an era of social change · 2018. 10. 15. · greenwich village/sf • june ,1969 the stonewall inn...
TRANSCRIPT
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An Era of Social Change
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Latinos of Varied Origins
• Mexican Americans – 1million came in 1910’s following the Mexican Revolution, some came in the 1940’s and 1950’s as braceros, and 1 million came in the 60’s
• Puerto Ricans began immigrating after the Spanish American War of 1898, and by 1960’s 1miilion in the US (1/2 NYC)
• Cubans fled Castro after 1959 and large communities formed in NYC, Miami, NJ
• During the 1960’s thousand of Central and South American emigrated
• Most Latinos lived in barrios
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Latinos Fight For Change
• In 1966 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged their new unions to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
• Chavez believed in non-violence in dealing with California’s large fruit and vegetable companies (Ex. Boycotts/Fast)
• In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off, “Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” demanded Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of 1968)
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Latino Political Power
• During the 1960’s eight Hispanic Americans served in the House of Representatives
• In the 1940’s and 1950’s the League of United Latin American Citizens fought in the courts for school desegregation and government funding
• In the 1970’s La Raza Unida ( Mexican Americans United) ran Mexican Candidates in many local elections
• In 1963 the more radical Alianza Federal de Mercedes seized a Texas courthouse
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Native Americans Fight For Equality
• Native Americans suffered the highest unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality rates and suicides
• In 1954 Native Americans had to deal with the government’s Termination Policy
• In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose
• In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on Indian Opportunity
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Voices of Protests
• In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture (George Mitchell and Dennis Banks)
• In 1972, AIM leader Russell Meads organized “The Trail of Broken Treaties” march on DC ( Occupied the BIA building)
• In 1973, the AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy Wounded Knee, SD where a massacre of Sioux had occurred in 1890
• After negotiations a shootout with the FBI left 2 dead, and many wounded
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Native American Victories
• In 1975 Congress passed the Indian-Self-Determination and Education Act which gave tribes control to govern their own affairs including education
• In 1970 the Taos of NM regained sacred Blue Lake Land
• In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act gave 40million acres and $962 million
• Political Representation improved by working through the system (Ex. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell)
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The Asian American Movement
• In 1968 the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists
• Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at Asians
• 1969 “Shut it Down” strikes at Berkley
• “Yellow Power” Conference to learn of Asian American history and destiny
• 1968 San Francisco’s Chinatown Grievances (Housing and Medicine)
• Japanese American Citizens League brought forth the issue of internment
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The Gay Liberation Movement
• In the 1950’s the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis were campaigning to reduce discrimination towards G/L
• 1960’s The Society for Individual Rights was founded in Greenwich Village/SF
• June ,1969 the Stonewall Inn Riot in NYC pitted aggressive police against bar patrons “Gay Power” appeared
• After Stonewall the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed (Gay Pride Marches)
• In 1975 the Gov. ended its ban on employment of G/L
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Women Fight for Equality
• In 1920 the 19th Amendment was passed giving women the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage)
• In the 1960’s Feminism was the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
• In 1963 Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique identified the “problem that has no name” Women were not happy in the 1950’s (Men’s work v Women’s work)
• In the 1960’s women were forced into clerical work, retail, social work, nursing, and teaching
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Women’s Activism of the 1960’s
• Women were members of SNCC and SDS, and active in the civil rights movement
• In 1966 28 women including Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW)
• NOW fought against gender bias in hiring and in the workplace and pushed for child-care facilities
• In 1968 the New York Radical Women protested the Miss America Pageant in AC
• “Women’s Garbage” into “Freedom’s Trashcan”
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Women’s Activism of the 1960’s
• In 1969, a journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement
• She founded the National Women’s Party Caucus
• In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Women’s Magazine)
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Roe V Wade
• Feminist groups supported a woman’s right to chose to have an abortion
• In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the feminists
• Extremely Controversial
• Pro-Choice v Pro-Life
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The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
• Congress passed the ERA in 1972, it was first introduced in 1923 (Men and Women same rights and protections)
• 38 states needed to ratify it to make it part of the Constitution ( 35 received)
• A Stop-ERA campaign was launched by conservative religious groups, and anti-feminists led by Phyllis Schlafly
• Radical Feminist “hate men, marriage, and children”
• Fears of women being drafted, no husband responsibility, and possible same-sex marriages
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The Conservative Response
• Nixon, Agnew and J Edgar Hoover expressed anger and concern over the counterculture and the threat to traditional values
• Many saw the values as decadent, un-American, immature and irresponsible
• Conservatives presented their own solutions to crime and lawlessness
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The New Right Emerges
• In order to combat pro-choice and the ERA conservatives formed the “pro-family” movement which became the New Right (Social Conservatism when dealing with social, cultural, and moral problems)
• They debated family centered issues and played key role in Pres. Reagan’s election in 1980