an environmental sustainability assessment of federal housing estate, malali kaduna

8/3/2019 An Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Federal Housing Estate, Malali Kaduna

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Professional builders have been in constant experimentation over the past twenty

years in an attempt to learn how to increase the level of sustainability in their building

practices. In response to growing concerns about building quality, health, quality of

life, energy costs and dwindling natural resources, an increasing number of building

professionals are embracing green building. This holistic approach to homebuilding

emphasizes quality construction, energy efficiency, good indoor air quality and livable

neighbourhoods (Build it Green, 2005).

In an industry once dominated by economics and aesthetics, the popularity of

sustainable building practices has been growing immensely. This can be explained by

the general increase in public environmental awareness and concern.

A sustainable building, also referred to as a green building, is a structure that is

designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient

manner. Sustainable buildings are designed to meet certain life cycle based

objectives. These objectives include: protecting the health of building occupants;

improving employee productivity; using energy, water and materials more efficiently;

incorporating recycled-content building materials; adding compost and yard waste

prevention practices into the landscape design; and reducing the environmental

impacts associated with the production of raw materials, building construction, and

building maintenance and operations.

The results: enhanced occupant health and productivity, significant cost savings, and a

better environment.

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Green buildings may cost more upfront, but saves operating costs over the life of the

building. The green building approach applies a project life cycle cost analysis for

determining the appropriate up-front expenditure. Cost savings can be fully realized

when an integrated team of professionals is contracted. The integrated system of

approach ensures that the building is designed as one system rather than a collection

of stand-alone systems. Over the lifespan of a green building the cost savings can be

20 70 percent less than structures built to current codes. Even with a tight budget,

many green building measures can be incorporated with minimal or zero increased up-

front costs and they can yield enormous savings (Environmental Building News,

1999).

In the late 1980's, the notion of sustainable development was beginning to generate

interest. Buildings account for one-sixth of the worlds fresh water withdrawals, one-

quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows (D.M

Roodman and N. Lenssen, 1995). Building "green" is an opportunity to use our

resources efficiently.

Population growth and housing development have many impacts on the environment

and on quality of life issues. The sheer number of existing housing units as well as the

potential impact of future growth in the study area directly speaks to the need of an

integrated green building approach to housing.

There are many very real benefits to living in a green home, and every day, more and

more people are discovering those benefits. That is why green homes are expected to

make up 10% of new home construction by 2010, up from 2% in 2005, according to

the 2006 McGraw-Hill Construction Residential Green Building SmartMarket Report.

Some of the benefits are as follows:

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A Healthier Home

Green homes use of toxin-free building materials helps combat indoor air

pollution, which can be much worse than outdoor pollution. Unhealthy air

inside can pose serious health risks for residents, including cancer and

respiratory ailments like asthma. Such non-toxic materials include wheat-

derived strawboard, natural linoleum made from jute and linseed oil, paints

with little or no volatile organic compounds and toxin-free insulation made

from soybeans, recycled paper or even old denim.

Green homes have far fewer problems with mold or mildew.

Natural ventilation in green homes, as well as use of mechanical ventilation

systems to filter and bring fresh air inside and vent stale air outside, keep

residents breathing easy.

A Cost-Efficient Home

A green home is more durable than most standard homes because of its high-

quality building materials and construction processes, requiring fewer repairs.

Month to month, people who live in green homes save money by consuming

40% less energy and 50% less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide,

2007). Over the years, that adds up to big savings.

The net cost of owning a green home is comparable to or even cheaper than

owning a standard home. If upfront costs are higher, it is often because many

architects, homebuilders, engineers, plumbers and other industry professionals

just dont have the knowledge and experience to cost-effectively plan, design

and build a green home. Finding a professional familiar with green-building

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techniques will save you money and ensure youre getting the best-quality

work possible.

A healthier home means fewer expensive doctors visits and fewer days of

missed work.

An Environmentally Friendly Home

Far fewer natural resources are used in the construction of a green home.

Many green building materials have significant recycled content. Some

companies, for example, now make carpets and floor tiles from recycled tires

and bottles. Green homes can also be constructed with salvaged materials from

demolished buildings. Green homes use materials made from rapidly

renewable materials, like bamboo, hemp, agrifibers and soybean-based

products.

Building a standard 232.26m2 home creates approximately 2 tons of

construction waste that ends up in landfills. Construction of a green home,

however, generates 50% to 90% less waste (Green Home Guide, 2007).

Efficient plumbing and bathing fixtures, drought-tolerant landscaping and

water-conserving irrigation systems help green homes use, on average, 50%

less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide, 2007).

1.2 Need for the Study

We cannot avoid impacting the environment when we build a house, but we can work

toward reducing that environmental impact. New construction, whether of a single

home or a large development, contributes to the states economic vitality and helps

meet our pressing need for more housing. At the same time, every new home places

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additional demands on our supplies of land, water and energy, and on our

infrastructure of roads, sewers and other services. Therefore, a green building looks

into reducing of such demands.

1.3 Research Question/Problem

This project is designed to answer the question, are green buildings which are cost

effective and environmentally friendly equal or better in quality than conventional

buildings. The Kaduna Property and Development Company (KSDPC) is constantly

building, renovating and fixing buildings within the neighbourhood. The energy and

resources used in the construction in Malali is abundant and far surpasses sustainable

levels. It is time to explore new alternatives in building materials and process. This

will ensure that construction is as environmentally sounded as possible.

When answering this research question it is important to note that there will be a bias

present. I am an Environmental and Resource Study student interested in

sustainability; therefore I am more in favour of green products. I realize it is our job to

influence contactors to become greener and this is where the bias will appear. More

importantly we are responsible in making sure that the contractors are aware of green

buildings and their potential benefits. This project will help builders with the best

building practices.

1.4 Aim

Towards achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of

green buildings.

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1.5 Objectives

This project brings attention to the benefits that can be derived from sustainable

building practices which can be built on the following objectives:

To examine the existing Building types for green building compatibility

To examine the effect of design, building materials, and infrastructure

available to the housing estate on green building compatibility.

To bring attention to the benefits that can be derived from green building

practices.

1.6 Hypothesis

Supporting the objectives mentioned above are the following hypotheses.

Ho 1: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation

of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the One (1)

bedroom building type.

Ho 2: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for

livable communities and the One (1) bedroom building type.


of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Two (2)

bedrooms building type.

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livable communities and the Two (2) bedrooms building type.


of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Three

(3) bedrooms building type.


livable communities and the Three (3) bedrooms building type.

Alternative hypothesis formulated will be accepted if the null hypothesis will be

rejected.

Hi 1: There is significant relationship between the variables tested.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this research work covers the investigation into the neighbourhood

development, design and building materials used for the Malali Housing Estate, in

Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State, with consideration given to a

particular three (3) low cost type building in the neighbourhood.

Non existent of prototype green buildings within the country as of the time of

carrying out this research serve as constraints; as such, data sourced from the internet,

journals and textbooks were solely relied upon.

1.8 Methodology

A detailed investigation into the construction procedure and materials used for an

existing three (3) bedroom low cost house will be carried out through observation,

records and consultations with the relevant authorities concerned. This will include the

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main structural components of which a building is comprised. The main areas will

include: foundation, walling, windows, doors, roofing, painting, underlayment,

carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply, electricity and site orientation/layout.

A Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED checklist for Existing

Buildings and Neighbourhood Development (FWCI, 2008), which is a rating system

that reflects scientific knowledge, leading-edge architectural and engineering design

approaches, and best practices in construction and development is used to assess the

existing building and its environment for green building compatibility.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity: is the sum total of all the different species of

animals, plants, fungi and microbial organisms living on Earth today, and the

variety of habitats in which they live. Some scientists estimate that upward of 10

millionand some even suggest more than 100 milliondifferent species inhabit

the Earth, each adapted to its unique niche in the environment. Biodiversity is often

used as a measure of the health of biological systems.

Brownfield: Urban areas of former (and now abandoned) manufacturing or

warehousing sites with varying degrees of existing contamination, from none to

severe. They typically have valuable infrastructure such as roads, water supply,

sewage and storage drains in place, which will cut down considerably on

development costs. The restoration of brownfields is a major target of green

building.

Building Envelope: The building envelope is what separates the interior and

exterior environments of a building and includes the foundation, roof, walls, doors

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and windows. The dimensions, performance and compatibility of materials,

fabrication process and details, their connections and interactions, are the main

factors that determine the effectiveness and durability of the building enclosure

system. Building Envelope design includes four major performance objectives:

Structural integrity

Moisture control

Temperature control

Control of air pressure boundaries

Carbon-dioxide: A (greenhouse) gas naturally produced by animals during

respiration. It is also generated as a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels or

vegetable matter. Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas because it traps solar

heat within the atmosphere. Having the effect of a greenhouses glass roof, this

carbon dioxide prevents solar heat from radiating back out into space. The trapped

atmosphere is then absorbed by the earths surface, slowly contributing to the

planetary cycles majorly responsible for the raising of water, land and vegetation

temperatures. The reduction of carbon dioxide emission is one of the major goals

of green building.

Carbon Footprint: A general measure of the impact of human activities on the

environment in terms of greenhouse gases produced, usually measured in units of

carbon dioxide.

Carbon Neutral: A statement that at the end of the day you (or your organization)

has removed as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as you have emitted into

it, normally by sponsoring the planting of trees, which will consume carbon

dioxide and emit oxygen in its place.

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Certification: A process that provides an acknowledged third-party verification of

achievement in the green arena.

Certified Wood: Wood products certified by a trustworthy third party (such as the

Forest Stewardship CouncilFSC) as being made from sustainable harvested

lumber.

Charrette: The term charrette evolved from a pre-1900 exercise at the Ecole des

Beaux Arts in France, where architectural students were given a design problem to

solve within an allotted time. When that time was up, the students would rush their

drawings from the studio to the ecole in a cart called a charrette. Students often

jumped in the cart to finish drawings on the way. The term evolved to refer to the

intense design exercise itself.

Today, the charrette refers to a creative process akin to visual brainstorming used

by design professionals to develop solutions to a design problem within a limited

time frame.

Comfort = Productivity: Healthy and comfortable occupants (employees) are

more productive than unhealthy, uncomfortable ones. This is a major selling point

when it comes to convincing the corporate bottom-liner that indoor air quality,

temperature, available daylight, outside view and other aspects of green design will

amply pay for itself in the short to medium term by productivity gains alone.

Cool Roofs: Dark or black roofs will drive the cooling bill up dramatically,

whereas an energy-efficient roofing system, also called cool roofs, can reduce the

summer roof temperature by as much as 37.7 degrees Celcius, and so greatly

reduce the buildings air conditioning needs (FWCI, 2008).

LEED awards one credit point for a roof that covers at least 75 percent of the

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surface with efficiently reflective material (having a Solar Reflectance Index rating

of at least 78 for a low-sloped roof and 29 for a steep-sloped roof).

Daylighting: Simply stated, this means making daylight available to the occupants

of a building. Many studies have concluded that employees without adequate

natural daylighting do not perform as well, and are not as healthy, as those who do.

The design implication of this is a plan where no employee is farther than 10

meters from a window, making a daylight green building no wider than 20.1

meters. This is a standard requirement in many countries in Europe, where, as a

rule, the health of people is rated higher than economic efficiency.

Ecological Footprint: The ecological footprint question wonders: How many

planet Earths would it take to sustain current human activity, assuming todays

levels of consumption, pollution and resource depletion? The answer, in 2003, was

that if every man, woman and child were to maintain their existing level of

consumption, pollution and resource depletion, we would need 1.25 Earths, right

now.

More to the point, however: Were we to assume instead that every man, woman

and child on our planet were to consume as much as is done in the United States (in

other words, had the U.S. ecological footprint) the much darker answer varies from

a low (and most likely conservative) five Earths to the more probable 11 Earths.

We have only one.

FSC - Forest Stewardship Council: The most active group to certify that lumber

has been harvested in a sustainable manner.

Global Warming: The current warming of the planet influenced in part by human

activity.

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Greenhouse Effect : A warming of the Earth caused in part by the capacity of

certain gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxideto trap heat emitted from

Earths surface, so creating an insulating blanket. Without this insulation the Earth

would be too cold for most living things to survive.

It has been posited recently that human activities may be influencing the normal

process of warming and cooling that create the warm periods and ice ages in

Earths existence (as a result of its position in relation to the sun and its activities),

with potentially dangerous consequences (global warming), by trapping too much

heat.

Green Power Earth provides three types of natural resources:

Perpetual, those that are virtually inexhaustible on a human scale,33 and

include wind, solar and tidal.

Renewable, those that can be replenished in a relatively short time, such as

trees, and

Non-Renewable, those that require millions or billions of years to replenish,

such as oil and coal (although

Green power normally falls within the perpetual category, and includes wind and

solar power.

Greenwash: A word coined from green and whitewash, and that describes the

act of misleading consumer regarding the environmental practices of a company, or

the environmental benefits of a product or service.

Hardscape: Open areas, such as plazas and walkways, serving a landscaping

function but normally consisting of paved surfaces.

High-Performance Building: A term roughly equivalent to green building or

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sustainable building, but that flips the coin to stress the increase of the positive

rather than the decrease of the negative. A high-performance building is rated and

promoted in terms of energy efficiency, water conservation efficiency, indoor air

quality, availability of natural light and recycling. This term and concept is often an

easier sell to the corporate world than green, which still smacks a little of tree-

hugging.

LCA - Life Cycle Assessment: This holistic evaluation of an activity or a product

takes into account such environmental factors as water pollution, air pollution,

global warming, environmental degradation, ozone depletion, habitat destruction

and human health.

The LCA of a product would involve the detailed measurement and assessment of

its ecological footprintall the way from planning and design, through acquisition

of raw materials needed for manufacture, transportation of raw materials,

manufacture, waste products during manufacture, distribution, packing material,

emissions during use, to recycling or reuse at end of the products useful life. This

would add up to the ecological life cycle impact of the product, which is its actual

cost to the planet.

LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: The U.S. Green

Building Councils now widely accepted yardstick of what constitutes a green, or

high-performance, building.

Light Pollution: Excessive evening and night light generated by a brightly lit

neighborhood.

Locally Sourced: As a rule, at item is considered locally sourced if it is obtained

from a source within 805 kilometers of the building site.

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Mixed-Mode Systems: Mixed-mode refers to combining natural ventilation with

air conditioning in the same building (for example, operable windows in an air-

conditioned office space). Mixed-mode strategies have the potential to offer the

best of all worlds by using natural ventilation to provide occupant control, high

ventilation rates and reduced HVAC energy, while using air-conditioning to

maintain comfort when necessary during temperature extremes.

Passive Solar Design: The term refers to buildings designed to incorporate

sunlight and natural ventilation into a building in order to eliminate the need for

mechanical systems, and includes buildings with a long east-west axis to optimize

utilization of sunlight.

Permeable Pavement: Parking lot pavement material that allows water to filter

through and into the ground rather than running off into storm drains to pollute

lakes and rivers with runoff oil and grease.

Photo-voltaic: Designating electrical systems that convert direct sunlight into

electricity. Solar cells are often made from semiconductor-grade silicon and are

normally 5 to 12 percent efficient in converting sunlight energy to electricity.

Recently, some firms have announced significant improvements in this sunlight-to-

electricity conversion ratio and claim to have reached a 20 to 22 percent efficiency.

Rapidly Renewable Material: These are materials that can be planted, grown and

harvested in less than 10years. Examples include bamboo and cork.

SFI: Sustainable Forestry Initiative

SRI: Solar Reflectance Index. A composite index used to estimate how hot a

surface will become when exposed to full sun. The temperature of a surface

depends on the surfaces reflectance and emission, as well as solar radiation. The

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SRI is used to determine the effect of this reflectance and emission on the surface

temperature, and varies from 100 for a standard white surface to zero for a standard

black surface.

Sustainable Design: A design philosophy that seeks to maximize the quality of

the built environment, while minimizing or eliminating negative impact to the

natural environment.34 This definition complements the often quoted statement

made by Gro Harlem Bruntland at the 1987 World Commission on the

Environment and Development, that sustainable development aims to meet the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs.

TOD (Transit Oriented Development): This is a commercial or residential

development that is located and designed to maximize access to public

transportation in order to encourage transit ridership, and so cut down on

automobile usage and pollution.

Urban Heat-Island Effect: The thermal phenomenon of cities being noticeably

hotter, typically 5 degrees to 7 degrees, than their surrounding countryside.

VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds. Carbon-based chemicals that emit vapors at

normal room temperatures. Products that emit VOCs include paint, lacquers,

adhesives and sealants.

Xeriscaping: Xeri- comes from Greek meaning dry, while scaping is from

landscaping. The term has come to mean to landscape in such a way that no

additional water is needed to irrigate the result. The xeriscaping approach is to use

only regionally appropriate plants, whichalready being adapted to the local

climate cycleshave no additional water needs.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Sustainability

In simplest terms, sustainability is best represented by the protection of natural

resources utilized by all living organisms on earth. Sustainability was defined by the

World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 as meeting the

needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their

own needs. (Krochalis, R.F.) However, this philosophy by no means suggests that

humans should completely discontinue utilizing natural resources, but rather manage

the existing resources in a more efficient manner. In doing so, consideration is given

to the future of the worlds resources and the future generation who will depend on

them.

The philosophy behind sustainability is extremely broad, with practices ranging from

selective harvesting to sustainable landscaping. Further, sustainability applies to, our

homes, housing developments, communities, cities, and regions and helps the

environment at all levels when successfully implemented. The ways in which

buildings are constructed are directly intertwined with their surrounding natural

environment, contributing directly to its sustainability. (Krochalis, R.F.)

2.2 Sustainable Design

Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design", "eco-design", or "design for

environment") is the art of designing physical objects and the built environment to

comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges

from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the

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macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a

growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design,

urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and

fashion design.

The needed aim of sustainable design is to produce places, products and services in a

way that reduces use of non-renewable resources, minimizes environmental impact,

and relates people with the natural environment. Sustainable design is often viewed as

a necessary tool for achieving sustainability. It is related to the more heavy-industry-

focused fields of industrial ecology and green chemistry, sharing tools such as life

cycle assessment and life cycle energy analysis to judge the environmental impact or

"greenness" of various design choices.

Sustainable design is general reaction to the global "environmental crisis", i.e., rapid

growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources,

damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity (Fan Shu-Yang, Bill Freedman, and

Raymond Cote, 2004). The appearance is that our growing use of the earth has

exceeded the sustainable limits of the earth importantly because of continually

increasing investment in diminishing resources. Proponents of sustainable design

generally believe the crisis may be resolved by using innovative design and industrial

practices which reduce the environmental impacts associated with goods and services.

Green design is considered a means of doing that while maintaining quality of life by

using clever design to substitute less harmful products and processes for conventional

ones.

The limits of green design in reducing whole earth impacts are beginning to be

considered because growth in goods and services is consistently outpacing gains in

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efficiency. As a result the net effect of sustainable design to date has been to simply

improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. The present approach, which

focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services, does not solve

this problem. The basic dilemmas not yet well addressed include: the increasing

complexity of efficiency improvements, the difficulty of implementing new

technologies in societies built around old ones, that physical impacts of delivering

goods and services are not localized but distributed throughout the economies, and

that the scale of resource uses is growing and not stabilizing. 'Transformative'

technologies are hoped for, but workable options are not yet evident. Only if the scale

of resource uses stabilizes will the efficiency of how they are each delivered result in

reducing total impacts.

Principles of Sustainable design

While the practical application varies among disciplines, some common principles are

as follows:

Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled

materials which require little energy to process

Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which

require less energy

Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products will have

to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements

Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be

designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'."(Anastas, P.L. and

Zimmerman, J. B., 2003).

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Design Impact Measures for total earth footprint and life-cycle assessment for

any resource use are increasingly required and available. Many are complex,

but some give quick and accurate whole earth estimates of impacts.

Sustainable Design Standards and project design guides and also increasingly

available and vigorously being developed originated by wide array private and

organizations and individuals. There is also a large body of new methods

emerging from the rapid development of what has become known as

'sustainability science' promoted by a wide variety of educational and

governmental institutions.

Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological lines ... enabling the

constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles..."(Paul Hawken,

Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, 1999).

Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal

ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar

functions, e.g. from a private automobile to a car-sharing service. Such a

system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip

driven). (Ryan, Chris, 2006).

Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional),

sustainably-managed renewable sources that can be composted (or fed to

livestock) when their usefulness has been exhausted.

Healthy Buildings: sustainable building design aims to create buildings that

are not harmful to their occupants or to the larger environment. An important

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emphasis is on indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality.

(Levin, Hal, 1995).

.1 Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable Architecture, also known as "Green building" (or "green architecture"), is

a general term that describes environmentally-conscious design techniques in the field

of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of

sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad

context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact

of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy,

and development space.

Fig. 2.1 The passivhaus standard combines a variety of techniques and

technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.

Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important single

goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the

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energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own

energy.

.2 Building Placement

One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement.

Although many may envision the ideal environmental home or office structure as an

isolated place in the middle of the woods, this kind of placement is often detrimental

to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of

suburban sprawl. Second, they usually increase the energy consumption required for

transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should

avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated by

the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial,

residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot,

bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism.

.3 Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency

The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and

air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient building

requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation

capacity to expel polluted indoor air.

Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and

compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively

recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into

incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than

gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters.

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Site and building orientation have a major effect on a building's HVAC efficiency.

Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun

efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells

or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate

materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that

works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of (mobile)

solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in

summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings

typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This

means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more

"organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold

climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical

model for centralized heat efficiency in a small scale building.

Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the

loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the northern hemisphere this usually

involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and

severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such

as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low emissivity

(low-E) coatings; provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows.

Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months

is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of

windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in

winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the

sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the

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summer (when the sun high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often

planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds.

In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture

because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings.

In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern,passive solar designs can also

be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very

valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition

builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface

area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds,

particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies ofwater. Many of

these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of

warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings.

In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency:

when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to workwith the forces of nature,

when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant

relying on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when

renewable energy is utilized.

.4 Alternative Energy Production and Building Design

Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable

electricity for any use. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic

panels to collect at maximum efficiency, and some buildings even move throughout

the day to follow the sun. The Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS) at

Lonavala, near Pune India, has the longest photovoltaic wall in the world, at over

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ninety meters long. Undersized wind turbines (normal turbines are often over 250

feet) may have been oversold and do not always provide the returns promised,

particularly for North American households (Levin, Hal, 1995). Active solar water

heating systems have long provided heating-specific energy in a sustainable manner.

Occasionally houses that use a combination of these methods achieve the lofty goal of

"zero energy" and can even begin generating excess energy for use in other structures.

.5 Waste Management

Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste, incorporating things such

as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce

sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-

site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.

.6 Re-Using Structures and Materials

Some sustainable architecture incorporates recycled or second hand materials. The

reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied

energy (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects

attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary

development.

.7 Social Sustainability in Design

Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups

interact. Communist Russia's Constructivist Social condensers are a good example of

this, buildings which were designed with the specific intention of controlling or

directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces".

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Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a community.

While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the opposite

can also be true. An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help

people to see the benefit of living sustainably; this can be seen in many of Rural

Studio's buildings in and around Hale County, Alabama, for example. The same can

be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that architecture can lead the way

for the greater community (Wikipedia, 2008).

2.4 Green Building Materials

Evaluating building materials is a complex process. There are always tradeoffs. The

underlying belief is that healthy ecosystems sustain healthy economies. Factors such

as price, performance, aesthetics, and practicality determine whether a product has

utility value within the marketplace. In addition to drawing comparisons between

products on the basis of price, performance, usability, practicality and aesthetics, the

products must also offer additional benefits. These products must aim to protect

health, and use energy and other resources efficiently and sparingly.

There is a multitude of factors that need to be considered when determining the

"greenness" of a product. When defining what makes a product green, there are many

aspects to consider. The recommended materials for foundation, walling, windows,

doors, roofing, painting, underlayment, carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply,

electricity and site orientation/layout will be selected with thought into incorporating

components of the following four categories (Green, 2001):

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(1) Products that can be made from environmentally attractive materials:

Salvaged products

Products with post-consumer content

Products with post-industrial content

Rapidly renewable products

Products made from agricultural waste material

Natural of minimally processed products

(2) Products that are green because of what is not there:

Products that reduce material use

Alternatives to ozone-depleting substances

Alternatives to products made from PVC and polycarbonate

Alternatives to conventional preservative-treated wood

Alternatives to other components considered hazardous

(3) Products that reduce environmental impacts during construction, renovation,

or demolition (Reed, 1997):

Take life cycle costing into account, rather than first cost. This will lead to

higher quality design and materials.

Reuse existing building materials and infrastructure to reduce the amount of

new materials required.

Recycle construction waste at job site. New markets are continually being

developed.

Minimize waste by designing for standard sizes.

Use value-engineered products such as prefabricated components for more

efficient structures.

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Select durable and heavy materials that can provide thermal mass in buildings.

Specify as many locally manufactured materials and products as possible to

support the local economy and minimize transportation.

Build with salvaged materials whenever possible.

Minimize and recycle packaging materials.

Use materials that do not require frequent harmful maintenance.

Products that reduce the impacts of new construction

Products that reduce the impacts of renovation

Products that reduce the impacts of demolition

(4) Products that contribute to healthy and safe indoor environments:

Products that do not release significant pollutants into the building.

Products that block spread of indoor contaminants.

Products that remove indoor contaminants.

Products that remove indoor pollutants.

Products that improve light quality.

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CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction

The success of any research work is hinged to a large extent, on the methodology

adopted by the researcher in gathering and analyzing the data. Therefore, this chapter

focuses on the study population, data collection procedures and methods of data

analysis. With a careful thought and deep understanding. Appropriate methodologies

for the achievement of the objective of the study were chosen. The method to be

adopted in carrying out this research work shall be prcise and focused.

There have been different rating methods developed across the globe for sustainable

buildings which include the LEED ratings, Green Globes and the Build it Green rating

for homes, 2005. Due to its general area of coverage which includes New

Construction (and major renovations), Core and shell (office buildings and other

speculative projects), Commercial Interiors (remodels), Existing Buildings

(continuing building operation), Neighbourhod Development and Homes; the

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating methods was adopted.

3.2 Area of the Study

Malali, Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State is located to the northern part

of the city centre. Located approximately on Latitude 10o3331.22N and Longitude

7o2816.49E, it is bounded to the North Kawo district, to the West by Badarawa

district, to the South by Unguwan Rimi and to the East by River Kaduna. It occupies

an area of about 376, 693.99 sq meters (37.67 Hectares).

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3.3 Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate

Malali Housing Estate was purposely constructed to house the participating countries

for the then Festival of arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Construction work was carried

out by A.G. ferrerro which began in 1976 and was concluded the following year in

time for the event. The Estate was available by October 1977 for occupation by

Nigerians based on first-come-first-serve basis through purchase of forms.

Malali Housing Estate has a central sewage system and treatment plant to facilitate

sanitary conditions. An estate office, police station, schools, religious facilities, corner

shops, recreational facilities, a petrol station and water treatment plant for supply of

portable drinking water to the estate and neighbouring districts.

It has good road network and is well accessible to neighbouring districts from all four

cardinal points. Malali Housing Estate is within reach of the city centre which is the

heart of commercial activities in the city.

3.4 Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings

A total of Six Hundred and twenty (620) housing units were constructed together with

supporting facilities which includes:

1. One Hundred and Forty Eight (148) numbers 3-bedroom type housing

units

2. Three Hundred (300) numbers 2-bedroom type housing units

3. One Hundred and Seventy two (172) numbers 1-bedroom type housing

units

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4. One (1) number police Station

5. One (1) Sewage Treatment Plant

6. One (1) Estate Office

7. Provisions for religious activities

8. Corner shops

9. One (1) number Estate Dry cleaning service

10. One (1) number Estate Petrol Station

11. One (1) number Islamic School

For the purpose of this research, the housing units will be subjected to rating of unit-

type for LEED Existing Buildings and Homes, and the Estate in general using the

LEED Neighbourhood Development rating.

3.5 Design of the Study

Amongst numerous designs available to researchers to serve as a guide in arranging

ideas in an orderly way, a survey was used to prepare a mental plan and scheme of

attack for solving the problem systematically. This involved careful observation and

unstructured interviews for collection of detailed descriptions of the existing situation

and using of the so collected, to justify current conditions and practices for improving

the phenomenon.

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3.6 Research Population

Since the study deals with Study of Practices in Built Environment for sustainability

in Nigeria, an existing Housing Estate which served as a model for several other

housing projects was chosen. The three (3) bedrooms, two (2) bedrooms and one (1)

bedroom building types which forms the main categories of the houses in the estate

were targeted.

The study was focused on the three building types and the whole Neighbourhood in

general.

3.7 Data and Method of Data Collection

The data used in the course of this project are primary and secondary. The primary

data were collected through the use of direct or personal observation and unstructured

interview. The secondary data were collected from books, journals, research projects,

magazines, term papers, internet, Kaduna State Property and Development Company

(KSDPC) and Department of Land Survey and Country Planning, Kaduna State.

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ratings for Existing

Buildings and Neighbourhood Development used for the primary data collection is

described below:

LEED certification is divided into six different rating systems:

1. LEED-NC for New Construction (and major renovations)

2. LEED-CS for Core and Shell (office buildings and other speculative

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projects)

3. LEED-CI for Commercial Interiors (remodels)

4. LEED-EB for Existing Buildings (continuing building operation)

5. LEED-ND for Neighborhood Development

6. LEED-H for Homes

(FCWI, 2008)

3.7.1 LEED PointsHow They Are Awarded

The first four LEED rating systems above (NC, CS, CI and EB) are broken down into

six categories of evaluation:

1. Sustainable Sites

2. Water Efficiency

3. Energy and Atmosphere

4. Materials and Resources

5. Indoor Environmental Quality

6. Innovation and Design

(LEED-ND and LEED-H have their own distinct areas).Below is discussion of the

criteria for the LEED-EB and LEED-ND categories:

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3.7.1.1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB)

This system aims at rating the continuing environmental footprint of an existing

building. The long-term effect of a building on the environment results from a

multitude of small choices that owners and operators make over the lifetime of a

building. LEED-EB is the first system that aims to assess these choices and to suggest

how to lessen their detrimental impact.

3.7.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED-ND)

This LEED version was announced in early 2007 as a beta rating system of up to 240

projects. It seeks to provide a set of standards for the location of neighbourhoods, and

to evaluate the combined effect of smart growth, new urbanism and green building.

3.8 Instruments for Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics tools were employed in analyzing data and presenting results of

the study because of its simplicity, clarity and adaptability of the method to

quantitative study. Tables are used to display some background information of the

output derived from the ratings of the three (3) building types and the neighbourhood

in general. Ranking will be used to analyze some of the data through the use of factor

analysis, significant index and ranking of best value contributing factor (BVCF) the

while mean was used to assess the factors that resulted in the inability of Malali

Housing Estate to attain Green Building Certification and suggested strategies in

improvement for the highest rated building type.

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3.8.1 Regression Analysis

Ashworth, (1990) defines simple regression analysis as a statistical technique which

attempts to quantify the relationship between two or more variables. The simplest

form of regression is known as linear regression which shows the plotting on graphs

values of independent variables (denoted by X) and the dependent variables (denoted

by Y). Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving

one or more independent variables, which best predict the value of the dependent

variable. A pattern of dots is obtained. The objective of regression line is thus to fit a

straight line through the dots that best describe the relationship or otherwise between

the variables. The method commonly employed is that of the least square where the

deviations of individual points from the chosen line are kept to the barest possible

minimum.

The equation for the null hypothesis i.e. where bi0 and Y=bo + 0(x) which gives Y=0

depicts that no relationship exists between X and Y but for an alternate hypothesis

where bi0, Y= bo + bi(x), i.e. there is significant relationship between the variables.

The regression model general equation is:

Y= a+bx

Where, Y= the Dependent Variable

a = Y-intercept

b = Slope of the line or gradient

x = Independent

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Other type of models is:

Quadratic: Y = a + bx + b2x2

Cubic: Y = a + bx + b2x2 + b3x3

Exponent: Y = a + bx

3.8.2 The Coefficient of determinant (R2)

The coefficient of determination, (R2) R-square measures the percentage of variation

in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression on the trend line.

R2 = [(X-x)-(Y-y) 2]

[(x-x) 2 - (y-y)2]

3.8.3 Decision Rule

The decision rule adopted for this research study specifies under what condition the

null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected. The region of rejection determines the

proportion of the area in which the hypothesis null is rejected. Testing for significance

involves errors known as type I error and type II error. Type I error is the rejection of

the null hypothesis that should be accepted and the type II error is the acceptance of

the null hypothesis that should be rejected.

Ho:F 0.05 < f Calculated: Rejected

Ho:F 0.05 > f Calculated: Accepted

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3.8.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The Anova is essentially a test of significance, which employs several measures of

goodness of fit used in casual forecasting model such as the simple linear regression

and e.t.c.

To describe the nature of relationship that exists between the dependent and

independent variables. Some of the common tests are: the standard error of estimate,

the test T-test for slope, P-test and F-test, used were discussed of result would be

discussed here.

3.8.5 Inferential Statistics Analysis

Inferential statistic analysis is used to determine the degree of venerability of statistics

and they represent the most widely used of all statistical research techniques. This

involves the testing of null hypothesis with the use of regression statistics, and the

analysis variance to show the existing relationship and different between the sample

area.

3.8.6 Descriptive Statistics Analysis

It reduces the analysis and very easy to interpret. The analysis of data will be

facilitated by using of bar chat.

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CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Introduction

Previous chapters had dealt extensively with sustainable practices involved in green

buildings and its benefits as outlined by various authorities whose works were

reviewed. The last chapter however, explained the methodology to be adopted in the

research work. It was also noted that data gathering shall be through observation and

unstructured interviews which resulted in data obtained from Kaduna State Property

and Development Company (KSDPC).

This chapter considers the analysis of the data obtained via use of the LEED EB,

Existing Building and LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development rating methods and

presentation of results in order to attain the aim of the study which is towards

achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of green

buildings.

Data collected were analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical

tools and were summarized and presented in tables with frequency distribution and

percentiles. This is aimed at giving a clear and concise representation of each of the

variables.

4.2 Data Presentation

TABLE 4.1 LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES 14 POINTS

3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM

Prereq. 1 Eros ion & Sed imenta t ion

Control

required YES YES YES

Prereq. 2 Age of Building required 31 31 31

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Credit 1.1 Plan for Green Site & Building

Exterior Management 4

Specific Actions

1 1 1 1

Credit 1.2 Plan for Green Site & Building

Exterior Management 8

Specific Actions

1 1 1 1

Credit 2 High Development Density

Building & Area

1 0 0 0

Credit 3.1 Alternative Transportation

Public Transportation Access

1 1 1 1


Bicycle Storage & Changing

Rooms

1 0 0 0


Alternative Fuel Vehicles

1 0 0 0


Carpooling & Telecommuting

1 0 0 0

Credit 4.1 Reduced Site Disturbance

Protect or Restore Open Space

(50% of site area)

1 0 0 0

Credit 4.2 Reduced Site Disturbance

Protect or Restore Open Space

(75% of site area)

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.1 Stormwater Management 25%

Rate and Quantity Reduction

1 1 1 1

Credit 5.2 Stormwater Management 50%Rate and Quantity Reduction

1 1 1 1

Credit 6.1 Heat Island Reduction Non-

Roof

1 0 0 0

Credit 6.2 Heat Island Reduction Roof 1 0 0 1

Credit 7 Light Pollution Reduction 1 1 1 1

TOTAL 14 6 7 7

TABLE 4.2 LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY 5 POINTS

3-BDRM2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq1 Minimum Water Efficiency Required YES YES YES

Prereq 2 Discharge Water Compliance Required YES YES YES

Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping-

Reduce Portable Water Use by

50%

1 1 1 1

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Credit 1.2 Water efficient Landscaping-

Reduce Portable Water Use by

90%

1 1 0 1

Credit 2 I n n o v a t iv e W a st e w a t e r

Technologies

1 1 1 1

Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction-10%

Reduction

1 1 1 1

Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction-20%

Reduction

1 0 0 0

TOTAL 5 4 3 4

TABLE 4.3 LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE 23 POINTS

3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM

Prereq 1 E x i s t i n g B u i l d i n g

Commissioning

Required NO NO NO

Prereq 2 M i n i m u m E n e r g y

Performance-Energy Star 60

Required YES YES YES

Prereq Ozone Protection Required YES YES YES

Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10

Energy Star rating-63 1 1 1 1

Energy Star Rating -67 2 0 0 0Energy Star Rating -71 3 0 0 0

Energy Star Rating -75 4 0 0 1

Energy Star Rating-79 5 0 0 0






Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy-On-site

3%/Off-site 15%

1 0 0 0

Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy-on-site

6%/Off-site 30%

1 0 0 0

Credit2.3 Renewable Energy-On-site

9%/Off-site 45%

1 0 0 0

Credit 2.4 Renewable Energy-On-site

12%/Off-site 60%

1 0 0 0

Credit 3.1 B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &

Maintenance- Staff Education

1 0 0 0

40


41/75

Credit 3.2 B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &

Maintenance-Building System

Maintenance

1 0 0 0

Credit 3.3 B u i l d i n g o p e r a t i o n &

Maintenance- building System

Monitoring

1 0 0 0

Credit 4 Additional Ozone Protection 1 1 1 1

Credit 5.1 Performance Measurement-

Enhanced Metering (4 specific

actions)

1 1 1 1


Enhanced Metering (8 specific

actions)

1 0 0 0


Enhanced Metering (12

specific actions)

1 0 0 0


E m i s s i o n R e d u c t i o n

Reporting

1 0 0 0

Credit 6 Documen ting Sus ta in ab le

Building Cost Impacts

1 0 0 0

TOTAL 23 3 3 4

TABLE 4.4 LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES 16 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq1.1 Source Reduction & Waste

Management- Waste Stream

Audit

Required NO NO NO

Prereq 1.2 Source Reduction & Waste

Management-S torage &

Collection


Prereq 2 To xi c M a te r ia l s So ur c e

Reduction-Reduced Mercury

in Light Bulbs

Required NO NO NO

Credit 1.1 Construction, Demolition &

R e n o v a t i o n W a s t e

Management-Divert 50%

1 1 1 1

Credit 1.2 Construction. Demolition &

R e n o v a t i o n W a s t e

Management-Divert 75%

1 0 0 0

41


42/75

Credit 2.1 Optimize Use of Alternative

Materials-10% of Total

Purchase

1 1 1 1



Purchase

1 0 0 0



Purchase

1 0 0 0



Purchases

1 0 0 0



Purchase

1 0 0 0

Credit 3.1 Op t imi ze U s e o f IAQ

Complaint Products-45% o

Annual Purchase

1 0 0 0

Credit 3.2 Op t imi ze U s e o f IAQ

Complaint Products-90% o

Annual Purchases

1 0 0 0

Credit 4.1 S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g

Products & Materials-30% o

Annual Purchase

1 0 0 0



Annual Purchase

1 0 0 0



Annual Purchase

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.1 Occupant Recycling- Recycle

30% of the Total Waste

Stream

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.2 Occupant Recycling-Recycle


Stream

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.3 Occupant Recycling-Recycle


Stream

1 0 0 0

Credit 6 Additional Toxic Materials

Source Reduction-Reduced

Mercury in Light Bulbs

1 1 1 1

TOTAL 16 3 3 3

42


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TABLE 4.5 LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY

22 POINTS

3-BDRM2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq 1 Outs ide Air in troduce &

Exhaust System

Required NO NO NO

Prereq 2 E n v i r on m e n t a l To b a c c o

Smoke (ETS) Control

Required NO NO NO

Prereq 3 A s b e s t o s R e m o v a l o r

Encapsulation

Required NO NO NO

Prereq 4 PCB Removal Required NO NO NO

Credit 1 O u t s i d e A i r D e l i v e r y

Monitoring

1 0 0 0

Credit 2 Increased Ventilation 1 1 1 1

Credit 3 C o n s t r u c t i o n I A Q

Management Plan

1 1 1 1

Credit 4.1 Documenting Productivity

Imp ac t s -Ab s en tee i s m &

Healthcare Cost Impacts

1 0 0 0

Credit 4.2 Documenting Productivity

Impacts-Other Productivity

Impacts

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.1 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant

S o u r c e C o n t r o l - R e d u c e

Particulates in Air System

1 0 0 0

Credit 5.2 Indoor chemical & PollutantSource Control-Isolation o

High Volume Copy/Print/Fax

Room

1 0 0 0

Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems-

Lighting

1 0 0 0

Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems-

Temperature & Ventilation

1 0 0 0

Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort- Compliance 1 1 1 1

Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort-Permanent

Monitoring System

1 0 0 0

43


44/75

Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views-Daylight for

50% of Spaces

1 1 1 1


75% of Spaces

1 1 1 1


45% of Spaces

1 1 1 1

Credit 8.4 Daylight & Views- Daylight

for 90% of Spaces

1 0 1 1

Credit 9 Contemporary IAQ Practice 1 0 0 0

Credit 10.1 Green Cleaning- Entryway

System

1 1 1 1

Credit 10.2 Green Cleaning- Isolation o

Janitorial Closets

1 0 0 0

Credit 10.3 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w

E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t

Cleaning Policy

1 0 0 0


E n v i r o n m e n t a l P e s t

Management Policy

1 0 0 0


E n v i r o n m e n t a l P e s t

Management Policy

1 0 0 0


E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t

Cleaning Environment Policy

1 0 0 0

TOTAL 22 7 8 8

44


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TABLE 4.6 LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS

5 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMCredit 1.1 Innova t ion in Upgra des ,

Operations & Maintenance:

S p e c i f y t h e e x e m p l a r y

performance achieved (Option

A). alternatively, identify the

i n t e n t o f t h e p r o p o s e d

innovation credit, the additional

e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t sd e l i v e r e d , t h e p r o p o s e d

requirements for compliance,

the proposed performance

m e t r i c s t o d e m o n s t r a t e

compliance and the approaches

(strategies) that might be used

to meet the requirements; meet

the proposed requirements

during the performance period

(option B)

1 1 1 1

Credit 1.2 Innovation in Operations: Same

as Credit 1.1

1 1 1 1


as Credit 1.1

1 1 1 1


as Credit 1.1

1 1 1 1

Credit 2 L E E D T M A c c r e d i t e d

Professional

1 0 0 0

5 4 4 4

Certified: 32-39 points, Silver:

40-47 points, Gold: 48-63

points, Platinum: 64-85 points

TOTAL 85 27 28 30

45


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TABLE 4.7 LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES

30 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq.1 Smart Location Required YES YES YES

Prereq. 2 Prox imity to Water and

Wastewater Infrastructure


Prereq. 3 I m p e r i l e d S p e c i e s a n d

Ecological Communities


Prereq.4 Wetland and Water Body

Conservation


Prereq. 5 Farmland Conservation Required YES YES YES

Prereq. 6 Floodplain Avoidance Required NO NO NO

Credit 1 Brownfield Redevelopment 2 0 0 0

Credit 2 High Prior ity Brownfield

Redevelopment

1 0 0 0

Credit 3 Preferred Locations 10 10 10 10

Credit 4 R e d u c e d A u t o m o b i l e

Dependence

8 8 8 8

Credit 5 Bicycle Network 1 0 0 0

Credit 6 Housing and Jobs Proximity 3 3 3 3

Credit 7 School Proximity 1 1 1 1

Credit 8 Steep Slope Protection 1 0 0 0

Credit 9 Site Design for Habitat or

Wetland Conservation

1 0 0 0

Credit 10 Restoration of Habitat or

Wetlands

1 0 0 0

Credit 11 Conservation Management o

Habitat or Wetlands

1 1 1 1

TOTAL 30 20 20 20

46


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TABLE 4.8 LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN

39 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq.1 Open Community Required YES YES YES

Prereq. 2 Compact Development Required YES YES YES

Credit 1 Compact Development 7 7 7 7

Credit 2 Diversity of Uses 4 0 0 0

Credit 3 Diversity of Housing Types 3 3 3 3

Credit 4 Affordable Rental Housing 2 0 2 2

Credit 5 Affordable For-Sale Housing 2 0 2 2

Credit 6 Reduced Parking Footprint 2 2 2 2

Credit 7 Walkable Streets 8 8 8 8

Credit 8 Transit Facilities 1 0 0 0

Credit 9 Tr a ns po rt a ti o n D e ma n d

Management

2 0 0 0

Credit 10 A c c e s s t o S u r r o u n d i n g

Vicinity

1 1 1 1

Credit 11 Access to Public Spaces 1 1 1 1

Credit 12 Street Network 2 2 2 2

Credit 13 Access to Active Public

Spaces

1 1 1 1

Credit 14 Universal Accessibility 1 1 1 1

Credit 15 Community Outreach and

Involvement

1 1 1 1

Credit 16 Local Food Production 1 0 0 0

TOTAL 39 27 31 31

47


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TABLE 4.9 LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH

31 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMPrereq.1 C o n s t r u c t i o n A c t i v i t y

Pollution Prevention

Required NO NO NO

Credit 1 L E ED C e r t i fi e d G r e en

Buildings

3 0 0 0

Credit 2 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n c y i n

Buildings

3 0 0 0

Credit 3 Reduced Water Use 3 3 3 0

Credit 4 Building Reuse and AdaptiveReuse

2 0 0 0

Credit 5 Reuse of Historic Buildings 1 0 0 0

Credit 6 Minimize Site Disturbance

through Site Design

1 1 1 1

Credit 7 Minimize Site Disturbance

during Construction

1 0 0 0

Credit 8 Contaminant Reduction in

Brownfields Remediation

1 0 0 0

Credit 9 Stormwater Management 5 5 5 5

Credit 10 Heat Island Reduction 1 0 0 0

Credit 11 Solar Orientation 1 1 1 1

Credit 12 On-Site Energy Generation 1 0 0 0

Credit 13 On-Site Renewable Energy

Sources

1 0 0 0

Credit 14 District Heating & Cooling 1 0 0 0

Credit 15 I n f r a s t r u c t u r e E n e r g y

Efficiency

1 0 0 0

Credit 16 Wastewater Management 1 1 1 1

Credit 17 R e c y c l e d C o n t e n t f o r

Infrastructure

1 0 0 0

Credit 18 C o n s t r u c t i o n W a s t e

Management

1 0 0 0

Credit 19 C o m p r e h e n s i v e W a s t e

Management

1 0 0 0

Credit 20 Light Pollution Reduction 1 1 1 1

TOTAL 31 12 12 9

48


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TABLE 4.10 LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS

6 POINTS

3 -

BDRM

2-BDRM1 -

BDRMCredit 1.1 Innovation and Exemplary

Performance: In writing,

identify the intent of the

proposed innovation credit, the

an environmental sustainability assessment of federal housing estate, malali kaduna

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