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腊腊腊腊 膃膉腸腟膁膣腥腭膩 腦膡腫腑膄腨膖腑膄膇腘膤 腝腾膎膃膉腜腥腝腾膉 腢膒膊腚膊腚腓膦腚腪腡腗膝膆膌腠膘腚腪腡腹膂腙 腷腪腡腍腏腎腂 腊腊 腊腊腊腊腊 膞腕腸膍腔腥膊腲 腬腶 腧膚腫腮腴腨膅膐膏膅膐 腝腾膎膞腕腜腥腝腾膉 膓腢腰腤膊腚腙腷膧膈腪腡腍腏腎腂 腊腊腊 腦膡腫腑膄腸腒腌腟膏腟膌 腝腾膎腑膄腷腙腷膠腵膪膥腺膢腽 膗腼膜 膗腼膦 腊腊 腊腊腊 腊腊腊腊腊腊腊腊腊 膕膑 腳膔腯腞 腷腖膨膀 腻膑腣膛 ῍῎ ῌῌ ῌῌῌ ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ 腕腋腇腈腉腂腝腜腛腣腑腖腃腅腆腚腓腌腖腔腒 腟腎腗腃腀腁腆腗腞腡腊腙腂腠腛腢腄腐腒腘腍腏 ῌῌ ῌῌ ῌῌ ῌῌ , , CHIDA ATO AMASHITA ERADA ( ) Sendai District Meteorological Observatory, Japan Mete- Mitigation, JMA, Miyaji, Ichinomiya, Aso, Kuma- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kusatsu, Gunma Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University, steaming ground, Ice Box Calorimetry, IR thermometer, heat-discharge rate, ground surface temperature The heat balance model can be used to readily calculate the total heat-discharge rate through steaming ground based on the distribution of surface temperature obtained by an infrared radiation (IR) thermometer. This method is convenient ; however, the model involves some critical assumptions and large uncertainties. With the aim of developing a simple method for reliable measurements of the total heat-discharge rate, we carried out field experiments at the geothermal field of Yoshioka hot springs, Aso volcano, Japan. To directly measure the heat-discharge rate at each measurement site, we used Ice Box Calorimetry (IBC), which can be used to measure the combined conductive and convective heat-discharge rate, (W/m ), from the ground surface, based on the time required to melt ice housed within an aluminum box placed on the ground. At the same time, we used an IR thermometer to measure the ground-surface temperature, ( ), at each site. Our observations revealed the relationship between the heat-discharge rate anomaly ( ) and the temperature anomaly ( ), where and were the average ground-surface temperature and the average heat-discharge rate outside the geothermal area, respectively. Although the obtained data show a degree of scatter, the value of increases almost linearly with consistent with the heat balance model : , where is the proportional coe cient, which is estimated to be (W/m / ) from the least squares method. We consider that this empirical relationship is applicable in obtaining accurate estimates of the total heat-discharge rate from steaming ground. To assess the reliability of the linear relation and determine appropriate values of it would be necessary to conduct additional accurate, simultaneous observations of and at sites on many di erent volcanoes and under various meteorological conditions. Furthermore, we carried out measurements when the ground surface was wet due to rainfall. As a result, we obtained of W/m , larger than the value obtained with a dry ground surface. This experiment suggests that the presence of rainwater enhances heat convection, including latent heat, near the ground surface. : orological Agency (JMA), Gorin, Miyagino- ku, Sendai , Japan. Kawayo, Minami-Aso, Kumamoto , Japan. : Fukuoka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA, Present address. Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Oohori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka , Japan. , Japan. Aso Local Cooperative O ce for Volcanic Disaster Corresponding author : Higashi Uchida e-mail : [email protected] moto , Japan. Higashi U , Takahisa S , Takatsugu Y and Akihiko T An Empirical Relationship between Ground-surface Temperature and Heat-discharge Rate on Steaming Ground : Field Experiments Using IR Thermometer and Ice Box Calorimetry Q T Q Q Q T T T Q T Q T, Q C T C C, Q T Q Key words , , , /. ,**3 / +33 ,*2 /*. + 0.+ -0 /,2* ,**2 +, 2 ,**3 3 + $ /+ , # ,,* 32- *2., + - +/ 203 +.*. /,2* + - +/ 32- *2., 203 +.*. 2+* **/, + , -0 -11 +1++ 0.+ -0 + , -0 2+* **/, 203 ,03/ /*. + -11 +1++ $ 203 ,03/ * * * * *

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Page 1: An Empirical Relationship between Ground-surface ... ˘ˇ ˆ˙˝˛ˇ˚˜ ˇ˛ !"# $% & ’()*+,-. ˝/$01234# 567# 8˝ 9:0;< =˝ ˝$% 0> 5?@ a˜bc 9:d! 80efgh5 0 i j klbm!/niopqr

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CHIDA ATO AMASHITA ERADA

( )

Sendai District Meteorological Observatory, Japan Mete-

Mitigation, JMA, Miyaji, Ichinomiya, Aso, Kuma-

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kusatsu, Gunma

Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University,

steaming ground, Ice Box Calorimetry, IR thermometer, heat-discharge rate, ground surface temperature

The heat balance model can be used to readily calculate the total heat-discharge rate through steaming ground

based on the distribution of surface temperature obtained by an infrared radiation (IR) thermometer. This

method is convenient ; however, the model involves some critical assumptions and large uncertainties. With the

aim of developing a simple method for reliable measurements of the total heat-discharge rate, we carried out field

experiments at the geothermal field of Yoshioka hot springs, Aso volcano, Japan. To directly measure the

heat-discharge rate at each measurement site, we used Ice Box Calorimetry (IBC), which can be used to measure

the combined conductive and convective heat-discharge rate, (W/m ), from the ground surface, based on the

time required to melt ice housed within an aluminum box placed on the ground. At the same time, we used an

IR thermometer to measure the ground-surface temperature, ( ), at each site. Our observations revealed the

relationship between the heat-discharge rate anomaly ( ) and the temperature anomaly (

), where and were the average ground-surface temperature and the average heat-discharge rate outside the

geothermal area, respectively. Although the obtained data show a degree of scatter, the value of increases

almost linearly with consistent with the heat balance model : , where is the proportional

coe cient, which is estimated to be (W/m / ) from the least squares method. We consider that this

empirical relationship is applicable in obtaining accurate estimates of the total heat-discharge rate from steaming

ground. To assess the reliability of the linear relation and determine appropriate values of it would be

necessary to conduct additional accurate, simultaneous observations of and at sites on many di erent

volcanoes and under various meteorological conditions. Furthermore, we carried out measurements when the

ground surface was wet due to rainfall. As a result, we obtained of W/m , larger than the value obtained

with a dry ground surface. This experiment suggests that the presence of rainwater enhances heat convection,

including latent heat, near the ground surface.

:

orological Agency (JMA), Gorin, Miyagino-

ku, Sendai , Japan. Kawayo, Minami-Aso, Kumamoto , Japan.

:

Fukuoka District Meteorological Observatory, JMA, Present address. Volcanic Fluid Research Center,

Oohori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka , Japan.

, Japan.

Aso Local Cooperative O ce for Volcanic Disaster Corresponding author : Higashi Uchida

e-mail : [email protected]

moto , Japan.

Higashi U , Takahisa S , Takatsugu Y and Akihiko T

An Empirical Relationship between Ground-surface Temperature and Heat-discharge Rate on

Steaming Ground: Field Experiments Using IR Thermometer and Ice Box Calorimetry

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obtained geothermal heat fluxes (W/m ) and (W/m ). The ground-surface temperatures ( ) and

( ) were measured using an IR thermometer. and are the values observed outside of the

geothermal field. ( ) represents the temperature at cm depth, as obtained from a thermistor.

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Fig. . (a) Example of the placement of ice boxes at the site X . To measure Ice Box A was placed on

the ground surface. To estimate we placed Ice Box B on a thermal insulation mat close to the original

measurement site (A). (b) Infrared image of the area around Ice Box A. The ground-surface

temperature at X was estimated to be , which was the mean temperature under the white line

indicated in Fig. (b).

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W m

( ). Open circles indicate the data obtained

at an area located outside of the geothermal field..

The solid line indicates the best-fit line obtained

using the least squares method, taking into accountFig.

data collected within the geothermal field. The

arrow indicates the air temperature at the time

when the observations on the geothermal field

were carried out. The horizontal and verticalg

dashed lines indicate of W/m and of

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Matsushima, N. ( ) Mathematical simulation of magma-

monitoring of volcanoes by satellite.

sensing. development of a new geothermal field in .

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output directly measured in fumaroles : the observed var- surface. , .

iations at Vulcano Island, Italy, between and . ( )

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Terada, A., Kagiyama, T. and Oshima, H. ( ) Ice Box

hydrothermal activity associated with the eruption Calorimetry : a useful method for estimating heat dis-

of Usu volcano. , . charge rates through steaming ground.

Oppenheimer, C.M.M. and Rothery, D.A. ( ) Infrared , .

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Sekioka, M. ( ) Proposal of a convenient version of the V .

heat balance technique estimating heat flux on geother- Terada, A. and Sudo, Y. ( ) Geothermal activity within

mal and volcanic fields by means of infrared remote

, . submitted.

Sekioka, M. and Yuhara, K. ( ) Heat flux estimation in

geothermal areas based on the heat balance of the ground

J. Geol. Soc., London,

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