdlmemhy emc hnòca`rtn emc prjv`cd

hjupods w`tn tnd adst hnemhd jb nev`ml e ndeotny `mbemt.28

Qdprjcuht`vd ndeotn nes eosj addm ebb`rfdc es e nufem r`lnt `m jtndr `mtdrmet`jmeo

cjhufdmts. 23 Xpdh`b`heooy, tnd Hjmvdmt`jm jm tnd Do`f`met`jm jb Eoo Bjrfs jb C`shr`f`met`jm

ele`mst \jfdm (HDCE\), ecjptdc `m 50


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f`lnt usd tj gust`by tnd `mtdmt`jm tj dodht`vdoy brddzd dlls, adbjrd poeh`ml tndsd `m tdrfs jb

`cdmt`ty dfadccdc `m e sjhèo hjmtdxt.

1.8.5 Odvdoo`ml tnd Qdprjcuht`vd Yoey`ml B`doc

Snd fjreo hesd bjr dodht`vd dll brddz`ml nes addm ecvjhetdc jm arjecoy dleo`terèm lrjumcs. 22

A`jojl`heooy, ndeotny fdm hem prjcuhd spdrf umtò cdetn (eotnjuln tndrd `s `mhrdes`ml

dv`cdmhd tnet tnd ndeotn jb spdrf fey cdtdr`jretd), wndrdes wjfdms jver`ds c`f`m`sn w`tn

eld prjcuh`ml bdwdr emc ojwdr queo`ty dlls. @m v`dw jb tnd`r a`jojl`heo hojhk, wjfdm erd

c`shjureldc brjf o`bdstyods tnet cj mjt ehhjffjcetd jr pr`jr`t`sd ferrèld emc

fjtndrnjjc. Fdm, jm tnd jtndr nemc, rdluoeroy cdbdr betndrnjjc wdoo eajvd tnd`r 39s, erd

rerdoy hdmsurdc, emc sjfdt`fds hdodaretdc bjr cj`ml sj. 2< Burtndrfjrd fdm nevd addm

eoojwdc tj brddzd spdrf emc usd `t `m tnd`r ecvemhdc yders tj hjmhd`vd w`tn e (usueooy

yjumldr) pertmdr tnrjuln @RB. Ele`mst tn`s aehklrjumc, sjfd hjffdmtetjrs erlud tnet

dodht`vd dll brddz`ml, eojml w`tn jtndr EQSs, wjuoc odvdo tnd poey`ml b`doc 2> `m

rdprjcuht`jm, emc eoojw wjfdm tj, o`kd fdm, dmgjy tnd hnj`hd jb wndm tndy nevd

hnòcrdm. 20 Jb hjursd, fdm eosj nevd e a`jojl`heo hojhk wndm tnd`r jwm ndeotn f`lnt ad

jpt`feo bjr nev`ml hnòcrdm; tndrdbjrd, tndy snjuoc mjt put jbb betndrnjjc bjr tjj ojml;


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tj adhjfd fjtndrs ay dmhjurel`ml ett`tucds tnet hjms`cdr `t wrjml bjr wjfdm mjt tj tekd up

tndsd jppjrtum`t`ds.


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hem ad suppjrtdc ay dtn`heo rdesjm`ml, es sjfd hjffdmtetjrs nevd prjv`cdc, 1 Ele`m, tn`s sddfs tj `mc`hetd em

7 >27 Xuppo 57 X195.>5 @a`c.>1 Xtjjp, C., Mdkkdarjdhk, G. emc Cdvrjdy, Y. 1955. E survdy jm tnd `mtdmt`jms emc ett`tucds tjwercs jjhytd

hryjprdsdrvet jm bjr mjm-fdc`heo rdesjms efjml wjfdm jb rdprjcuht`vd eld. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm 127 244-225.


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ewerdmdss jb tnd k`mc jb o`bd tndy wemt tj odec.>8 Jtndr survdys jb wjfdms ett`tucds

sulldstdc tnet tnd fe`m rdesjms bjr dll brddz`ml erd (`m mj pert`huoer jrcdr)7

5. Dcuhet`jm esp`ret`jms; >3

1. Herddr esp`ret`jms; >4

8. Mjt`jm jb r`lnt pj`mt `m tnd`r o`bd;>2

3. Xubb`h`dmtoy steaod `mhouc`ml b`memhèo sdhur`ty emc/jr `m e sdhurd rdoet`jmsn`p;><

4. Snet tndy wdrd umrdecy; >>

2. Oehkdc suppjrt jb e pertmdr;>0

8 Emc `mcddc, `s mjt em ett`tucd tj ad c`shjureldc7 Et tnd `mc`v`cueo odvdo, adttdr dcuhetdc pdjpod erd cj`ml adttdr eojml eofjst emy c`fdms`jm, reml`ml brjf fdmteo ndeotn tj tnd eaò`ty tj rdhjvdr brjf snjhks tj ojwdrumdfpojyfdmt. Et tnd ellrdletd odvdo, systdfs jb ljvdrmemhd emc cdfjhrehy nevd addm snjwm tj ad hojsdoyrdoetdc tj e sjh`dtys odvdo jb dcuhet`jm. Outz, \. emc Xef`r, X. 1955. Lojaeo nufem hep`teo7 @mtdlret`mldcuhet`jm emc pjpuoet`jm. Xh`dmhd 8887 4>3 Admz`ds, K., Sjuln, X., Sjbbodf`rd, K., Br`hk, H., Beadr, E. emc Mdwaurm-Hjjk, H. 1992. Behtjrs `mboudmh`mlwjfdm's cdh`s`jms eajut t`f`ml jb fjtndrnjjc. Gjurmeo jb Jastdtr`h, Lymedhjojl`h, emc Mdjmeteo Murs`ml 847214288; Herjoem, F. emc Mdosjm, X. 1997 483444; Herjoem, F. 199121; Peml, P. Ydcdm-FhEop`md, H. emc Hndm, H. 1994 @a`c.>2 Admz`ds,dt eo., jp. h`t. mjtd >3.>< Cjarzykjwsk` & Mjdreldr Xtdrm, jp. h`t . mjtd >3; Eosj sdd tnd HoderXtetd Qdpjrt7 29% jb 05 pdjpod wnjwdrd o`kdoy jr sjfdwnet o`kdoy tj umcdrlj dll brddz`ml mc`hetdc b`memh eooy emc dfjt`jmeooy prdperdc (p.12).>> Admz`ds,dt eo. jp. h`t. mjtd >3.>0 Hjjkd, E., Fòos, S., emc Oevdmcdr, S. 1959. @mbjrfdc emc um`mbjrfdc cdh`s`jm fek`ml wjfdm'srdesjm`ml, dxpdr`dmhds emc pdrhdpt`jms w`tn rdlerc tj ecvemhdc fetdrmeo eld emc cdoeydc hnòcader`ml7 e fdte-symtnds`s. @mtdrmet`jmeo Gjurmeo jb Murs`ml Xtuc`ds 3


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Eoo jb tndsd rdesjms sulldst e pettdrm jb poemm`ml7 e wjfem fey wemt tj cdh`cd wndm `s adst

bjr ndr tj adhjfd e fjtndr. Sn`s `s, jb hjursd, ajrrjwdc brjf tnd `cde jb befòy poemm`ml 7

pdjpod nevd prdbdrdmhds bjr `b, wndm, emc njw tndy nevd hnòcrdm.05

Xjfd erlud, njwdvdr, tnet adheusd herddr emc dhjmjf`h stetus hjmtràutd tj tnd sjhèo

`cdmt`ty, bjr femy pdjpod cdoeydc hnòcader`ml `s mjt mdhdsseròy e cdoàdretd hnj`hd. Es

Xjojwey emc Xf`tn wr`td, herddr fdm es wdoo es herddr wjfdm cdeo w`tn s`fòer `ssuds eajut

oetd a`rtn t`f`ml cdh`s`jms. @m fjst hesds, njwdvdr, `b jmd jb tnd pertmdrs nec mjt ydt cdeot

w`tn jmd jb tnd `ssuds [rjod `cdmt`ty emc `mc`v`cueo `cdmt`tyV, tnd cdh`s`jm wes cdoeydc umtò

tnd jtndr pertmdr hefd tj tdrfs w`tn `t. 01 Aut tn`s `s mjt em erlufdmt mjt tj poem bjr wndm tj

adhjfd prdlmemt, wn`hn, `fpjrtemtoy, f`lnt ad `mboudmhdc `m tn`s rdspdht ay ad`ml `m tnd

r`lnt rdoet`jmsn`p. @t `s s`fpoy e pj`mt tnet hnj`hds wòo ad snepdc ay tndsd rdoet`jmsn`ps emctnd pjssàò`t`ds tndy jbbdr.

Xj, snjuoc tn`s prdbdrdmhd ad brefdc es e hnj`hd tj brddzd dlls: Jm tnd jmd nemc, dll

brddz`ml `s umo`kdoy tj dxtdmc tnd w`mcjw bjr bdrtò`ty s`lm`b`hemtoy, es tn`s `s oerldoy sdt ay tnd

hjmb`mds jb a`jojly emc tnd ajcy (sdd adojw, sdht`jm 1.3.1 jm Dmnemhdfdmt; eotnjuln tndrd

erd sjfd dxhdpt`jmeo stjr`ds jb wjfdm hjmhd`v`ml juts`cd jb tnd dxpdhtdc a`jojl`heo remld).

Emc tndrd erd r`sks `m cdoey`ml prdlmemhy7 dodht`vd @RB trdetfdmt `s lj`ml tj ad e

rdprjcuht`vd (emc pjtdmtèooy hjstoy) lefaod, emc dll brddz`ml fey hjfpjumc tnd ho`m`heo

o`f`ts jb wnet EQSs hem cj. @RB trdetfdmt jm tnd wnjod `s tr`hky, dxeht`ml emc umhdrte`m,

emc wòo tndrdbjrd mjt wjrk bjr sjfd wjfdm; `t `s hdrte`moy mjt lj`ml tj rdvdrsd bdrtò`ty `m

emy fdem`mlbuo wey. Sndrdbjrd, putt`ml jbb nev`ml hnòcrdm `m emy h`rhufstemhds o`f`ts tnd

hnemhds jmd fey nevd tj hjmhd`vd, emc stert`ml deroy fey `fprjvd tndsd jccs. Pdt `t snjuoc

ad mjtdc tnet nufem rdprjcuht`jm `s `tsdob em `mdbb`h`dmt umcdrtek`ml7 nev`ml hnòcrdm et e

yjuml eld tnrjuln metureo hjmhdpt`jm `s mj lueremtdd jb e suhhdssbuo prdlmemhy d`tndr,

eotnjuln ho`m`heo behtjrs erd o`kdoy tj ad et poey `m tndsd hesds. Emc tndrd erd lj`ml tj ad

sjfd sjhèo behtjrs suhn es fddt`ml tnd r`lnt pertmdr tnet wòo hut ehrjss eoo rdoet`jmsn`ps

rdlercodss jb eld.

05 Snd HoderXtetd Qdpjrt eppders tj suppjrt tn`s stetdfdmt; Qdesjms bjr cdoey`ml prdlmemhy7 % Gja/B`memh eoXdhur`ty; 21% Qdoet`jmsn p Xteaò`ty; 83% Ado`db tnet tndrd wòo ad mj prjaodf nev`ml hnòcrdm tnd buturd; p. 51.01

Xjojwey, M. emc Xf`tn, Q. 50>-121.


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Jm tnd jtndr nemc, dll brddz`ml `s em ehhdptdc jpt`jm bjr tnjsd umeaod tj hjmhd`vd metureooy

adheusd jb ho`m`heo `mc`het`jms, emc, es e rdsuot, tndrd `s o`kdoy tj ad `fprjvdfdmts `m tnd @RB

prjhdcurds emc tdhnm`quds. Sndsd `fprjvdfdmts hjuoc jhhur cur`ml tnd o`bdt`fd jb sjfdjmd

l`vdm tnd jppjrtum`ty tj hnjjsd tj brddzd tnd`r dlls mjw. Snus, tnd suhhdss jb prdlmemhy

snjuoc mjt ad e cdtdrf`m`ml behtjr `m tn`s cdaetd, adheusd r`sks hem ad essufdc `m em

`mbjrfdc wey, emc, fjrdjvdr, tnd tdhnmjojly fey le`m burtndr hrdcdmhd `m tdrfs jb sebdty

emc dbb`hehy.

Sndsd twj v`dwpj`mts fey ad hjfpetàod, njwdvdr, emc suffer`sdc es tnus7 b`rstoy, dodht`vd

dll brddz`ml snjuoc mjt ad hjms`cdrdc es `msuremhd bjr bdrtò`ty purpjsds adheusd tnd

dxpdhtdc hjvdreld `s hurrdmtoy f`m`feo. 08 Snd sebdty mdt stretdly fdemt tj prjtdht jmdsdob

sddfs `m beht tj ad poemtdc jm `msdhurd lrjumc. Xdhjmcoy, umcdrlj`ml @RB `m jmds f`c-oetdtn`rt`ds us`ml prd-brjzdm dlls `s fjrd o`kdoy tj rdsuot `m e suhhdssbuo a`rtn tnem us`ml jjhytds

hjoodhtdc et tnd t`fd jb trdetfdmt. Sn`rcoy, dll brddz`ml `tsdob `s mjt e prjaodfet`h tdhnmjojly

`b `t `s cddfdc ehhdpteaod bjr jtndr purpjsds.

Snus, dodht`vd dll brddz`ml fey ad em jppjrtum`ty (aut mjt e hdrte`mty) tj o`vd o`bd es e wjfem

cdh`cds tj emc fey wdoo b`t `mtj arjecdr pettdrms jb befòy poemm`ml. @t `s e wey tj pursud

jtndr `fpjrtemt ljeos retndr tnem behd tnd metureo o`f`ts jb tnd`r jwm rdprjcuht`vd systdf. 03

Es pdjpod o`vd dvdr ojmldr, `t `s pdrneps tj ad dxpdhtdc tnet tnd`r dxpdhtet`jms jb o`bd hnemld;

femy hem ad ndeotny emc eht`vd wdoo adyjmc typ`heo o`f`ts poehdc jm hjmhdptueo joc eld.

@fpjrtemtoy, `b e wjfem hnjjsds tj tekd e mjm-perdmt`ml rjod et tnet t`fd snd `s brddz`ml dlls

(tnet wjuoc jtndrw`sd ad metureooy ojst), snd `s mjt lj`ml tj ad brddz`ml eoo jb ndr dlls, emc

hem stòo cdh`cd tj adhjfd prdlmemt cur`ml tnd mjrfeo rdprjcuht`vd w`mcjw.

1.8.3 Sek`ml Xtjhk

@b dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s hjms`cdrdc dtn`heohdtdr`s peràus , e b`rst stdp `s tj `mbjrf tnd

wjfem eajut jpt`jms emc r`sks. Sn`s odecs aehk tj tnd `cdes jb eutjmjfy usdc tj `cdmt`by

08 @msuremhd `m tn`s sdmsd `s e k`mc jb sdob-prjtdht`jm e rdcuht`jm `m tnd prjaeaò`ty jb ojss snjuoc em dvdmtjhhur. Sn`s sddfs e f`stekdm v`dw bjr twj rdesjms. Jmd, dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s stòo hjms`cdrdc es mjm-rjut`mdho`m`heo preht hd, tnus `msuremhd `m tnd sdmsd tnet tnd r`sks erd hjvdrdc sddfs umo`kdoy tj gust`by tnd eht`v`t`dstnet pdjpod wjuoc jtndrw`sd evj`c; tnd juthjfds s`fpoy erd mjt kmjwm. Swj, hjvdreld `s umo`kdoy tj rdhupdretdtnd ojss dxpdr`dmhdc ay umdxpdhtdcoy mjt ad`ml eaod tj ad e fjtndr. Njwdvdr, `msuremhd tj hjvdr tnd oèaò t`dsjb tnjsd wnj prjv`cd dll brddz`ml sdrv`hds f`lnt ad hjms`cdrdc fjrd epprjprètd.03

\ymcnef, M., Lear`doe, Y., B`lud`re, F. emc Yetr`z`j, Y. 1951. E pdrs`stdmt f`spdrhdpt`jm7 Ess`stdcrdprjcuht`vd tdhnmjojly hem rdvdrsd tnd eldc a`jojl`heo hojhk. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 0


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w`tn e hnjsdm o`bd poem. Sj brefd rdprjcuht`vd hnj`hd es d`tndr hnòcrdmjr em dcuhet`jm jr

herddr rdc`rdhts tn`s poem. Fjrdjvdr, tj `fpjsd prdbdrdmhds jm pdjpod `s tj beoo aehk jm

essufpt`jms eajut njw jmd snjuoc o`vd tnd`r o`bd ehhjrc`ml tj prdsuppjsdc `cdes jb tn`mls

o`kd ferrèld, hnòcrdm, emc wnj snjuoc ad tnd weld dermdr. @t `s, es suhn, e hjmstre`mt jm e

wjfems `cdmt`ty. @mstdec, `b jmd hjms`cdrs suhn `ssuds tj ad wjrkdc jut bjr jmdsdob, wn`hn

fey `mhoucd `mput brjf befòy emc br`dmcs, tnd buturd sddfs fjrd jpdm; fjrd jpt`jms bjr

poemm`ml erd eveòeaod. Sn`s cjds mjt mdhdsseròy eccrdss dqu`ty (1.8.5); emc cjds mjt emswdr

qudst`jms jb str`ht prjpdrty jwmdrsn`p (1.8.1). Njwdvdr, `t cjds fdem tnet tnd r`lnt t`fd bjr

hnòcader`ml `s odss eajut hjmgdhturd, adheusd, jm em `mc`v`cueo aes`s tndrd fey ad c`bbdrdmt

mjt`jms jb wndm `t `s tnd r`lnt t`fd tj adhjfd e perdmt.

Snd prjaodf(s) jb hnj`hd, njwdvdr, `s se`c tj ad `mlre`mdc `m ebboudmt sjh`dt`ds wndrd mderoydvdry jpt`jm `s pjtdmtèooy jpdm.04 Xjfd pj`mt jut tnd jvdrojec jr pereoys`s tnet hjfds brjf

o`f`todss hjmsufdr hnj`hd; 02 emc jasdrvd tnet femy fey ad rdoet`vdoy odss set`sb`dc w`tn tnd

hnj`hd tndy fekd wndm tndrd erd fjrd emc fjrd jpt`jms tj hnjjsd brjf. Jtndrs fey rdlrdt

tnd hnj`hd tndy fecd. @m rdspdht jb dll brddz`ml, jb hjursd, sjfd wjfdm fey nevd o`f`tdc

jppjrtum`t`ds7 umcdroy`ml ndeotn hjmc`t`jms fey ecv`sd ele`mst tnd strdss jb tnd prjhdcurd.

Eosj, tnd prjhdcurd `s o`kdoy tj ad dxpdms`vd emc jut jb rdehn jb sjfd. Bjr tnjsd eaod tj fekd

tn`s cdh`s`jm, tnd hjsts, ndeotn hjmhdrms emc suhhdss retds fey mjt ad pdrsues`vd wndm pdrhd`vdc es pert jb e hjms`cdrdc o`bd poem. Fjrdjvdr, jmd hem `fel`md tnd c`seppj`mtfdmt jb

e beòdc @RB prjhdcurd bjoojw`ml dodht`vd dll brddz`ml; mjt tj fdmt`jm tnd fjmdy tnet mjw

sddfs òo-spdmt. Sndsd hjms`cdret`jms fey hjfd cjwm tj rdeo`s`ml tnd jppjrtum`ty hjsts jb e

cdh`s`jm tnd veoud ojst `m rdspdht jb mjt tek`ml tnd mdxt-n`lndst-veoudc eotdrmet`vd; rdlrdt et

tnd jppjrtum`t`ds mjt tekdm; emc dvdm rdhjmhò`ml dxpdhtet`jms eajut njw o`bd snjuoc, jr hjuoc

nevd addm. (@t nes addm jasdrvdc, bjr dxefpod, tnet bjrh`ml fjmdy hnj`hds jm pet`dmts jbtdm

kddps tndf brjf cj`ml tn`mls `fpjrtemt bjr tnd`r ndeotn; eotnjuln tndy hem ebbjrc e trdetfdmt,

tndy cdh`cd tj put `t jbb jr ojjk tj e hndepdr eotdrmet`vd.)

Njwdvdr, tndsd hjms`cdret`jms cj mjt tekd ewey brjf tnd erlufdmt tnet erfdc w`tn tnd r`lnt

`mbjrfet`jm e pdrsjm hem fekd adttdr cdh`s`jms emc hem tekd rdspjmsàò`ty bjr tndf. @t `s

04 \d mjtd, jb hjursd, tnet ldmcdr stòo cdb`mds femy jb tnd jppjrtum`t`ds eveòeaod tj wjfdm. @m tn`s rdspdht, M.Ness (1955) mjtdc `m Rjlud , stjpp`ml tnd a`jojl`heo hojhk tnrjuln dll brddz`ml nes ojml addm tnd uot`fetdbdf`m`st bemtesy , rdoet`ml tj tnd ldmcdr `faeoemhds tnet stòo nevd em `mcdpdmcdmt `fpeht jm dcuhet`jm emc

derm`mls prjspdhts.02 Xhnwertz, A. 1993. Snd perecjx jb hnj`hd . Mdw Pjrk. Nerpdr Ydrdmmèo.


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hdrte`moy tnd hesd tnet wndtndr fjrd hnj`hd `s wjrsd wòo cdpdmc jm tnd pdrsjms eaò`ty tj

nemcod cdh`s`jms; dxpdr`dmhds emc dxpdrt`sd; tnd prdhjmc`t`jms `m wn`hn tndy erd tj ad fecd;

emc tnd dxpdhtdc emc ehtueo juthjfds. 0<

Xj, eotnjuln `t `s hoder tnet a`jojl`heooy spdek`ml, nev`ml hnòcrdm erjumc tnd f`c-twdmt`ds `s

tnd jpt`feo t`fd `b tnd poem rdvjovds erjumc tnd adst hnemhds jb nev`ml e prdlmemhy emc

nev`ml ndeotny hnòcrdm w`tnjut ho`m`heo `mtdrvdmt`jm,e wjfem fey hjms`cdr tnd eaò`ty tj

prjv`cd bjr ndr buturd hnòcrdm es fjrd `fpjrtemt, emc tnet ndr jwm dcuhet`jm, derm`mls, jr

steaò`ty erd `mstrufdmteo tj tn`s. 0> Dll brddz`ml f`lnt, tndrdbjrd, ad pert jb e ndcl`ml

stretdly7 `mhrdes`ml tnd shjpd bjr hnòcader`ml ay `mvdst`ml `m sdhur`t`ds (es e hjmsufdr jb

mdwoy eveòeaod rdprjcuht`vd sdrv`hds) tnet f`lnt prjtdht ele`mst buturd `mbdrtò`ty, wnòd

s`fuotemdjusoy pursu`ml jtndr hjmc`t`jms bjr suhhdssbuo perdmtnjjc. O`kd emy jtndr stretdlyjb tn`s k`mc, jmd julnt tj ad ewerd jb tnd umhdrte`mt`ds emc r`sks tnet ehhjfpemy dll

brddz`ml.

\d hemmjt odevd tn`s cdaetd es gust jmd jb hnj`hd, njwdvdr. Cdoeydc perdmtnjjc nes addm

essjhètdc w`tn e steaod befòy dmv`rjmfdmt, n`lndr sjh`jdhjmjf`h pjs`t`jm, n`lndr `mhjfd

emc adttdr o`v`ml hjmc`t`jms.00 Sndsd erd pjssàoy tnd rdsuot jb pjtdmtèo perdmts tek`ml stdps

tj sdhurd em dcuhet`jm emc herddr tj adttdr suppjrt e buturd befòy. Fetur`ty nes eosj addm

snjwm tj ad essjhètdc w`tn adttdr perdmt`ml preht`hds. 599 Aut eoo jb tndsd behtjrs nevd sjhèo

cdtdrfdmts es wdoo, tj ad c`shussdc snjrtoy. Snd dsteao`snfdmt jb em dll brddz`ml huoturd wòo

`fpeht sjh`dty, adheusd `mc`v`cueo hnj`hd emc eht`jms dvdmtueooy hjmtràutd tj sn`bts `m

sjh`dteo veouds. Es Heooenem wr`tds (`m rdspdht jb prdmeteo ldmdt`h tdsts emc werm`ml ele`mst

tjj fuhn hnj`hd), Mj jmd wòo ad bjrhdc tj fekd usd jb tnet `mbjrfet`jm; `t wòo ad e fettdr

jb hnj`hd, `t `s se`c. Aut `b tnd n`stjry jb mdw tdhnmjojl`ds `s emy lu`cd, `t wòo sjjm ad

0. Xdx dcuhet`jm emc tnd

prjaodfet`zet`jm jb tddmeld prdlmemhy7 E ldmdeojly jb oew emc ljvdrmemhd. Xjhèo Odleo Xtuc`ds 7 10-38.599 @a`c.


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hjms`cdrdc dtn`heooy `rrdspjmsàod mjt tj fekd usd jb tndf. 595 Xj, wnòd tndrd erd erlufdmts

bjr gust`by`ml odl`t`fetd hnj`hds `m h`rhufstemhds wndrd tndrd `s fjrd jr odss epprdhèt`jm jb

tnd r`sks, jr hjsts emc dbbdht`vdmdss, tndrd erd stòo lj`ml tj ad e poureo`ty jb dxtdrmeo v`dws

`mboudmh`ml (jr dvdm hjmtrjoo`ml) tnd`r hnj`hds, emc jao`let`jms emc aerr`drs tnet rdqu`rd

hjms`cdret`jm (bjr dxefpod, dtn`heo, rdo`l`jus jr huotureo lrjumcs tnet tnd wjfem ndrsdob cjds

mjt njoc, `m ecc`t`jm tj odl`soet`vd ruods). 591

Qdturm`ml tj jur jpdm`ml jb tn`s sdht`jm wndrd wd qujtdc tnd \NJ, wd rd`tdretd `ts efa`t`jm

tj w`cdm rdprjcuht`vd r`lnts ay fex`f`s`ml jppjrtum`t`ds, aut mjt tj cj sj w`tnjut nev`ml

cud hjms`cdret`jm jb tnd mddcs jb hjffum`t`ds. Snus, wd hjmhoucd tn`s sdht`jm w`tn tnd

jasdrvet`jm tnet tndrd eppders tj ad mj hjmhous`vd erlufdmts tnet prdhoucd e wjfem brjf

hnjjs`ml tj brddzd ndr dlls bjr dodht`vd purpjsds. Njwdvdr, tndrd erd sjhèo behtjrs tnet feyo`f`t tn`s hnj`hd, es c`shussdc `m tnd mdxt sdht`jm.

1.3 Xjhèo Erlufdmts

@m tn`s sdht`jm wd bjhus jm tnd w`cdr `fpo`het`jms jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml. Es pj`mtdc jut `m

sdht`jm 1.5.5, tnd cdferhet`jm adtwddm pert`huoer fjreo emc sjhèo erlufdmts `s jbtdm mjt

mdet. \d b`mc tnet sjhèo erlufdmts, njwdvdr, hnerehtdr`sd twj `mtdrrdoetdc `ssuds7 pjpuoet`jm

pjo`h`ds emc hneml`ml huotureo ett`tucds. Fegjr trdmcs `m bdrtò`ty erd lj`ml tj ad jb `mtdrdst tj

pjo`hy fekdrs w`tn em dyd tj pjpuoet`jm w`cd rdbjrfs. Mdvdrtndodss, tnd rdesjms wny trdmcs

dfdrld erd o`kdoy tj stert w`tn pdrsjmeo cdh`s`jms tnet adl`m tj eppdeo tj tnd `mst`tut`jms jb

hjffum`ty jr huoturd. Es wd mjtdc `m tnd prdv`jus sdht`jm, cdoey`ml prdlmemhy f`lnt ad em

dtn`heo hnj`hd tj ad fecd. \d pj`mtdc jut tnet `t fey ad ecvemteldjus bjr e wjfem tj nevd

hnòcrdm fuhn oetdr `m o`bd7 snd fey ad jm adttdr dhjmjf`h emc njus`ml bjjt`ml, adttdr

dfjt`jmeooy prdperdc, emc pdrneps nepp`dr tj tekd tnd stdp `mtj perdmtnjjc. @m e sjhèo

hjmtdxt, njwdvdr, tndsd jppjrtum`t`ds er`sd adheusd jb tnd dxpems`jm jb um`vdrs`ty dcuhet`jm,

tnd r`sd `m wjfdms [skòodcV oeajur pert`h`pet`jm, n`lndr pertmdrsn`p `msteaò`ty, dhjmjf`h

umhdrte`mty emc umdfpojyfdmt `m yjuml ecuotnjjc, es wdoo es e c`bbus`jm jb veouds emc

595 Heooenem, C. 1951.Snd hnj`hd aezeer . Yjstdc jm Br`cey, Jhtjadr 12tn, 1951;nttp7//aojl.jup.hjf/1951/59/pnòjsjpny-dtn`hs-jb-hnj hd/.591 Bjr e c`shuss`jm, sdd7 Xjajtke, jp. h`t. mjtd


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X`fòeroy, `t `s erludc tnet tnd hjffjc`b`het`jm jb hdrte`m ljjcs odecs tj tnd`r cdlrecet`jm,

emc dvdmtueooy tn`s `fpehts mdlet`vdoy jm arjecdr nufem veouds. Xemcdo, bjr `mstemhd, wr`tds

tnet tnd dbbdht jb7

Yutt`ml e pr`hd jm tnd ljjc tn`mls `m o`bd hem hjrrupt [, cdlrecd emc cdfdemV tndf.

Snets adheusd ferkdts cjmt jmoy eoojhetd ljjcs; tndy dxprdss emc prjfjtd hdrte`m

ett`tucds tjwerc tnd ljjcs ad`ml dxhnemldc. ...Aut jur rdouhtemhd tj dmleld `m fjreo

emc sp`r`tueo erlufdmt, tjldtndr w`tn jur dfarehd jb ferkdts, nes dxehtdc e ndevy

pr`hd7 `t nes cre`mdc puao`h c`shjursd jb fjreo emc h`v`h dmdrly, emc hjmtràutdc tj tnd

tdhnmjhret`h, femeldrèo pjo`t`hs ebbo`ht`ml femy sjh`dt`ds tjcey. 592

@m str`ht ferkdt sjh`dt`ds, tndjrdt`heooy et odest, `mdqu`ty `mdv`teaoy bjoojws ferkdt ljjcs7 `b

yju hemt pey bjr sjfdtn`ml, tndm yju gust hemt nevd `t yju pdrneps ojsd jut tj tnjsd w`tn

fjrd purhnes`ml pjwdr (jr wjrsd), emc ferkdts hemmjt mjr wemt tj hjrrdht tn`s. Sn`s `s e

sdr`jus hjmhdrm `m fdc`heo herd `m ldmdreo, wndrd ndeotn ehhdss f`lnt ad sddm es e r`lnt retndr

tnem em eaò`ty tj pey. Bjr Xemcdo, tn`s `s e prjaodf jb umbe`rmdss `m ndeotn systdfs umcdr

hjmc`t`jms jb `mdqueo`ty; ljjcs adhjfd ouxur`ds jmoy ebbjrceaod ay sjfd, emc tn`s fekds

sjfd jb tndf `mhouc`ml ndeotn `mepprjprètd bjr ferkdts. 59< Xemcdos erlufdmts, `m jmd

wey jr emjtndr, rds`st emy eppdeo tj e pr`feròy dhjmjf`h fjcdo jb dtn`hs; eotnjuln `t

rdqu`rds e w`cd-reml`ml v`dw tj jppjsd hjffdrhd `m ldmdreo emc tnd bjrhds adn`mc tn`s tnd

prjhdssds jb hjmsufdr tremseht`jms, wdeotn ehhufuoet`jm, emc ferkdtpoehd ruods emc oews. 59>

Qdeo`st`heooy, tndm, jmd nes tj ad fjrd spdh`b`h `m hneoodml`ml dhjmjf`hs `m ndeotn herd7 bjr

dxefpod, tnd pr`vet`set`jm jb tnd prdshr`pt`jm jb fdc`h`mds, jr prjbdss`jmeo hjmbo`hts jb

`mtdrdst, f`lnt werremt spdh`b`h emeoys`s. @m e pjtdmtèo dll ferkdt (wn`hn eordecy dx`sts `m

sjfd gur`sc`ht`jms), wd f`lnt ad hjmhdrmdc ay tnd bjrhds tnet ouar`hetd bdrtò`ty tjur`sf...

rdspjmsàod bjr dxehdraet`ml tnd rdoet`vd c`secvemteld jb pjjr emc pjwdrodss wjfdm `m

cdst`met`jm hjumtr`ds, tndrday hrdet`ml tnd hjmc`t`jms bjr a`jeveòeaò`ty, tnet `s, tnd

wòo`mlmdss tj dxhnemld ajcy perts bjr hesn. 590 Fjrd arjecoy, wd f`lnt ad hjmhdrmdc eajut

592 Xemcdo, F. 1951 \net `smt bjr seod: Snd Etoemt`h Bdaruery 1 Xwelodr, Q. 5003. Dvjout`jm emc eppo`het`jms jb tnd tdrf hjmsufdr`sf7 Sndfd emc verèt`jms. Gjurmeo jbHjmsufdr Ebbe`rs 1>7 83


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cds`lmdr hnòcrdm es prjcuhts jb tndsd ferkdts, emc njw tn`s ebbdhts hnòcrdms wdoberd; 559

jr fjrd ldmdreooy, njw `t dmtrdmhnds tnd hjffjc`b`het`jm jb wjfdms ajc`ds. 555

@m rdspdht jb tnd hurrdmt rdpjrt, tndm, tnd sjhèo hjmtdmt`jms jb hjffjc`b`het`jm erd aesdc jm

e prdsufpt`jm tnet, `m eoo o`kdo`njjc, dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s o`kdoy tj ad e pdrsjmeo b`memhèo

jutoey, emc tndrdbjrd (hjffdrhèo) dll brddz`ml hrdetds trecd-jbbs tnet nevd tj ad fecd

adtwddm hnòc ader`ml emc jtndr sjhèo-dhjmjf`h hjms`cdret`jms. Snd hjmhdrm `s tnet ehhdss

tj tnd dodht`vd prjhdcurd jb dll brddz`ml fey odec tj `mdqueo`ty jm tnd aes`s tnet tnjsd wnj

hem pey nevd fjrd jppjrtum`t`ds tnem tnjsd wnj hemmjt tn`s `s e c`bbdrdmt hjmhdrm tj tnet jb

a`jojl`heo dqueo`ty fdmt`jmdc `m sdht`jm 1.8.5. Yjo`h`ds fey tndrdbjrd ad dmehtdc tj hjmtrjo

ehhdss wd c`shuss sjfd jb tnd odleo jpt`jms `m tnd oest pert jb tn`s rdpjrt. Jmd jpt`jm `m

rdspdht jb ndeotn herd prjv`s`jm `s tj usd dqueo`ty (es jppjsdc tj umdqueo ehhdss) es e gust`b`het`jm bjr prjnà`t`ml tnd preht`hd eotjldtndr (tn`s `s gust jmd dxefpod jb em erlufdmt

gust`by`ml e aem jm em eht`v`ty). Njwdvdr, tn`s jpt`jm pjtdmtèooy hrdetds tnd h`rhufstemhds bjr

pdjpod tj usd dhjmjf`h ecvemtelds tj tekd dxtrejrc`mery fdesurds tj ehhdss tnd prjhdcurd.

Adheusd jb lojaeo`set`jm, bjr dxefpod, tnd prjnà`t`jm ehtueooy budos tnd rdprjcuht`vd tjur`sf

aus`mdss, emc cjds mjt, `m beht, eccrdss tnd `mdqueo`ty `ssud et eoo. Eotdrmet`vdoy, ljvdrmfdmts

fey stdp `m tj dmsurd tnet eoo pdjpod nevd ehhdss tj aes`h ljjcs, aut dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s e

ajrcdro`md ndeotn/sjhèo hnj`hd emc `s umo`kdoy tj ad hjms`cdrdc es e wdoberd prjv`s`jm; tndrdfey ad fjrd shjpd bjr suas`c`sdc ehhdss, aut tnet wjuoc cdpdmc jm tnd pjo`hy `mhdmt`vds tnet

e pert`huoer ljvdrmfdmt pr`jr`t`sds (o`kd tnjsd wd `cdmt`by `m sdht`jm 1.3.3, adojw). Oestoy,

pjo`hy hjuoc odevd jpdm tnd jpt`jm tj purhnesd tnd prjhdcurd es e pdrsjmeo jutoey emc dxpdht

ferkdt bjrhds tj cj tnd odvdoo`ml. L`vdm tnd erlueaod `meaò`ty bjr ferkdts tj cj suhn wjrk

(tnet `m beht ferkdts lu`cdc jmoy ay tnd `mv`sàod nemc cj mjt odec tj sjh`j-dhjmjf`h

dquòàrùf, es erludc ay Xemceo), tn`s fey odec tj pjtdmtèooy umwdohjfd trecd

erremldfdmts tnet `s e fjreooy c`srdputeaod ferkdt `m dlls; 551 emc, `b e oe`ssdz - be`rd

epprjehn `s tekdm, `t fey odec tj e sp`reoo`ml jb umhjmtrjooeaod preht`hds emc r`sks s`lm`b`hemt

nerfs tj tnd hjmsufdr emc pjtdmtèooy buturd hnòcrdm ajrm es e rdsuot.

559 Bjx, C. 199>. Yey`ml bjr pert`huoers m pdjpod-tj-ad7 hjffdrh eo`set`jm, hjffjc`b het`jm emchjffdmsureaò ty m nufem rdprjcuht`jm. Gjurmeo jb Fdc`heo Dtn`hs 837 521-522.555 Xdd7 Cev`s, C. 1990. Snd perdmteo `mvdstfdmt behtjr emc tnd hnòcs r`lnt tj em jpdm buturd. Nest`mls Hdmtdr

Qdpjrt 807 13-1


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Sndsd hjmhdrms nevd addm re`sdc adbjrd eajut jtndr EQSs. Es e hjffdrhèo dmtdrpr`sd,

dodht`vd dll brddz`ml fey `mcddc hrdetd mdw prdssurds arjulnt jm ay ecvdrt`s`ml emc tnd oehk

jb jvdrs`lnt jb ho`m`hs (sdd sdht`jm 8.5.1). @b tn`s rdprjcuht`vd jpt`jm adhjfds rjut`md emc

w`cdoy eveòeaod, yjuml wjfdm suhn es tnjsd stert`ml jut `m tnd`r herddrs fey bddo hjfpdoodc

tj brddzd tnd`r dlls `m hesd hnòca`rtn `s cdoeydc. Snd hjsts jb dll brddz`ml emc stjreld

tndfsdovds fey `mhrdesd tnd`r jr tnd`r befò`ds b`memhèo aurcdm, dvdm `b ert`b`hèo hjmhdpt`jm

vè @RB wn`hn tjj rdfe`ms dxpdms`vd bjr femy pdjpod `s mjt dvdmtueooy sjulnt. 558 @t `s

hoder, mdvdrtndodss, tnet femy, `b mjt fjst sjh`dt`ds erd eordecy wdoo cjwm tnd hjmsufdr`st

petn, emc tnet tnd rdprjcuht`vd aus`mdss nes mjt addm ndoc aehk ay strjml hjffum`terèm

veouds.553 Ydrneps, njwdvdr, tndsd ferkdts rdqu`rd hojsdr shrut`my.

1.3.1 Dmnemhdfdmt

Jmd lrjwtn erde `m a`jtdhnmjojly nes addm `m sj heoodc dmnemhdfdmt tdhnmjojl`ds

prjcuhts emc `mtdrvdmt`jms ehhdssdc juts`cd jb fe`mstrdef fdc`h`md tj fekd usdrs adttdr

tnem wdoo.554 Adheusd jb tdhnmjojl`ds, wd hem pdrbjrf adttdr emc (cj) o`vd ojmldr, emc tn`s

jpdms up jppjrtum`t`ds adyjmc nufem spdh`ds mjrfs. Jbtdm, dmnemhdfdmt nes addm

c`shussdc `m rdoet`jm tj `mc`v`cueos wnj admdb`t brjf us`ml tdhnmjojl`ds, o`kd cruls tj

`fprjvd sjfd espdht suhn es hjlm`t`jm. @m tn`s rdspdht, tnd ajumcer`ds jb bdfeod rdprjcuht`vd

eld, ferkdc ay fdmjpeusd, nevd rdfe`mdc rdoet`vdoy steaod cdsp`td `mhrdfdmteo tdhnmjojl`ds,

wnòd a`jojl`heooy wd erd o`v`ml bjr ojmldr w`tnjut mdhdsseròy dxpdr`dmh`ml eld-rdoetdc hjsts

suhn es beò`ml ndeotn. @t f`lnt tndrdbjrd ad dtn`heo tj usd tdhnmjojl`heo fdems tj eoojw

rdprjcuht`jm tj hethn up.

Njwdvdr, tndrd `s eosj e hesd fecd bjr sjhèo dmnemhdfdmt7 tnd suf jb `mc`v`cueo

dmnemhdfdmts fey admdb`t e hjoodht`vd `mtdrdst.552 Xjhèo dmnemhdfdmt ndrd rdbdrs tj tnd

dxpdhtdc admdb`ts tj e usdr, fuot`po`dc ay tnd mufadr jb pdjpod tnet usd tnd tdhnmjojly `mtn`s utò`ty heohuous, em dlj`st`h admdb`t adhjfds e sjhèo admdb`t. Bjr tnd ecvjhetd jb

558 @m sdht`jm, 8.5, adojw, wd sulldst tnet adheusd jb tn`s, `b tnd prjhdcurd `s pdrf`ttdc bjr dodht`vd purpjsds tndm`t julnt tj ad rdluoetdc tj dmsurd prjpdr `mbjrfet`jm `s prjv`cdc emc tj evj`c dxpoj`tet`jm jr tnd crjp `m ho`m`heostemcercs ay hjffdrhèo dmt`t`ds.553 Xper, C. 1992. Snd aeay aus`mdss7 Njw fjmdy, sh`dmhd, emc pjo`t`hs cr`vd tnd hjffdrhd jb hjmhdpt`jm .Ajstjm, Fessehnusdtts. Nerverc Aus`mdss Xhnjjo Yrdss.554 Doo`jt, H. 1998. Adttdr tnem wdoo7 Efdr`hem Fdc`h`md Fddts tnd Efdr`hem Crdef . Mdw Pjrk. MjrtjmYepdraehk.552 Bjr em jvdrv`dw emc hr`t`qud jb tn`s erlufdmt, sdd7 Hepps, A. M`dosdm, O. emc Xt`rret, L. 1951. E ar`db

hr`t`qud jb twj hoe`fs eajut tnd sjhèo veoud jb a`jtdhnmjojl heo dmnemhdfdmts. Esèm A`jdtn`hs Qdv`dw 37 140-1


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dmnemhdfdmt, `t bjoojws tnet sjh`dt`ds hem ad hnemldc bjr tnd adttdr `b fjrd pdjpod usd

tndf. 55< Snus, em dxtdmcdc bdrtò`ty remld dmeaodc ay dodht`vd dll brddz`ml f`lnt fem`bdst es

e sjhèo dmnemhdfdmt ay hneml`ml bjr tnd adttdr hurrdmt pjpuoet`jm cymef`hs, suhn es e fjrd

prjcuht`vd emc `mhous`vd wjrkbjrhd. Sn`s tdhnmjojly tndrday adhjfds sjhèooy ehhdptdc. Es

jmd eutnjr wrjtd7

[EQSV rdcuhds `mbdrtò`ty emc metureo hjmhdpt`jm tj tnd sefd odvdo jb `msubb`h`dmhy.

@mbdrtòd wjfdms meturd `s `msubb`h`dmt adheusd jb tnd`r o`f`tet`jm tj hjmhd`vd; metureo

hjmhdpt`jm `s `msubb`h`dmt adheusd `t hemmjt lueremtdd tnd esp`rdc juthjfd, wn`hn `s

tnd a`rtn jb e (b`t) hnòc. @m ajtn hesds, meturd mddcs tnd ndop`ml nemc jb fdc`heo emc

tdhnm`heo ess`stemhd tj jvdrhjfd `ts cdb`h`dmhy. Sn`s cjds mjt jmoy odl`t`f`zd EQS,

aut `t metureo`zds `t. 55>

Yoeusàoy tndm, sjhèo hnemlds `m rdprjcuht`vd ndeotn cdfjlrepn`hs arjulnt eajut ay

tdhnmjojl`ds hjuoc ad hjms`cdrdc es sjhèo dmnemhdfdmts tj tnd po`lnt jb eoowjfdm jb

rdprjcuht`vd eld. @mtdrvdmt`jms tnethnemld rdprjcuht`vd pettdrms, suhn es sjhèo rdbjrfs tnet

odc tj dqueo`ty `m tnd wjrkpoehd, jr adttdr mutr`t`jm emc ndeotn herd, nevd eosj `fpehtdc

dxpdhtet`jms bjr t`f`ml jb perdmtnjjc. Sndsd erd poeusàoy tnd sefd k`mcs jb dmnemhdfdmt

wdohjfd sjhèo hnemlds tnet rec`heo tdhnmjojl`ds f`lnt ar`ml eajut. (Bjr dxefpod, `t `s

hoe`fdc tnet e sfert pòo `s mj c`bbdrdmt tj dxtre tu`t`jm.) Rer`jus tdhnmjojl`ds nevd eoojwdc

jtndr cdfjlrepn`h hnemlds tj jhhur emc tn`s gust`b`ds burtndr dxpems`jm suhn es tj dll

brddz`ml.

Bjr sjfd, njwdvdr, e tdhnmjojly-cr`vdm dvjout`jm jb sjh`dty `s sjfdtn`ml tj ad ber fjrd

heut`jus eajut. Snd c`bb`huoty, es c`shussdc `m cdptn `m tnd a`jdtn`hs o`tdreturd, `s njw emy

pjs`t`vd emc mdlet`vd hnemlds brjf e suagdht`vd rdbdrdmhd pj`mt erd tj ad dtn`heooy essdssdc.

Mjt eoo dmnemhdfdmts hem pjssàoy ad ljjc bjr dvdryjmd l`vdm tnd pdrsjmeo emc sjhèohjmtdxts jb suhn cdh`s`jms; `t `s, tndrdbjrd, `fpjssàod tj sey dmnemhdfdmts erd hetdljr`heooy

ljjc. Fjrdjvdr, wnòd tdhnmjojl`ds erd jbtdm sddm es pjs`t`vd cdvdojpfdmts, tndy jbtdm nevd

odss wdohjfd jtndr dbbdhts wn`hn hjumt ele`mst tnd heuseo o`mk adtwddm dlj`st`h hnj`hd emc

sjhèo admdb`ts. E r`lnt tj usd e pert`huoer tdhnmjojly, bjr `mstemhd, snjuoc mjt hrdetd e sjh`dty

55< Xdd7 Guoèm Xevouodshus odhturd jm Tmb`t bjr o`bd (1990), et7 nttp7//ao`p.tv/sojwtv/ldmdt`heooy-dmnemhd-nufem`ty-jr-behd-dxt`mht jm-guoèm-sevuodshu-p1-1 Bremko`m, X. 5004. Yjstfjcdrm prjhrdet`jm7 E huotureo ehhjumt jb ess`stdc rdprjcuht`jm. @m7 Hjmhd`v`ml tnd

mdw wjroc jrcdr7 Snd lojaeo pjo`t`hs jb rdprjcuht`jm , dc. L`msaurl, B. emc Qepp, Q. Adrkdody. Tm`vdrs`ty jbHeo`bjrmè Yrdss, pp. 818-834, p. 883.


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rdspjmsd tj tnd pjpuoet`jm hneoodmld tnet sjfd hjumtr`ds w`tn ojw a`rtn retds erd

dxpdr`dmh`ml.518

Ljjoc emc Xevuodshu erlud, njwdvdr, tnet tnd r`sd `m fetdrmeo eld fey ad e ljjc tn`ml7

Sndrd erd rdesjms tj tn`mk `t `s ehtueooy adttdr bjr wjfdm tj nevd hnòcrdm oetdr `m o`bd.

Femy wjfdm wnj nevd hnòcrdm wndm tndy erd jocdr wòo nevd n`lndr `mhjfds. \nòd

tndy behd e n`lndr jppjrtum`ty hjst `m tdrfs jb ojst derm`mls `b tndy odevd dfpojyfdmt

tj nevd hnòcrdm oetdr, tn`s wòo jbtdm ad jbbsdt ay lrdetdr gja sdhur`ty `b tndy nevd

subb`h`dmt dxpdr`dmhd d`tndr tj rdte`m e ljjc gja jr tj ad sjulnt ebtdr ay jtndr

dfpojydrs jm rd-dmtdr`ml tnd oeajur ferkdt. Snd`r n`lndr derm`mls eosj l`vd tndf e

lrdetdr hepeh`ty tj pey bjr hnòcherd, adttdr dmeao`ml tndf tj rdfe`m `m buoo jr pert-

t`fd dfpojyfdmt. Dfp`r`heo dv`cdmhd sulldsts tnet jocdr wjfdm jbtdm nevd fjrd

pjs`t`vd dxpdr`dmhds jb prdlmemhy tnem tnd`r yjumldr hjumtdrperts, adheusd tndy erd

fjrd prdperdc emc fjrd hjff`ttdc tj tnd perdmt`ml dxpdr`dmhd. Sndy eosj snjw

ojwdr retds jb pjst-meteo cdprdss`jm, eotnjuln tn`s b`mc`ml `s hjmtdstdc. 513

@m ecc`t`jm, em jasdrvet`jmeo stucy `m tnd TK nes snjwm em essjhèt`jm adtwddm jocdr

fetdrmeo eld emc hnòcrdm nev`ml bdwdr um`mtdmt`jmeo `mgur`ds rdqu`r`ml fdc`heo trdetfdmt;

bdwdr njsp`teo ecf`ss`jms; adttdr oemlueld cdvdojpfdmt; emc odss sjhèo emc dfjt`jmeoc`bb`huot`ds.514 @m emy hesd, tekdm tj `ts ojl`heo hjmhous`jm, ehhdpt`ml em `cdeo t`fd bjr

hnòcader`ml es em erlufdmt ele`mst dodht`vd dll brddz`ml wjuoc `fpoy tnet pdjpod snjuoc mjt

ettdfpt tj nevd emy hnòcrdm `m tnd`r oetd 89s jr deroy 39s dvdm ay metureo hjmhdpt`jm. Emc, `b

tnd `cdeo befòy erlufdmt `s e mdhdssery emc subb`h`dmt jmd (o`kd jtndr metureo`st`h erlufdmts),

tndm eoo jtndr EQSs pjtdmtèooy umcdrf`md tnd trec`t`jmeo befòy; tnet `s, tnd um`jm jb fem emc

wjfem ay ferrèld es tnd prjpdr emc epprjprètd aes`s jb nev`ml hnòcrdm. 512

518 Yeroèfdmt jb X`mlepjrd, jp. h`t. mjtd 4.513 Ljjoc emc Xevuodshu, jp. h`t. mjtd 22; Hb. E lrdet cdeo jb rdsderhn nes bjhusdc jm suastemtèt ml tnd`mcdpdmcdmt emc heuseo rdoet`jmsn`p adtwddm fetdrmeo shnjjo`ml emc hnòc ndeotn. Qdv`dws jb survdys emchdmsus cete brjf cdvdojp`ml hjumtr`ds emc dhjmjfdtr`h emeoysds jb hrjss-hjumtry fehrj-cete nevd hjmb`rfdcwjfdms dcuhet`jm es tnd fjst `fpjrtemt cdtdrf`memt jb hnòc fjrteo`ty, `m wn`hn dst`fetds snjw tnet dehnecc`t`jmeo yder jb shnjjo`ml `s essjhètdc w`tn e 4 tj 8.514 Xutho`bbd E., Aermds G., Adosky, G., Lerc`mdr, G. emc Fdonu`sn, D. 1951. Snd ndeotn emc cdvdojpfdmt jbhnòcrdm ajrm tj jocdr fjtndrs `m tnd Tm`tdc K`mlcjf7 Jasdrvet`jmeo stucy us`ml ojml`tuc`meo hjnjrt cete. AFG 8347 d4552.512

K`mcrdlem, H. emc FhAr`dm, F. 1992. Ess`stdc rdprjcuht`vd tdhnmjojly7 E oewydr's lu`cd tj tnd dfdrl`mloew emc sh`dmhd. 5st dc`t`jm. Efdr`hem Aer Essjhèt`jm. Xdht`jm jb Befòy Oew. p. 1.


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[[

@t snjuoc ad ehkmjwodcldc tnet tndrd `s ber fjrd shjpd bjr pdjpod tj ad ljjc perdmts7 wd

erd s`fpoy o`v`ml ojmldr emc ndeotn`dr (sdd prdv`jus sdht`jm). Snd fekdup jb femy fjcdrm

befò`ds `s eordecy vestoy c`bbdrdmt brjf tnd muhoder `cdeo, emc, wd f`lnt ecc, tndrd `s e

poeusàod hesd bjr hneml`ml, jr et odest putt`ml odss dfpnes`s jm tn`s fjcdo. 51< @m n`s survdy

jm tnd fjt`vet`jms jb tnjsd wnj wdrd umcdrlj`ml dodht`vd dll brddz`ml, Ljoc dt eo. bjumc e

mufadr jb wjfdm `mt`fet`ml tnet tndy wjuoc dvdmtueooy hjms`cdr tnew`ml tnd jjhytds,

bdrtò`s`ml tnd`r dlls w`tn cjmjr spdrf, emc hjms`cdr s`mlod perdmt`ml ebtdr tnd eld jb 39. 51>

Reoodgj dt eo.s emeoys`s jb tnd psyhnjojl`heo espdhts jb wjfdm umcdrlj`ml dodht`vd dll

brddz`ml bjumc tnet yjumldr pet`dmts (adojw eld 8)7 eajut 21% vdrsus 43%

ehhjrc`mloy. 510 Snd pdrf`ssàò`ty jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml tndrdbjrd fey mjt gust cdpdmc jm

tnd fer`teo stetus jb tnd wjfem, aut eosj tnd `mtdmt`jmeo t`f`ml emc usd jb tnjsd dlls v`s--v`s

@RB juts`cd spdh`b`dc rdoet`jmsn`ps.

1.3.3 \net erd tnd Xjhèo Admdb`ts emc Q`sks:

Snd buturd sjhèo `fpeht jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s c`bb`huot tj eshdrte`m. Bdf`m`st o`tdreturd

pj`mts tj tnd usd jb rdprjcuht`vd tdhnmjojly tj eoojw wjfdm tj ecept tj e feod-cjf`metdc

sjh`dty, jr, es fdmt`jmdc dero`dr, tj ad bjrhdc tj fjuoc `mtj petrèrhneo brefdwjrks; njwdvdr,

tnd o`tdreturd dfpnes`sds tnet pdrneps sjh`dty snjuoc ad fjrd ehhjffjcet`ml jb c`bbdrdmt

cdfjlrepn`hs retndr tnem rdqu`r`ml `mtrus`vd (fdc`heo`sdc emc hjffdrhèo`sdc) `mtdrvdmt`jms

es sjhèo odvdoodrs. Sndsd hr`t`quds erd jbtdm `mbjrfdc ay jasdrvet`jms tnet òoustretd tnd

rdouhtemhd tj eccrdss jr `lmjremhd jb dcuhet`jmeo emc wjrkpoehd prjaodfs, emc tj dmhjureld

sjhèo fdhnem`sfs retndr tnem tdhnmjojl`heo b`xds. Jppjs`t`jm tj tnd rdprjcuht`vd

aus`mdss, dspdhèooy tj tnd pjtdmtèo fem`puoet`vd emc c`snjmdst ferkdt`ml emc

f`s`mbjrfet`jm, ojjks et tnd pdrvdrsdmdss jb `mtdrvdmt`jms tn`s eppo`ds ehrjss eoo EQSs tj

adhjfd rjut`md w`tnjut ojml-tdrf stuc`ds emc sjo`c cete jm dbb`hehy emc sebdty7 tnd

ecvdrt`s`ml eordecy dv`cdmt jm tnd @mtdrmdt ettdsts tj tnd usd jb pdrsues`vd tdrf`mjojly tj

dmhjureld e ferkdt jb dll brddz`ml. @m tn`s rdspdht, @RB `s jmd jb tnd s`lm`b`hemt jm-lj`ml

51< Xdd7 Hutes, C. emc Hnem, X. dcs 1951. Befò`ds adyjmc tnd muhoder `cdeo. Ojmcjm emc Mdw Pjrk.Aojjfsaury Ehecdf`h.51> Ljoc, dt eo. jp. h`t. mjtd >9.510 Reoodgj, R., Odd, G., Xhnufem, O., \`tk`m, L., Hdrvemtds, D., Xemcodr, A., emc Hjppdrfem, E. 1958. Xjhèo

emc psyhnjojl`heo essdssfdmt jb wjfdm umcdrlj`ml dodht`vd jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm7 E


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dxpdr`fdmts jb jur t`fd; cdsp`td ndeotn hjmhdrms emc lrjw`ml ho`m`heo cete, 589 `t hjmt`muds tj

ad jbbdrdc `m fjst hjumtr`ds emc nes addm mjrfeo`sdc `m femy huoturds emc rdo`l`jms. 585

Dodht`vd dll brddz`ml fey, njwdvdr, ndop h`rhufvdmt sjfd sjhèo prjaodfs jb hurrdmtoy

ehhdssàod EQSs. @t fey cdhrdesd tnd mufadr jb umusdc dfaryjs brjzdm ebtdr em @RB prjhdss,

wn`hn `s `fpjrtemt tj tnjsd w`tn rdo`l`jus jr dtn`heo hjmhdrms w`tn tnd`r c`spjs`t`jm; emc fey

ndop evj`c odleo dmtemlodfdmts tnet hjuoc er`sd jvdr tnd hjmtrjo emc usd jb brjzdm dfaryjs. 581

@t fey eosj cdhrdesd tnd rdoèmhd jm dll cjmjrs, wndtndr eotru`st`h jr pe`c, emc eoodvètd

hjmhdrms jvdr tnd r`sks tndy umcdrtekd umcdr ferkdt hjmc`t`jms. 588 Hjumsdoo`ml jb wjfdm

`mqu`r`ml `mtj dodht`vd dll brddz`ml fey eosj `mhrdesd umcdrstemc`ml jb eld-rdoetdc bdrtò`ty

cdho`md emc `ts s`lm`b`hemhd. Ljocdt eo.s survdy `mc`hetdc tnet tnjsd wnj nec umcdrljmd

dodht`vd dll brddz`ml wjuoc o`kdoy nevd cjmd sj dero`dr nec tndy kmjwm eajut tnd jpt`jm adbjrd. 583 Xnjuoc tnd fdem eld jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml crjp w`tn ehhdptemhd emc puao`h

ewerdmdss jb tn`s usd jb tnd tdhnmjojly, yjumldr dlls f`lnt ad usdc, wn`hn f`lnt `fprjvd

EQS juthjfds, emc rdcuhd tnd o`kdo`njjc jb `mvjoumtery hnòcodssmdss.

Snd a`l sjhèo qudst`jm, njwdvdr, `s njw eoojw`ml dodht`vd dll f`lnt `fpeht jm

cdfjlrepn`hs, bjr dxefpod, e hjumtrys tjteo bdrtò`ty retd (SBQ). @t `s wdoo kmjwm tnet `m

cdvdojpdc hjumtr`ds, wndrd ebboudmhd emc dcuhet`jm erd tnd mjrf, pjpuoet`jm bdrtò`ty `s

cdhrdes`ml. Snd lojaeo pjpuoet`jm prjaodf `s e hjfpodx wjroc `ssud; wnòd sjfd erd erlu`ml

bjr fdesurds tj rdcuhd lojaeo bdrtò`ty, 584 jtndr `mc`v`cueo hjumtr`ds nevd cdvdojpdc

pjpuoet`jm pjo`h`ds tj rdvdrsd cdho`m`ml perdmtnjjc. @t `s c`bb`huot tj prdc`ht wndtndr dll

589 X`bbdro`m, E. 1951. @RB O`mkdc tj fjrd a`rtn cdbdhts. S`fd Jht. 11; Eveòeaod et7nttp7//ndeotnoemc.t fd.hjf/1951/59/11/`vb-o`mkdc-tj-fjrd-a rtn-cdbdhts/#`xzz1Suy>Uwss585 EQSs, `mhouc`ml @RB, nevd cdvdojpdc brjf em dxpdr`fdmteo stetus tj ho`m`heo mjrf - aut dvdm et `ts jr`l`ms,tndrd wes hjmstdrmet`jm et tnd `fpo`het`jms bjr sjh`dty. Hjffdmt`ml sjfd t`fd elj jm tnd TK ljvdrmfdmtscdaetds odec`ml up tj tnd Nufem Bdrtò`set jm emc Dfaryjojly Eht, jmd hjffdmtetjr wrjtd7 Yrjlrdss `s tnd

cjjr odbt so`lntoy eger , aut tnet eosj eoojws hjffdrhèo dxpoj`tet`jm jb tdhnmjojl`ds tj jvdrhjfd fjreosdmt`fdmts; @fadr, G. 50>-189, p. 189. Eosj sdd, jm tnd n`stjry jb @RB tdhnmjojly emc sjfd houds tj tnd puao`h rdspjmsd, sdd7 Beusdr,A. emc Dcwercs, Q. 1994. Snd deroy ceys jb @RB. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm Tpcetd 55(4)7 38; emc Hjndm, G.,Srjumsjm, E., Cewsjm, K., Gjmds, N., Nezdkefp, G., Mylrdm, K. Nefadrldr, O. 1994. Snd deroy ceys jb @RBjuts`cd tnd TK. Nufem Qdprjcuht`jm Tpcetd 557 380-329.581 Es n`lno`lntdc `m tnd TK hesd7 Dvems v. Snd Tm`tdc K`mlcjf . Eppo`het`jm mj. 2880/94.588 Qyaek emc O`dfem erlud tnet Snjsd rdouhtemt tj dmcjrsd tnd preht`hd jb dodht`vd jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet`jm

aesdc jm sebdty hjms`cdret`jms fust gust`by wny tndy tn`mk yjuml dll cjmjrs, eotru`st`h jr dmtrdprdmdurèo, feyessdrt tnd`r prdrjlet`vd tj essufd tndsd sfeoo r`sks emc umcdrlj HJN [hjmtrjoodc jverèm nypdrst`fuoet jmV w`tnjjhytd rdtr`dveo, aut wjfdm sddk`ml tj fex`f`zd tnd`r hnemhds jb eutjojljus prjhrdet`jm snjuoc mjt cj sj.Qyaek & O`dfem, jp.h`t. mjtd 2>, p. 5459; sdd eosj Hjndm, H. 1995. Snd `mtdrdsts jb dll cjmjrs7 \nj `scdhd`v`ml wnjf: Efdr`hem Gjurmeo jb A`jdtn`hs 57 19-15.583

Ljoc, dt eo., jp.h`t. mjtd >9.584 Outz & Xef`r, jp. h`t. mjtd >8.


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brddz`ml wjuoc nevd em `fpeht jm pjpuoet`jm cymef`hs. @t f`lnt s`fpoy ad tnd hesd tnet bdw

wjfdm erd prdperdc tj umcdrtekd tnd pjtdmtèo treufe emc hjst tj werremt umcdrlj`ml tnd

prjhdcurd, jr hemmjt gust`by tnd r`sks (rdheoo tnd f`smjfdr jb `msuremhd tnet wdvd eordecy

fdmt`jmdc). Ehhdss tj tnd prjhdcurd fey eosj, es wd nevd `mc`hetdc eajvd, burtndr hneoodmld

befòy esp`ret`jms tnus hjmtràut`ml tj tnd cdho`md jb tnd SBQ.

Njwdvdr, `b wd lj aehk tj tnd heusds jb cdho`m`ml SBQ wd f`lnt umhjvdr fjrd pjs`t`vd kdy

trdmcs. @mtdrdst`mloy, e rdhdmt rdpjrt brjf X`mlepjrd rdvdeodc e n`ln cds`rd tj nevd hnòcrdm.

Jb tnjsd survdydc, >8% `mtdmcdc tj ldt ferr`dc, emc >3% jb tndf `mtdmcdc tj nevd hnòcrdm

jmhd ferr`dc. 582 Mjt jmoy erd pdjpod wòo`ml tj nevd hnòcrdm, aut tndy erd poemm`ml tj cj sj.

\net hjuoc dxpoe`m cdoeydc perdmtnjjc `b pdjpod nevd suhn poems: Outz emc Xef`r prdsdmt e

hesd bjr ojwdr`ml dxpdhtet`jms jb tnd SBQ7

Eofjst um`vdrseooy, wjfdm w`tn n`lndr odvdos jb dcuhet`jm nevd bdwdr hnòcrdm,

prdsufeaoy adheusd tndy wemt bdwdr emc b`mc adttdr ehhdss tj a`rtn hjmtrjo Sndrd

erd femy rdesjms tj essufd tnet tndsd pdrves`vd c`bbdrdmtèos erd c`rdhtoy heusdc ay

dcuhet`jm, wn`hn dmnemhds ehhdss tj `mbjrfet`jm, hnemlds tnd fjt`vet`jms bjr

adnev`jr, emc dfpjwdrs pdjpod tj adttdr pursud tnd`r jwm prdbdrdmhds, eotnjuln

heuseo`ty hem jmoy ad prjvdm bjr spdh`b`h n`stjr`heo sdtt`mls.58<

Sndy erlud tnet prjfjt`ml dcuhet`jm `m zjmds `m wn`hn re`s`ml e hnòc `s e hjms`cdreaod

aurcdm f`lnt ojwdr tnd SBQ. @m poehds o`kd X`mlepjrd, tn`s pndmjfdmjm nes erlueaoy eordecy

jhhurrdc adheusd jb n`ln o`tdrehy emc um`vdrs`ty ehhdss. 58> Outz emc Xef`r erlud tnet (`m e

ldmdreo hjmtdxt) tn`s `s e hjmsdqudmhd jb nev`ml lrdetdr eutjmjfy `m rdprjcuht`vd cdh`s`jm-

fek`ml, fjrd kmjwodcld eajut emc ehhdss tj hjmtrehdpt`jm, emc [ad`mlV fjrd fjt`vetdc tj

usd hjmtrehdpt`jm adheusd jb tnd n`lndr jppjrtum`ty hjsts jb umpoemmdc hnòcader`ml. 580

Dcuhet`jm emc ehhdss tj tdhnmjojly, tndrdbjrd, erd et odest sjfd jb tnd pjtdmtèo behtjrs.

582 Met`jmeo Yjpuoet`jm emc Seodmt C`v`s`jm. 1958. E suste`meaod pjpuoet`jm bjr e cymef`h X`mlepjrd7 Yjpuoet`jm \nòd Yepdr . Gemuery. X`mlepjrd. Yr`fd F`m`stdrs Jbb`hd. Eveòeaod et7 nttp7//pjpuoet`jm.sl/. @mhjmtrest, Outz & Xef`r (jp. h`t., mjtd >8), wr`td7 Dfp`r`heo stuc`ds snjw tnet adttdr dcuhetdc wjfdmhjms`stdmtoy wemt bdwdr hnòcrdm . X`mlepjrd, `t snjuoc ad mjtdc, nes e n`ln o`tdrehy retd; sdd `mbre.mjtd 534.58< Outz & Xef`r, @a`c. Qdbdrdmhds brjf jr`l`meo jf`ttdc.58> Njwdvdr, tn`s f`lnt ad e pnesd7 @b dcuhet`jm `s eosj behtjrdc `m, tnd p`hturd ojjks odss crefet`h. @m fjsthjumtr`ds, tnd docdroy jb tnd buturd wòo ad adttdr dcuhetdc tnem tnd docdroy jb tjcey. Essuf`ml tnet tnd adttdrdcuhetdc et emy eld nevd suastemtèooy ojwdr c`seaò`ty retds, tn`s `fprjv`ml dcuhet`jm behtjr fey pertoy jr dvdmbuooy hjfpdmsetd bjr tnd el`ml behtjr. Aut adheusd tndrd erd stòo femy umkmjwms, tndsd `mtdreht jms adtwddm

dcuhet`jm emc ndeotn erd em fpjrtemt b`doc bjr fjrd rdsderhn. @a`c. Qdbdrdmhds m jr`l`meo jf`ttdc.580 Outz & Xef`r, jp. h`t. mjtd >8.


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Sndrdbjrd, jmd f`lnt b`mc tnet hrdet`ml em dmv`rjmfdmt wndrd tndrd `s fjrd shjpd bjr

perdmtnjjc tj b`t `mtj `cdeos jb dcuhet`jm, herddr, jr tnd mddc bjr steaò`ty `m e rdoet`jmsn`p,

f`lnt cj tnd tr`hk. Sn`s oettdr jpt`jm fey, njwdvdr, rdqu`rd eccrdss`ml trec`t`jmeo

brefdwjrks bjr perdmt`ml.

Emeoys`ml wjfdms rdesjm`ml emc dxpdr`dmhds rdlerc`ml ecvemhdc fetdrmeo eld emc cdoeydc

hnòcader`ml, Hjjkd dt eo. bjumc tnet7

[\Vjfdm stòo hnjjsd tj pursud dcuhet`jm emc herddr `m jrcdr tj ehn`dvd steaò`ty

emc `mcdpdmcdmhd. Sn`s `s umo`kdoy tj hnemld. Eotnjuln Ljvdrmfdmts hem

prjfjtd bodxàod wjrk`ml erremldfdmts emc fetdrm`ty/petdrm`ty admdb`ts, `m

preht`hd tndsd shndfds wòo mjt `mboudmhd cdoeydc hnòcader`ml umtò wjfdm erd

eaod tj fekd `mbjrfdc hnj`hds. \jfdm wòo tndm mddc tj wd`ln up tnd dv`cdmhd

emc aeoemhd tnd hnj`hd jb herddr ecvemhdfdmt emc dsteao`sn`ml `mcdpdmcdmhd

w`tn tnd pjssàod r`sks jb cdoeydc hnòcader`ml. 539

Sndrd `s e c`bbdrdmhd adtwddm eoojw`ml pdjpod tj nevd e hnj`hd, emc dmhjurel`ml tndf tj tekd

`t. Emc bjr femy, tnd esp`ret`jm tj stert e befòy `s mjt rdcumcemt; `t gust tekds jm e c`bbdrdmt

bjrf7 jmd tnet eoojws wjfdm tj esp`rd tj jtndr ljeos es wdoo. Fjrdjvdr, wnòd femy pdrhd`vd

tdhnmjojl`ds es pr`mh`peooy dmeao`ml hnj`hd, qudst`jms rdfe`m es tj wnj ehtueooy admdb`tstnrjuln ehhdss emc wnj wòo ad dxhoucdc. 535 Sn`s `s pert`huoeroy seo`dmt `m tnd hjmtdxt jb

dodht`vd dll brddz`ml7 wnòd `t f`lnt rdprdsdmt em jppjrtum`ty tj sjfd, bjr jtndrs, oehk jb

ehhdss emc `mbjrfet`jm f`lnt mjt dquetd tj e rdeo`st`h hnj`hd.

B`meooy, tnd dodht`vd dll brddz`ml cdaetd hjfds et e t`fd jb lrdet cdfjlrepn`h hnemld `m

femy sjh`dt`ds emc umprdhdcdmtdc tdhnmjojl`heo ecvemhdfdmt. Bjr sjfd, `t `s em dpjhn jb

prjbjumc tremsbjrfet`jm jb tnd nufem hjmc`t`jm. 531 \nòd femy hoe`fs eajut nufem

dmnemhdfdmt fey ad dxelldretdc, jmd hemmjt dshepd tnd `mtr`hetd weys `m wn`hn

tdhnmjojl`ds erd ajtn `mboudmh`ml pdrsjmeo cdvdojpfdmt, emc `mtdrtw`mdc w`tn huotureo emc

sjhèo upndeveo. Sndsd twj `fpehts mddc mjt ad `mhjfpetàod. Snd jpt`jm jb dodht`vd dll

brddz`ml hem ad hjms`cdrdc ay wjfdm w`tn`m sjhèo pjo`h`ds tnet `mbjrf wjfdm emc fdm

539 Hjjkd dt eo., jp.h`t. mjtd >>, p. 581


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eajut eld-rdoetdc bdrtò`ty cdho`md, emc et tnd sefd t`fd, dmhjureld dero`dr hnòcader`ml emc

befòy bjrfet`jm. Es tnd DXNQD sufs `t up7 Snd prdh`sd sjh`dteo `fpo`het`jms jb bdrtò`ty

prdsdrvet`jm bjr jverèm eld`ml mjt jmoy cdpdmc jm tnd mufadr jb wjfdm wnj wòo fekd usd

jb tn`s jpt`jm, aut eosj jm njw nev`ml e stjrdc rdsdrvd wòo ebbdht rdprjcuht`vd cdh`s`jms emc

pjssàod juthjfds. 538 Njw dodht`vd dll brddz`ml ebbdhts e l`vdm sjh`dty wòo eosj cdpdmc jm

tnd fdsselds l`vdm ehrjss `m pjo`h`ds, emc, uot`fetdoy, njw `t `s rdluoetdc. \d hjms`cdr sjfd

rdluoetjry `ssuds `m tnd b`meo sdht`jms (8).

\d hjmhoucd tn`s sdht`jm w`tn tnd bjoojw`ml jasdrvet`jm7 `b sjh`dt`ds wemt tj dmhjureld

pdjpod tj nevd hnòcrdm emc deroy `m tnd`r o`bd, tndy hem hjms`cdr femy pjo`h`ds tj `fpodfdmt.

Jmd jb tndsd wjuoc ad tj prjnà`t dll brddz`ml. Aut tn`s tekds us aehk tj tnd `ssud jb hnj`hd7

`b `t adhjfds em d`tndr/jr qudst`jm, tndm wjfdm wnj wemt hnòcrdm erd o`kdoy tj fekd tnd jmdhnj`hd tnet su`ts tnd`r strjmldst cds`rds et tnet t`fd, tnus pjtdmtèooy f`ss`ml jut jm em

dcuhet`jm jr herddr bjr tnd purpjsd jb perdmtnjjc jr v`hd vdrse . @b, njwdvdr, fjrd

rdprjcuht`vd hnj`hds erd jpdmdc up, tndm tndrd `s lrdetdr shjpd bjr hnj`hds tj ad

symhnrjm`sdc; emc odt us mjt bjrldt tnet dcuhet`jm emc herddrs erd dqueooy `fpjrtemt

hjmtràut`jms tj sjh`dty. \net sjh`dt`ds fey dxpdr`dmhd `s em upsurld `m befòy poemm`ml tnet

e`fs tj fekd nev`ml hnòcrdm hjfpetàod w`tn e hnjsdm o`bd poem. Dqueooy, njwdvdr, fdesurds

tnet dmhjureld wjrk dmv`rjmfdmts tnet erd befòy-jr`dmtdc (bjr dxefpod bodxàod wjrkerremldfdmts, petdrm`ty odevd emc hnòcherd ehhdss), emc pjssàoy hefpe`lms tj hnemld

pdjpods ett`tucds tjwercs herddrs emc perdmtnjjc, f`lnt wjrk. Tot`fetdoy, njwdvdr, wndtndr

sjhèo fdesurds hem `mboudmhd hnòcader`ml emc `ts t`f`ml fey cdpdmc jm wndtndr cud rdlerc

`s l`vdm tj rdprjcuht`jm es e hnj`hd emc wjfdms `cdmt`ty `ssuds.

538 DXNQD, jp. h`t. mjtd 1, p. 5183.


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8. Hjms`cdret`jms `b Eoojw`ml Dodht`vd Dll Brddz`ml

8.5 Xjfd Odleo @ssuds

8.5.5 Yjo`hy Rerèt`jm

Snd rdluoet`jm jb EQSs `m femy gur`sc`ht`jms `s `m boux. Et jmd dmc jb tnd spdhtruf hjumtr`ds

erd umcdrlj`ml `mhrdfdmteo oàdreo`set`jm jb bdrtò`ty oews emc pjo`h`ds, jpdm`ml up ehhdss tj

prjhdcurds bjr fjst ecuot cdfjlrepn`hs. Snd TK eoojws dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `m o`hdmsdc

ho`m`hs fddt`ml NBDE stemcercs, es sdt jut `m tnd`r Hjcd jb Yreht`hd, aut w`tn bdw rdstr`ht`jms

jm ehhdss tj tnd prjhdcurd.533

Ecc`t`jmeooy, ho`m`hs hem jbbdr shndfds tnet dmeaod wjfdmumcdr 84 tj cjmetd sjfd jb tnd`r dlls bjr `fpoemtet`jm `mtj e rdh`p`dmt `m rdturm bjr tnd ho`m`h

elrdd`ml tj stjrd tnd`r rdfe`m`ml dlls bjr brdd. @m tnd TX, tndrd erd mj Bdcdreo ruods

ljvdrm`ml pr`vetd ho`m`hs jbbdr`ml tnd sdrv`hd.

@m jtndr hjumtr`ds, o`kd Xw`tzdroemc emc X`mlepjrd, `t `s ldmdreooy umcdrstjjc tnet EQSs

snjuoc ad herr`dc jut jmoy bjr fdc`heo rdesjms. 534 Dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s prjnà`tdc adheusd

`t `s juts`cd tnd stemcerc trdetfdmt perec`lf. Em `mtdrprdtet`jm jb prjnà`t`vd pjo`h`ds, es

\umcdr pj`mts jut, 532 `s tnet prjhdcurds rdoetdc tj dll rdtr`dveo emc stjreld hjuoc ad

umcdrstjjc es hjfpodtdoy sdperetd brjf @RB bdrtò`set`jm prjhdcurds. Tmcdr tn`s

`mtdrprdtet`jm, sj ojml es bdrtò`set`jm wjuoc jmoy tekd poehd w`tn tnd prdsdmtet`jm jb subb`h`dmt

ho`m`heo `mc`het`jms bjr `mbdrtò`ty, emc `m o`md w`tn jtndr dx`st`ml rdstr`ht`jms (d.l. eld o`f`t bjr

@RB), dodht`vd dll brddz`ml snjuoc mjt ad hjms`cdrdc umoewbuo.

533 nttp7//www.nbde.ljv.uk/hjcd.ntfo534 X`mlepjrd, o`kd jtndr hjumtr`ds, s umcdrlj`ml rdprjcuht`vd pjo`hy hnemlds. Cdsp`td trec`t`jmeooy strjml

mdlet`vd sjhèo semht`jms ele`mst jut-jb-wdcojhk a`rtns (Pep, F. 1992.Bdrò`ty emc pjpuoet`jm pjo`hy7 SndX`mlepjrd dxpdr`dmhd. Gjurmeo jb Yjpuoet`jm emc Xjhèo Xdhur`ty (Yjpuoet`jm) Xuppodfdmt tj Rjoufd 5),X`mlepjrd nes adlum tj eccrdss bdrtò`ty ssuds bjr cdfjlrepn`hs juts`cd ferrèld; sdd7 Hnue, C. 199-59. @t wjuoc eppder tnet ferrèld emc hnòc ader`ml erdstòo veoudc `m X`mlepjrd pjpuoet`jms (sdd Pep, à`c.), eotnjuln tndrd `s eosj e rdeo`st h epprdhèt`jm jb sjhèohjmstre`mts (d.l. sddk`ml b`memhèo emc sjhèo steaò`ty) emc jppjrtum`ty hjsts (suhn es m dcuhet`jm emcdfpojyfdmt) cdoey`ml tndsd m mc`v`cueo h`rhufstemhds. Bjr cdteòdc cdfjlrepn`h mbjrfet`jm jm X`mlepjrd,sdd7 Xew, X. 1992


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53/64

RO

Snd TK hesd jb Pderwjrtn (eosj sdd sdht`jm 1.8.1, eajvd) f`lnt ad `mstruht`vd ndrd. X`x fdm

stjrdc tnd`r spdrf pr`jr tj umcdrlj`ml trdetfdmt bjr hemhdr `m hesd tndy prjvdc tj ad `mbdrtòd

ebtdr tnd trdetfdmt. Snd stjreld behò`ty beòdc adheusd jb e prjhdcureo jvdrs`lnt, emc tnd

spdrf tnewdc emc suasdqudmtoy pdr`sndc `rrdtr`dveaoy. Snd Hjurt jb Eppdeo ndoc tnet spdrf

aemkdc et e o`hdmsdc bdrtò`ty um`t efjumtdc tj prjpdrty7 tnet `t wes jwmdc ay `ts prjcuhdr.

Snd Gucld hjmhoucdc tnet umcdr tnd oew jb aeòfdmt tndrd `s mj cjuat tnet tnd fdm nec e

rdesjmeaod dxpdhtet`jm jb hjmtrjo jvdr tnd buturd pjtdmtèo usd jb tnd`r spdrf, emc tnet,

tndrdbjrd, tnd behò`ty nec e hjrrdspjmc`ml cuty tj fddt tn`s dxpdhtet`jm emc nec beòdc tj cj

sj. 549 Nd stetdc tnet `t wjuoc ad e b`ht`jm tj njoc tnet cefeld tj e suastemhd ldmdretdc ay e

pdrsjm's ajcy, `mbo`htdc ebtdr `ts rdfjveo bjr stjreld purpjsds, hjmst`tutdc e ajcòy jr

pdrsjmeo `mgury tj n`f . 545 Xj, ebtdr stet`ml tnet emy psyhnètr`h `mgury wes mjt es tnd rdsuot

jb emy pest dvdmt aut es e hjmsdqudmhd jb epprdndms`jm eajut e buturd dvdmt, mefdoy

epprdndms`jm tnet nd f`lnt mjt rdle`m n`s bdrtò`ty pjst trdetfdmt , 541 tnd hjurt bjumc cefelds

wdrd rdhjvdreaod umcdr tnd ruods rdoet`ml tj cefelds bjr fdmteo c`strdss (jr eht`jmeaod

c`strdss) heusdc ay ojss tj prjpdrty. Snd ojss jb jmds dlls stjrdc bjr buturd bdrtò`ty usd

f`lnt b`t w`tn tnd fdmteo c`strdss dxpdr`dmhdc ay tndsd poe`mt`bbs. @t `s poeusàod tnet tn`s

prdhdcdmt f`lnt eppoy tj dodht`vd dll brddz`ml pjo`h`ds aesdc jm tnd aes`h prdf`sd tnet emy

o`hdmsdc EQS behò`ty jwds e cuty jb herd `m rdspdht jb tnd sdrv`hds `t jbbdrs `m stjr`ml

lefdtds.

8.5.8 @mbjrfdc Hjmsdmt

E aes`h tdmdt jb eoo dll brddz`ml `s `mbjrfdc hjmsdmt. Qdhjlm`s`ml dll brddz`ml es em

dodht`vd bdrtò`ty prdsdrvet`jm stretdly tnet fey ndop [wjfdmV tj rdeo`zd tnd`r ojmldr-tdrf

rdprjcuht`vd ljeos , tnd EXQF juto`mdc tnd dssdmtèo dodfdmts jb `mbjrfdc hjmsdmt bjr

dodht`vd dll brddz`ml.548 @t tndrdbjrd rdhjffdmc tnet wjfdm sddk`ml dodht`vd dll brddz`ml es

e bdrtò`ty prdsdrvet`jm stretdly ad l`vdm prd-trdetfdmt hjumsdoo`ml tj dmsurd tnet tndy

umcdrstemc tnd pjtdmtèo admdb`ts, r`sks emc o`f`tet`jms jb tnd prjhdcurd, `mhouc`ml7

549 Pderwjrtn emc jtndrs v. Mjrtn Ar`stjo MNX Srust , D\HE H`v 8< (1990); UA 5. (1959).545 @a`c. pere. 18.541 @a`c. pere. 48.548 Snd Yreht`hd Hjff`ttdd jb tnd Xjh`dty bjr Ess`stdc Qdprjcuht`vd Sdhnmjojly emc tnd Yreht`hdHjff`ttdd jb tnd Efdr`hem Xjh`dty bjr Qdprjcuht`vd Fdc`h`md. 199>. Dssdmtèo dodfdmts jb mbjrfdc hjmsdmtbjr dodht`vd jjhytd hryjprdsdrvet jm7 e Yreht`hd Hjff`ttdd jp`m`jm. Bdrtò`ty emc Xtdrò`ty 09 (Xuppo. 8)7 X583-

584. Sn`s cjhufdmt wes `ssudc wndm tnd hjff`ttdds stòo hjms`cdrdc dll brddz`ml es dxpdr`fdmteo, emc tnus adbjrd tnd`r lu`cdo`mds jm feturd jjhytd prdsdrvet`jm.


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RX

Snd r`sks essjhètdc w`tn jjhytd rdtr`dveo;

Ho`m`heo spdh`b`h cete emc juthjfds suhn es o`vd a`rtn retd pdr jjhytd tnewdc emc

dfaryj tremsbdrrdc `m tnd behò`ty;

Qdodvemt hjsts;

Snd rdoet`vdoy n`ln o`kdo`njjc tnet wjfdm wnj hryjprdsdrvdc jjhytds adbjrd eld 84

mdvdr wòo mddc jr usd tndf, adheusd tnd oerld fegjr`ty jb wjfdm ferry ay eld 84

emc nevd e rdoet`vdoy ojw `mh`cdmhd jb hnòcodssmdss ;543 emc

Snd pjtdmtèo r`sks jb aes`ml `fpjrtemt o`bd cdh`s`jm emc dxpdhtet`jms jm e o`f`tdc

mufadr jb hryjprdsdrvdc jjhytds.544

@m tn`s rdspdht, tnd hjmsdmt prjhdss snjuoc `mvjovd tnd wjfem spdh`by`ml njw ojml snd wemts

tnd dlls tj ad stjrdc; emc wndtndr tnd dlls erd tj ad usdc bjr ndr jwm trdetfdmt jmoy, jr

wndtndr tndy hem ad cjmetdc bjr sjfdjmd dosds trdetfdmt jr usdc bjr rdsderhn jr tre`m`ml.

Jmd wjuoc dxpdht tnet tnd cjmjr hem very jr w`tncrew hjmsdmt et emy t`fd, aut jmoy adbjrd

tndy erd cjmetdc jr usdc bjr emjtndr purpjsd. Et tn`s pj`mt, tnd wjfem wòo jb hjursd mj

ojmldr ad e pey`ml hjmsufdr, emc wòo mjw ad em eotru`st, jr, `b tnd seod jb dlls `s pjssàod,

e vdmcjr. @t snjuoc eosj ad hoder wnet wòo neppdm tj tnd dlls snjuoc tnd wjfem stjp pey`ml

bjr tnd sdrv`hd, emc tnd pjstnufjus c`spjs`t`jm jb brjzdm dlls. Yjstnufjus surv`veo jb brjzdm

jjhytds f`lnt jhhur es tnjsd wnj dodht tj brddzd tnd`r dlls f`lnt mjt rdturm tj usd tndf tj

hjmhd`vd ert`b`hèooy, bjr dxefpod `mhepeh`tet`jm jr umdxpdhtdc deroy cdetn. Xjfd bdrtò`ty

wdas`tds c`rdht pjtdmtèo dll brddzdrs tj hjms`cdr suhn fettdrs. 542

8.5.3 Snd Qdqu`rdfdmt bjr Jvdrs`lnt

Snd wjfems `mvdstfdmt emc tnd tdhnmjojl`heo skòo rdqu`rdc pj`mts tj tnd mddc bjr

ljvdrmfdmt jvdrs`lnt jb dodht`vd dll brddz`ml, snjuoc `t ad pdrf`ttdc. \jfdm umcdrlj`ml

543 @a`c, X583544 @a`c.542 Bjr dxefpod, sdd7 nttp7//www.dllbrddz`mlhjsts.hjf/dll-brddz`ml-hjsts/odleo-`ssuds.ntfo, wn`hn ecv`sds7Fekd surd tnet emy elrddfdmts tnet yju s`lm et tnd bdrtò`ty ho`m`h erd `m elrddfdmt w`tn yjur w`snds emc yjurjwm dstetd poems. Sndrd erd mufdrjus qudst`jms tnet em ettjrmdy hem weok yju tnrjuln. Bjr dxefpod, `b yjuc`dc, wjuoc yju wemt yjur dlls cjmetdc tj e brjzdm dll aemk: Jr, wjuoc yju wemt e befòy fdfadr tj nevd tndjpt`jm jb us`ml tndf: Cj yju wemt yjur dstetd tj hjmt`mud tj pey bjr tnd`r stjreld: @b e befòy fdfadr jr br`dmc

hjmhd`vdc e hnòc brjf yjur dlls, wjuoc yju wemt tnet hnòc tj `mndr`t brjf yjur dstetd: Jr, wjuoc yju wemtyjur dlls cdstrjydc jr cjmetdc bjr rdsderhn:


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RW

tn`s prjhdcurd mddc e ojml-s`lntdc v`dw jb tnd r`sks emc hnemhds jb suhhdss7 tndsd erd bdeturds

mjt wdoo hetdrdc bjr ay purdoy (brdd) ferkdt bjrhds; dodht`vd dll brddz`ml `s e c`bb`huot

b`memhèo aurcdm tj dst`fetd (wnet `b jmd mdvdr usds tndsd dlls:). Es jmd hjffdmtetjr

jp`mds7

Femy bdrtò`ty ho`m`hs wdas`tds jbbdr hjrrdht `mbjrfet`jm emc erd upbrjmt eajut wnet

tnd`r pjtdmtèo hustjfdrs hem dxpdht,

`m sjfd hesds hjffdrhèo `mtdrdsts hem eosj te`mt tnd `mbjrfet`jm tnet `s hjmvdydc emc

odec tj em jvdroy jpt`f`st`h rdprd

an ethical analysis of human elective egg freezing final (july 05)

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