an efficient design of corrugated horn antenna
TRANSCRIPT
Page 1 of 25
An Efficient Design of Corrugated Horn Antenna
Ph.D. Synopsis
Submitted to
Gujarat Technological University
For The Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
PRASHANT D. SACHANIYA
Enrolment No: 159997111010 (EC Engineering)
Supervisor
Dr. Jagdishkumar M. Rathod,
Professor,
Electronics Department,
B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand
DPC Members
Dr. Trushit Upadhyaya, Professor, CHARUSAT, Changa
Dr. Sarman K. Hadia, Associate Professor, GTU Graduate School of
Engineering & Technology, Ahmedabad
Page 2 of 25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Contents Page
No.
1. Title of the thesis 1
2. Table of Contents 2
3. Abstract 3
4. Brief description on the state of the art of the research topic 4
5. Definition of the Problem 8
6. Objective and Scope of work 9
7. Original contribution by the thesis 9
8. Methodology of Research, Results / Comparisons 10
9. Achievements with respect to objectives 17
10. Testing of Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn 18
11. Objective V/S Simulated V/S Fabricated design 19
12. Conclusion 19
13. Publications 21
14. References 21
Page 3 of 25
1. Abstract
In satellite communication technology, the great demands in future technology are wideband
antennas, which give high bandwidth, more directive gain, less cross-polarization, and good
beam symmetry. For this reason, the horn antenna is the better choice. A horn antenna is very
advantageous to achieve high gain and good radiation efficiency. Although horn antennas have
numerous disadvantages, many techniques have been investigated and suggested for horn
antennas to overcome these disadvantages. One approach is the different structure of the horn
antenna, and it is a corrugated horn antenna.
In this thesis, the main research work focused on the novel design of the corrugated horn
antenna, which will be optimizing the different antenna parameters. In the corrugated horn
antenna, numerous research was carried out to optimize one or two antenna parameters. The
available corrugated horn antenna works with only particular applications, and the same
antenna cannot work with different applications due to parametric limitations. The proposed
corrugated horn antenna uses the advantage of two different profiled corrugated horn antennas
in a single structure. The proposed corrugated horn antenna was designed with axial
corrugation profile and gaussian corrugation profile. The designed proposed corrugated horn
antenna name as "Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna (ACGPHA)”. The
proposed corrugated horn antenna designed at 2.4 GHz and its wide bandwidth performance
over S-Band (2-4 GHz) applications. The designed axially corrugated gaussian profiled horn
antenna gives a better result of its all antenna parameters like gain, directive radiation pattern,
cross polarization, beam symmetry, wide bandwidth performance with size compactness. Due
to this reason, axially corrugated gaussian profiled horn antenna is defining as an efficient
design of corrugated horn antenna. The proposed axially corrugated gaussian profile horn
simulated at 2.48 GHz. The simulated result of gain is 14.27 dB, VSWR of 1.10, S11 of -26.17
dB, cross-polarization of -35.87 dB, beam symmetry of ±50 (100) degree and bandwidth of 66
% obtained. The measured result at 2.48 GHz of gain is 16.28 dBi, which is greater than the
simulated value due to the additional length of waveguide transition at the input side of the
corrugated horn. The measured value of S11 was -21.37 dB, and a cross-polarization of -30.34
dB is obtained. The measured result of the proposed corrugated horn is precisely matched with
the simulation design result. The invented design model of the proposed axially corrugated
horn antenna can work with all the design frequencies of the band by replacing the value of
lambda.
Page 4 of 25
2. Brief description on the state of the art of the research topic
In India, most satellite communication is carried out on the L and S-band due to its weather
conditions. For satellite communication, there is a high directive gain, and a wideband antenna
is required. The horn antenna gives better results in terms of gain and wide bandwidth
performance. Several types of horn antenna exist for efficient satellite communication. There
is one efficient structure of the horn antenna, and It is called Corrugated Horn Antenna; why it
is called "corrugated" because the inside wall is manufactured in a succession of "slots" and
"teeth" [1]. Corrugated horn antenna can propagate specific hybrid modes (Combination of TE
& TM mode) to produce radiation patterns with extremely good beam symmetry with low
cross-polarization levels, high beam efficiency with very low side lobes, and the potential for
wide-bandwidth performance [2-3]. Corrugated Horn Antenna is used as a direct feed antenna
for moderate gain applications and is used with a parabolic reflector antenna for achieving high
gain applications. Corrugated Horn is called as a gold antenna amongst all feed antenna [4].
Corrugated horn antennas are used in radar surveying, satellite communications, target
detection, radio astronomy, national security, microwave remote sensing, weather radar, and
the reflector antenna [4-6].
The Granet et al. presented the basic concept about corrugated horn antenna, design, parame-
ters, mode converter, and different types of corrugation profile [1]. Olver et al. described the
theory, design, performance and application of microwave feed horn for reflector antenna [2].
Clarricoats et al. reviewed the book on the corrugated horn for microwave antenna. In this book,
the theory, design, manufacture, horns of non-circular cross-section & historical background
are given [3]. Lamb et al. presented the design concept used in the development of the optical
layout of the receiver, properties of optical elements are reviewed & the suitability of various
types of the optical component was discussed [4]. Biao D. et al. presented the formula for de-
signing a corrugated horn antenna. The given formula is not only suitable for the corrugated
horn with single depth & dual depth corrugation but also suitable for the corrugation horns with
more depth corrugation, single V-shaped slots, dual V-shaped slots, single ring loaded slot, and
dual ring loaded slots [5]. T. L. Zhang et al. investigated a new design of corrugated horn an-
tenna & shaped reflector antennas. The invented design gives better results compared to con-
ventional reflectors and feed antennas [6]. A. F. Kay investigated the novel design of feed horn
antenna. It has low noise, broadband performance & high aperture efficiency [7]. A. J. Simons
et al. presented the novel design of high-performance feed for large paraboloidal reflector an-
tennas [8]. H. C. Minnett et al. investigated hybrid mode corrugated horn antenna using vertical
slots. It is capable of carrying two and three hybrid mode generation [9]. H. C. Minnett et al.
Page 5 of 25
presented the mathematical formula for propagation and radiation behaviour of corrugated
feeds. In this paper, a detailed analysis of corrugated horns was given [10].
C. G. Parini et al. investigated the cross-polar radiation pattern of corrugated waveguides the-
oretically and experimentally. Also, the theory of waveguide flange angle & higher-order mode
is given in this paper [11]. Hass Alexander et al. & Microwaves and Radar Institute is devel-
oping a steerable Cassegrain antenna and a frequency range between 8 GHz to 12.4 GHz. The
Return loss lies below -20 dB for the frequency sweep of 8 GHz to 12.4 GHz. The length of
the horn 52.5 cm, and the aperture radius 13.9 cm [12]. Wang et al. presented THz corrugated
horn antenna which was operating at 191 GHz and it has a gain of 9.8 dB, return loss of -31.2
dB, and VSWR is 1.04. The size of the silicon substrate designed antenna is 5000um x 5000um
x750um; the size of the rectangular waveguide size is 863.6um x 43l.8 um x 2500um, the width
of the horn aperture 4000 um. The corrugated groove's size loaded on the outer surface of the
antenna is 70um x 750um x 200um, and the periodic interval between the corrugated slots is
l20um [13]. Makwana Balvant et al. designed multimode corrugated feed for 7.25 GHz. The
higher-order modes TE21 and TM11 are generated in proper phase and magnitude in addition to
the dominant, TE11 mode, which is passed through the corrugated structure to generate HE11
and HE21 modes. The feed was then used as a source to illuminate the aperture of offset para-
bolic reflector antenna having an offset angle of 90 degree and minimal F/D of 0.4. The sec-
ondary patterns were simulated using the method of the physical optic. A significant reduction
in cross-polarization is obtained compared to the illumination of offset reflector by conven-
tional corrugated feed [14]. Johannes E. Mckay et al. presented higher-order modes HE11, HE12,
and HE13 generated corrugated horn antenna. Two different designs of corrugated horn are
presented for the gain of 20 dBi. The first was designed to improve sidelobe minimization with
a length of only 15.6λ long with -60 dB cross-polarization. The second was designed to opti-
mize the horn's size further, and it is 4.8λ long with a cross-polarization level of -35 dB. The
proposed design of the horn works at 94 GHz with a 20% bandwidth [15].
Hon Ching Moy-Li et al. presented the use of a 3-layer 5×5 Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS)
to enhance the Gain of a horn antenna with radial corrugations. The directivity of 3.78 dB and
the length of the antenna is 1.32λ at 20.45GHz [16]. Gupta Jay Vishnu et al. presented the
development of the ANFIS based CAD model to design a compact axial corrugated horn
antenna. It was demonstrated that, once the ANFIS model is properly trained, the horn can be
easily designed with less processing time, minimum computational resources, and with high
accuracy. The antenna was designed at 15 GHz, and the check result between 12 to 18 GHz.
The proposed model were ao = 46.5 mm, Ltotal = 79.1 mm, N = 15, w = 1.97mm, t = 0.49 mm
[17]. Junbo Wang et al. presented the 94GHz compact tanh/linear profiled horn and it has
Page 6 of 25
achieved a 50dB level of side lobes and -64 dB level of cross-polarization, which is suitable
for the high-performance reflector applications systems [18]. Yang Wu et al. presented the two
different wideband corrugated horns for the square kilometer array, operating between 2.8 GHz
to 5.18 GHz. First, the wide flare horn was designed using available equations and methods,
but the results are not acceptable. The second design is compact, and it is well work with a
higher frequency. The newly designed corrugated horn has a return loss of 20 dB at 2.8 GHz.
The result shows that the aperture efficiency is above 86 % and achieved well over the whole
band [19]. Pengyu Zhang et al. investigated the modal matching method used for axially
dielectric rod loaded corrugated horn antenna. The rexolite loaded axially corrugated horn was
investigated for the frequency sweep between 17 GHz to 33 GHz. The improved result of gain,
return loss, and cross-polarization was obtained in this design [20].
Gonzalo et al. presented the gaussian profile corrugated horn. Higher conversion efficiency
was obtained in the throat region due to the geometrical Gaussian profile. The newly designed
Gaussian profile corrugated horn gives the better result of cross-polarization and beam sym-
metry. The proposed Gaussian profile corrugated horn is designed for HISPASAT 1C and HIS-
PASAT 1D satellite [21]. A. C. Ludwig presented the three different definitions of cross-po-
larization. The definition was discussed for several applications [22]. C. A. Balanis presented
the book on “antenna theory: analysis & design. In the chapter, a high gain antenna and the
theory of corrugated horn antenna are presented [23]. C. Granet presented the different types
of corrugation profiles with their design equations [24]. G. L. James presented TE11 to HE11
mode converter using a circular waveguide. The mode converter consists of only five slots and
achieves return loss better than 30 dB over the band 2.7 < Ka < 3.8 [25]. Mun Seok Choe et al.
investigated mode transition behaviour from half to quarter wavelength in F-band (90-140
GHz) TE11 to HE11 converter of varying corrugation depths [26]. Salimi et al. presented a com-
pact circular corrugated horn antenna with low sidelobe level generation. In this design Gauss-
ian profile of corrugation is used. This paper achieved a -50 dB cross-polarization level [27].
Mac A. et al. presented the design of a corrugated conical horn antenna. The wideband & nar-
rowband horns are considered. The result comparison of the wideband and narrowband horn
was presented [28]. Wang et al. designed a tanh profiled corrugated horn antenna. The invented
design obtained -40 dB side lobe level & -58 dB cross-polarization level at 322 GHz [29].Zhao
et al. presented the miniaturization design of corrugated horn for Ka-band. It has vertical &
horizontal corrugation slots. Due to this method the size of the horn antenna was reduced [30].
Abbas Azimi et al. presented the new compact design of a wide bandwidth corrugated horn
antenna. The antenna was designed over 8 to 18 GHz. The VSWR of the said antenna was less
than 1.85 over the entire bandwidth. The antenna gain increased from 12.5 dB to 16 dB [31].
Page 7 of 25
Soares et al. were designed a corrugated horn for the CosmoGal satellite. The mission will
collect the radiation of the cosmic microwave background by a radiometer in three different
radio astronomy frequency bands (10.6-10.7 GHz, 15.35-15.4 GHz, and 23.6 GHz-24 GHz).
The directivity of 23 dBi, sidelobe level below -35 dB & cross-polarization below -45 dB was
obtained [32]. McElhinney et al. were constructed a quasi-optical corrugated horn antenna. The
horns convert a cylindrical TE11 mode into free space TEM00 mode over the frequency band of
84 to 104 GHz. The design gets a reflection of -35 dB & Gaussian coupling efficiency of 97.8%
[33]. Teniente et al. presented a combined structure of horizontal and vertical corrugation slot-
ted corrugated horn antenna. The designed antenna gives wider bandwidth performance [34].
Yang C. et al. presented a tri-pin, tri-mode corrugated horn antenna. The designed antenna
improves the cross-polarization of 30.5 dB to 48.2 dB [35]. Zeng L. et al. were invented wide-
band profiled corrugated feed horns for multichroic application. This feed horn has a return
loss of -25 dB & cross-polarization of -30 dB. The performance is close to the ring-loaded
corrugated horn antenna. It is easy to fabricate at millimeter wavelengths [36]. Schwerthoeffer
et al. presented the relationship between Gaussian beam and reflector antennas. Also, the con-
ical corrugated horn antenna works between 26.5 to 40 GHz [37]. Addamo G. et al. presented
a reduced-order method based on the Krylov subspace concept and singular value decomposi-
tion for the analysis of conical corrugated horn antenna. The designed wideband corrugated
horn antenna works on Ka-band [38]. Tao Hong et al. present a large aperture conical corru-
gated horn with a sine profile. It is the compact version of a corrugated horn antenna. The
designed antenna has a VSWR of less than 1.15 in working band (32, 35 & 38 GHz) [39]. B.
M. Thomas et al. investigated the procedure for the design of wideband corrugated conical
horn. In this design ring loaded slot mode converter is used. The horn flare angle of 30° was
selected for optimum configuration. It has been shown that a return loss is better than 30 dB
and cross-polar level -30 dB was achieved for a bandwidth ratio of 2.1:1 [40].
G. G. Gentili et al. have analyzed dual profile corrugated circular waveguide horn. In this paper,
the phase center of the horn can be successfully controlled by varying the exponential profile
length and its variations with frequency are considerably smaller than that of linear profile
horns [41]. Gupta Jay Vishnu et al. presented the proposed U-band hybrid corrugated horn
antenna & it achieved similar performance to that of the conventional corrugated horn antenna.
The paper also includes the sensitivity analysis & issue that conventional corrugated horns
facing while fabrication [42]. Mohammad Hossein Roshan Zamir et al. investigated a new de-
sign of TE11 to HE11 mode converter for corrugated horn antenna. The mode converter with
novel slots provides low reflection compared to all mode converters. In this design bandwidth
ratio of 2:1 with return loss better than 25 dB is possible [43]. Giuseooe Addamo et al. presented
Page 8 of 25
the design of a compact dual-band circular corrugated horn for satellite application in the Ku/K
band. The designed horn antenna works in the transmission mode on [10.7, 12.75] & [17.7,
21.2] GHz & in the receiver band [13.0, 14.5] GHz [44]. Jia-chi Samuel chieh et al. were pre-
sented the development of a Ku band (10-16 GHz) corrugated conical horn antenna using 3-D
print technology or stereolithography. The antenna is printed using ABS, a thermoplastic, and
then coated with conductive paint. The designed antenna achieves a gain of 19.6 dBi at 16 GHz.
The VSWR remains 1 to 1.92 for 11 to 18 GHz [45]. Dhaval Pujara et al. presented the devel-
opment of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) based model for predicting the
performance of pyramidal and conical corrugated horn antenna. The advantage of the proposed
model takes less time & minimum computational resources compared to convention testing
software [46]. L. J. Foged et al. discuss the achievable performance & limitations of wideband
probes with multiple corrugated apertures. The design aperture covering up to 1:2 bandwidth
in the L to Ka-band range [47]. S. B. Sharma et al. presented the design & radiation character-
istics of a dual-mode corrugated matched feed horn. This type of feed improves the cross-po-
larization of an offset reflector antenna. In this design higher-order, HE21 mode is added with
HE11 mode to configure a dual-mode corrugated horn antenna [48].
3. Definition of the Problem
The main objectives of the research work are to optimize the different parameters of Corrugated
Horn Antenna so that the efficient design of corrugated horn antenna will work with all required
applications and the design model of Corrugated Horn Antenna can fit with all frequency band
of applications. The research title defined as:
“An Efficient Design of Corrugated Horn Antenna”
Page 9 of 25
4. Objective and Scope of work
The main objectives of the research work are to optimize the different parameters of the
Corrugated Horn Antenna, and these are defined in the below table:
4.1. Objectives of the Proposed Corrugated Horn Antenna
Sr. No. Antenna Parameters Objective Value of the Proposed Design
1. Gain Greater Than 10 dB
2. Frequency Band S Band (2-4 GHz)
3. VSWR 1
4. S11 Parameter Better than -20dB
5. Cross Polarization Better than -20dB
6. Beam Symmetry ±20 degree (40 degree)
7. Bandwidth Greater than 20%
8. Size Compact
9. Fabrication Difficulty Should be less
10. Cost Less to medium
11. Application Design model should work with All Frequency band
of Applications.
5. Original contribution by the thesis
In this thesis, five different types of corrugated horn antenna are designed and simulated using
ANSIS HFSS software. The details of each corrugated horn antennas are given below:
5.1. Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
5.2. Axially Corrugated Horn Antenna
5.3 Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
5.4 Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
5.5 Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (Dual Profiled Corrugated
Horn Antenna)
Page 10 of 25
6. Methodology of Research & Results Comparisons
6.1 Methodology of Research
Fig. 1 Flow of Research Methodology applied for designing a Corrugated Horn
6.2 Results & Design Comparison
The structure of Corrugated Horn antenna divides in mainly three parts:
1. Input wave guide
2. Mode converter
3. Corrugation profile.
The basic constructional view of corrugated horn Antenna shown in Fig.1
Fig. 2 Basic Structure of Corrugated Horn Antenna [1]
Selection of Frequency band, Cut-
off Frequency and Application
Selection of Shape of Horn
Antenna
Design of Mode Converter
(TE11 to HE11)
Design & Optimize the Linear
Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Design & Optimize the Axial
Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Design & Optimize the Compact
Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Design & Optimize the Gaussian
Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Proposed Axially Corrugated
Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna
Optimize the different antenna
parameters of ACGPHA
Compare Proposed Antenna with
previous research paper/work
Page 11 of 25
6.2.1. Input Waveguide:
There are two methods available for the selection of waveguide:
Method 1: Input radius ai=3λ/2π
Method 2: EIA standard waveguide selection
6.2.2. Mode Converter:
In this design of Corrugated Horn Antenna, the circular waveguide select as an input
waveguide. The circular waveguide has TE11 as a dominant mode for wave propagation. The
corrugation profiled part has required propagating Hybrid mode (HE11) for wave propagation.
That is why the second part of the corrugated horn antenna is a Mode converter. Here in this
research work, the TE11 to HE11 mode converter is required to smooth transition between two
different modes.
There are three types of mode converter available for hybrid mode conversion:
1. Variable depth slot mode converter.
2. Variable pitch to width slot mode converter.
3. Ring loaded slot mode converter.
The variable depth slot mode converter is widely used and simple to construct TE11 to HE11
mode converter. Variable pitch to width mode converter does not satisfy the design criterion of
S-Band frequency. Ring loaded slot mode converter gives a little bit better result compare to
Variable depth slot mode converter, but it has a large design difficulty. The Variable depth slot
mode converter is used as a main TE11 to HE11 mode converter to design a proposed design of
corrugated horn antenna.
6.2.3. Corrugation Profile:
There is numerous research work already carried out for the different types of Corrugation
profiles. In this thesis, three corrugated profiles are used as a final optimized design of
corrugated horn antennas. These are linear profile, axial profile, and Gaussian profile
corrugation part.
There are five different proposed corrugated horn antennas designed and simulated to find out
the final, efficient design of corrugated horn antennas.
Page 12 of 25
6.2.3.1. Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (LPCHA)
There is a simple profile corrugated horn antenna is Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna,
and it is widely used Corrugated Profiled in designing a Corrugated Horn antenna. The
proposed LPCH at design frequency 2.48 GHz is shown in Fig. 3. The S11 Parameter of LPCH
is shown in Fig.4. It is -24.1008 dB at 2.48 GHz and below -23 dB for the entire S-Band. The
Gain, Cross Polarization, and Beam Symmetry of Proposed LPCH are 20.6049 dBi, -30.952
dB, and ± 30 degrees (60 degrees) at 2.48 GHz shown in Fig.5. The 3D radiation pattern of
LPCH is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 3 Side, Top and 3D view of Proposed Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 4 S11 Parameter Proposed Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 5 Gain, Cross Pol. & 3D Radiation Pattern of Proposed Linear Profiled Corrugated Horn
Page 13 of 25
6.2.3.2. Axial Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (APCHA)
Axially corrugated horn antenna is the compact profiled of a corrugated horn antenna, and it is
provided gain up to 10 to 15 dBi. The main characteristics of axially corrugated horn antenna
are to provide size compactness with good radiation efficiency. The proposed axially profiled
corrugated horn antenna is in Fig. 6. The S11 Parameter of APCH is in Fig.7, and it is -19.6921
dB at 2.48 GHz and below -20 dB for the entire S-Band. The Gain, Cross Polarization, and
Beam Symmetry of Proposed LPCH are 15.1661 dB, -15.1661 dB, and ±10 degrees (20
degrees) at 2.48 GHz shown in Fig.8. The 3D radiation pattern of APCH is in Fig. 8.
Fig. 6 Side, Top and 3D view of Proposed Axial Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 7 S11 Parameter of Proposed Axial Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 8 Gain, Cross Pol. & 3D Radiation Pattern of Proposed Axial Profiled Corrugated Horn
Page 14 of 25
6.2.3.3 Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (CPCHA)
The Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn has the advantage of size compactness with good beam
symmetry. The proposed Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn antenna is shown in Fig. 9. The
S11 Parameter of CPCH is shown in Fig. 10. It is -22.6486 dB at 2.48 GHz and below -10 dB
for the entire S-Band. The Gain, Cross Polarization, and Beam Symmetry of Proposed CPCH
are 16.2787 dB, -33.7292 dB, and ± 40 degrees (80 degrees) at 2.48 GHz shown in Fig. 11. The
3D radiation pattern of CPCH is shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 9 Side, Top and 3D view of Proposed Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 10 S11 Parameter of Proposed Compact Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 11 Gain, Cross Polarization & 3D Radiation Pattern of Proposed Compact Profiled
Corrugated Horn
Page 15 of 25
6.2.3.4 Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (GPCHA)
Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn has provided a fair value of cross-polarization and good
beam symmetry. The proposed Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn antenna is shown in Fig.
12. The S11 Parameter of GPCH is shown in Fig.13. It is -30.2966 dB at 2.48 GHz and below -
25 dB for the entire S-Band. The Gain, Cross Polarization, and Beam Symmetry of Proposed
GPCH are 16.8229 dB, -29.8614 dB, and ± 40 degrees (80 degrees) at 2.48 GHz shown in
Fig.14. The 3D radiation pattern of GPCH is shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 12 Side, Top and 3D view of Proposed Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 13 S11 Parameter of Proposed Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna
Fig. 14 Gain, Cross Pol. & 3D Radiation Patt. of Proposed Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn
Page 16 of 25
6.2.3.5 Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn Antenna (ACGPHA)
The Proposed Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn antenna is a dual profiled corrugated
horn antenna. It is consists of an axially profile corrugated horn antenna, and Gaussian profiled
corrugated horn antenna. The Axially profiled corrugated horn antenna has an advantage of
size compactness and good radiation pattern. The Axially corrugated horn is described in
section 6.2.3.2. The Gaussian profiled corrugated antenna has a lower value of cross-
polarization and good beam symmetry, designed and simulated in section 6.2.3.4. The
advantage of both profiled used in a single structure is a proposed design of the efficient design
of corrugated horn antenna, i.e., Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna.
The proposed Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna is shown in Fig. 15. The
S11 Parameter of ACGPH is shown in Fig.16. It is -26.1751 dB at 2.48 GHz and below -20 dB
for the entire S-Band. The Gain, Cross Polarization, and Beam Symmetry of Proposed ACGPH
are 14.2743 dB, -35.8704 dB, and ± 50 degrees (100 degrees) at 2.48 GHz shown in Fig.17.
The 3D radiation pattern of ACGPH is shown in Fig. 17, and there is a lower value of side and
back-lobe.
Fig. 15 Side, Top and 3D view of Proposed Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Corrugated
Horn
Fig. 16 S11 Parameter of Proposed Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn
Page 17 of 25
Fig. 17 Gain, Cross Polarization & 3D Radiation Pattern of Proposed Axially Corrugated
Gaussian Profiled Corrugated Horn
7. Achievements with respect to objectives
7.1 Comparison between Proposed Designs of Corrugated Horn Antennas
Antenna
Parameters
Linear
Profiled
Corrugated
Horn
(LPCH)
Axial
Profiled
Corrugated
Horn
(APCH)
Compact
Profiled
Corrugated
Horn
(CPCH)
Gaussian
Profiled
Corrugated
Horn
(GPCH)
Axially
Corrugated
Gaussian
Profiled
Horn
(ACGPH)
VSWR 1.1330 1.2312 1.1592 1.0630 1.1033
S11
Parameter -24.1008 dB -19.6921 dB -22.6486 dB -30.2966 dB -26.1751 dB
Gain 20.6049 dB
(20 dB)
15.1661 dB
(15 dB)
16.2787 dB
(16 dB)
16.8229 dB
(15 dB)
14.2743 dB
(15 dB)
Cross
Polarization -50.2376 dB - 15.5931 dB -33.7292 dB -29.8614 dB -35.8701 dB
Beam
Symmetry
±25 Degree
(50 Degree)
±10 Degree
(20 Degree)
±40 Degree
(80 Degree)
±35 Degree
(70 Degree)
±50 Degree
(100 Degree)
Length of an
Antenna 656.40 mm 152.37 mm 828.66 mm 425.00 mm 316.50 mm
No. of
Corrugation 30 10 12 25 15
Aperture
Radius 268.28 mm 210.16 mm 153.21 mm 206.68 mm 158.4 mm
Fabrication
Difficulties Difficult Easy Easy Medium Medium
Page 18 of 25
7.2 Design dimension of Proposed Efficient Design of Corrugated Horn Antenna: ACGPHA
Sr. No. Design Parameters Design Value
1. Input Circular Waveguide (ai) WG 451 (57.29mm)
2. Mode Converter (TE11 to HE11) Variable Depth Slot Mode Converter
3. Corrugation Profile Dual Profile (Axially + Gaussian)
4. No. of Slots (NSlots) (3+12) = 15 Slots
5. Profile Angle (θ) 45 Degree
6. Pitch to width ratio (δ) 0.72
7. Length (L) 316.5 mm
8. Aperture Radius (ao) 158.4 mm
9. Material Aluminum
8. Testing of Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna
The proposed corrugated horn antenna was tested using Vector Network Analyser for
return loss measurement. The Anechoic Chamber is used to test the gain, radiation pattern,
and cross-polarization of the corrugated horn antenna. The value of return loss is measured
in Vector Network Analyser, and the photographs are shown in Fig. 18.
Fig. 18 Testing of Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna using Vector Network
Analyser
The result of the gain, radiation pattern, and cross-polarization is obtained from the testing
proposed axially corrugated horn antenna in Anechoic Chamber. The photograph of testing
a corrugated horn antenna is shown in Fig. 19 and 20.
Page 19 of 25
Fig. 19 Standard Pyramidal horn as a
transmitter for testing of an antenna
Fig. 20 Axially Corrugated Gaussian Profile
Horn as a Receiver in the testing of an
antenna
9. Objective design V/S Simulated design V/S Fabricated design
Antenna
Parameters Objective Design Simulated Design Fabricated Design
Design Frequency 2.48 GHz 2.48 GHz 2.48 GHz
Frequency Band S-Band (2-4 GHz) S-Band (2-4 GHz) S-Band (2-4 GHz)
Gain > 10 dB 14.2743 dB (15 dB) 16.28 dB (15 dB)
VSWR 1 1.1033 (2.48 GHz) 1.1867 (2.48 GHz)
S11 Parameter > -20 dB -26.17 dB (2.48 GHz) -21.37 dB (2.48 GHz)
Cross Polarization > -20 dB -35.87 dB (2.48 GHz) -30.34 dB (2.48 GHz)
Length of Horn Compact 316.80 mm (≈2.6λ) 545 mm (≈4.4λ)
Aperture of Horn Compact 158.4 mm (≈1.3λ) 196.5 mm (≈1.6λ)
Bandwidth (%) 20 % 66.66% 60%
Fabrication
Difficulties Less to Medium
Medium
(p=15.1mm, w=10.9
mm, t=4.2 mm)
Medium
(p=15mm, w=11 mm,
t=4 mm)
Cost Less to Medium Approx. 1 Lac. INR 85,000/- INR
10. Conclusion
There are five designs of the proposed corrugated horn are presented in this research
work. The proposed design of corrugated horn was designed at 2.48 GHz and optimized
for the whole S-Band (2-4 GHz).
The first design, linear profiled corrugated horn was very simple to construct and the
most widely used corrugation profile. There was a number of optimization carried out
Page 20 of 25
for the excellent result of antenna parameters. The linear profiled corrugated horn had
an excellent result of S11, gain, directive radiation pattern, but that had only one main
disadvantage of larger length (≈6λ). So alternate profile was used for the size compact-
ness.
There was a two different design of proposed corrugated horn antenna designed and
simulated for the size compactness. There was an axial profile corrugated horn and
compact profile corrugated horn antenna.
The axial profiled corrugated horn was small in dimensions, but it had a limited gain,
cross-polarization, and beam symmetry. The compact profiled corrugated horn had a
fair value of S11, gain, directive radiation pattern but it had a compromised value of
cross-polarization and beam symmetry. In both compact profiles, there was an issue
with cross-polarization and beam symmetry.
To improve the value of cross-polarization and beam symmetry, the Gaussian profile
horn was designed and it had given the good value of gain, directive radiation pattern,
cross-polarization, and beam symmetry but it had only one disadvantage of larger
length.
The next task was to implement an axial profile and gaussian profile in a corrugation
horn antenna. The axial profile corrugated horn has an advantage of size compactness
while the gaussian profile has an advantage of high gain, good value of cross-polariza-
tion, and beam symmetry. The combined structure of corrugated horn was invented to
optimize all the objectives parameters of an efficient design of corrugated horn antenna.
The proposed axially corrugated gaussian profile corrugated horn is the combination of
two profiles and this design gets optimum results in terms of all mentioned antenna
parameters. At the design frequency (2.48 GHz), the simulated result of gain was 14.27
dB, VSWR of 1.10, S11 of -26.17 dB, cross-polarization of -35.87 dB, beam symmetry
of ±50 (100) degree and bandwidth of 66 % obtained. The measured result at 2.4 GHz
had a gain of 16.28 dB, which was greater than the simulated value due to the additional
length of waveguide transition at the input side of the corrugated horn. The measured
value of S11 was -21.37 dB, and a cross-polarization of -30.34 dB was obtained. The
proposed corrugated horn also works with the entire S-band. The result of simulated
and measured was almost the same so that it can be defined as an efficient design of
corrugated horn antenna.
The simulated design of the proposed axially corrugated gaussian profile horn has a
length of 2.6λ long and the aperture radius of 1.3λ long while the fabricated design has
Page 21 of 25
a length of 4.4λ and aperture radius of 1.6λ. So proposed corrugated horn is compact
compared to the available corrugated horn antenna.
The invented design model of the proposed axially corrugated gaussian profiled horn
antenna can work with all the band frequency by replacing the value of λ.
11. Publications
Paper Published
[1] Prashant D. Sachaniya, Honey Dhandhukia, Jagdish M. Rathod. "Review and Analyze Low
Cross Polarized Feed for Offset Parabolic Reflector Antenna for S-Band Application.” Journal
of Communication Engineering & Systems. 2018; 8(3): 30–36p. [ISSN: 2249-8613 (Online),
ISSN: 2321-5151 (Print)] - (UGC Approved)
[2] Sachaniya Prashant, Siddharth Shah, and Jagdish Rathod. "Hybrid Feed Horn for S-band
Application." 2019 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propagation (InCAP). IEEE,
2019. [DOI: 10.1109/InCAP47789.2019.9134503] - (Scopus Indexed)
[3] Prashant D. Sachaniya, Jagdishkumar M. Rathod, "Miniaturization of asymmetrical
gaussian profiled corrugated horn." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering. Vol. 1070. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021.[DOI:10.1088/1757-
899X/1070/1/012078 - (Scopus Indexed)
Book Chapter
[1] Prashant D. Sachaniya, Jagdishkumar M. Rathod. "Design and Fabrication of Axially
Corrugated Gaussian Profiled Horn Antenna" Smart Antenna: Latest Trends in design and
Application. Springer Book-S219 (Under Publiction Process)
Patent
[1] Prashant Dilipbhai Sachaniya, Jagdishkumar M. Rathod. "Novel Design of Corrugated
Horn Antenna for Satellite Applications" Indian Patent, Application No: 202121004770,
Application date: 03 February 2021. (Published in Journal & Under Review Process)
12. References
[1] Granet, Christophe, and Graeme L. James. "Design of corrugated horns: A primer." IEEE An-
tennas and Propagation Magazine 47.2 (2005): 76-84.
[2] Olver, A. David, and P. J. Clarricoats. Microwave horns and feeds. Vol. 39. IET, 1994.
Page 22 of 25
[3] Clarricoats, Peter John Bell, and A. David Olver. Corrugated horns for microwave antennas.
No. 18. Iet, 1984.
[4] Lamb, James W. "Low-noise, high-efficiency optics design for ALMA receivers." IEEE Trans-
actions on antennas and propagation 51.8 (2003): 2035-2047.
[5] Biao D, Rirong Z, Hanli W, Shuxiang D. "Analysis of N-slot structure corrugated horn." Journal
of Electronics (China) 7.1 (1990): 22-29.
[6] T. L. Zhang, “Researches on shaped reflector antennas and feed systems,” Xi An: Xidian Uni-
versity, January 2011, pp. 47-70.
[7] A. F. Kay, “A wide flare angle horn. A novel feed for low noise broadband and high aperture
efficiency antennas,” US Air force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Rep. 62-757, October
1962.
[8] A. J. Simons and A. F. Kay, “The scalar feed – a high performance feed for large paraboloidal
reflectors,” in IEE Conference, 1966, pp. 213-217.
[9] H. C. Minnett and Mac A. B. Thomas, “A method of synthetizing radiation patterns with axial
symmetry,” IEEE Transactions, AP-14, pp. 654-656, 1966.
[10] H. C. Minnett and Mac A. B. Thomas, “Propagation and radiation behavior of corrugated
feeds,” in Proceedings of IEE, 1972, p. 1280.
[11] C. G. Parini, P. J. B. Clarricoats, and A. D. Olver, “Cross-polar radiation from open ended
corrugated waveguides,” Electronic Letters, 11, p. 567, 1975.
[12] Alexander, Haas, Peichl Markus, and Anger Simon. "Design of wide-band corrugated feed
horn for reflector antenna in radar applications." 2016 German Microwave Conference
(GeMiC). IEEE, 2016.
[13] Wang, Lili, Lan Lei, and Shuhai Wang. "The design of a new H plane corrugated horn antenna
in THz Frequency." 2016 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communica-
tions (ICCC). IEEE, 2016.
[14] Makwana, Balvant J., S. B. Sharma, and Kush Parikh. "A multimode feed for compact offset
parabolic reflector antenna system." 2016 IEEE Indian Antenna Week (IAW 2016). IEEE, 2016.
[15] McKay JE, Robertson DA, Speirs PJ, Hunter RI, Wylde RJ, Smith GM. "Compact corrugated
feed horns with high Gaussian coupling efficiency and -60 dB sidelobes." IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation 64.6 (2016): 2518-2522.
Page 23 of 25
[16] Moy-Li HC, Ferrando-Bataller M, Sánchez-Escuderos D, Baquero-Escudero M. "Band-pass
unit cell for extended low-profile lens over radially-corrugated circular horn." 2016 IEEE In-
ternational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI). IEEE, 2016.
[17] Vishnu, Gupta Jay, Grishma Jani, and Dhaval Pujara. "Design and optimization of a Ku-band
compact axial corrugated horn antenna using ANFIS." 2016 International Symposium on An-
tennas and Propagation (APSYM). IEEE, 2016.
[18] Wang J, Yao Y, Yang C, Liu X, Qi L, Chen Z, Yu J, Chen X. "Design of a 94 GHz compact
corrugated horn with ultra-low sidelobe." 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation (APSURSI). IEEE, 2016.
[19] Wu Y, Xie L, Zhou J, Du B. "Wideband wide flared corrugated horns designed for the Square
Kilometre Array." 2016 IEEE International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology (ICMMT). Vol. 1. IEEE, 2016.
[20] Zhang, Pengyu, Jiaran Qi, and Jinghui Qiu. "Modal-matching-based analysis for axially cor-
rugated dielectric-rod-loaded horn." Radio Science 51.7 (2016): 895-904.
[21] Gonzalo, Ramón, Jorge Teniente, and Carlos del Río. "Improved radiation pattern performance
of Gaussian profiled horn antennas." IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation 50.11
(2002): 1505-1513.
[22] A. C. Ludwig, “The definition of cross-polarization,” IEEE Transactions, AP-21, pp. 116-119,
1973.
[23] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1997.
[24] C. Granet, “Profile Options for Feed Horn Design,” Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Microwave
Conference, Vol. I, 2000, pp. 1448-1452.
[25] G. L. James, “Analysis and Design of TE11 to HE11 Corrugated Cylindrical Waveguide Mode
Converters,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT-29, 1981, pp.
1059- 1066.
[26] Mun Seok Choe, Kwang Hoon Kim EunMi Choi (2013) A comprehensive analysis of a TE11
to HE11 mode converter for an oversized F-band corrugated waveguide, Journal of Electro-
magnetic Waves and Applications, 27:17, 2221-2238.
[27] Salimi, Tohid, Amir Maghoul, and Ali A. Abbasid. "Design of a compact Gaussian profiled
corrugated horn antenna for low sidelobe level applications "International Journal of Computer
Theory and Engineering 5.2 (2013): 223.
Page 24 of 25
[28] Mac A. Thomas B., Design of Corrugated Conical Horns," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, AP-26, 2, March 1978, pp. 367-372.
[29] Wang, Hai Lu, Zejian Liu, Ying Yu, Junsheng Yao, Yuan Liu, Xiaoming Chen, Xiaodong.
"Design of a tanh profiled compact Gaussian corrugated horn for Cassegrain antenna applica-
tion." 2015 Asia-Pacifc Microwave Conference (APMC). Vol. 2. IEEE, 2015.
[30] Zhao, Qiuying He, Huiwen Xi, Leilei Shao, Wenbo. "Miniaturization design of dual-slot cor-
rugated horn antenna on Ka-band." 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communiction
Problem-solving. IEEE, 2014.
[31] Abbas-Azimi, Majid, Farhad Mazlumi, and Fereidoon Behnia. "Design of broadband constant-
beamwidth conical corrugated-horn antennas [Antenna designer's notebook]." IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine 51.5 (2009): 109-114.
[32] Soares, Pedro AG, Pedro Pinho, and C. A. Wuensche. "High performance corrugated horn
antennas for CosmoGal satellite." Procedia Technology 17 (2014): 667-673.
[33] Mcelhinney, Paul Donaldson, C.R. He, W. Zhang, Liang Phelps, A.D.R. Cross, A.W."A high
directivity broadband corrugated horn for W-band gyro-devices." IEEE transactions on anten-
nas and propagation 61.3 (2012): 1453-1456.
[34] Teniente J, Martínez A, Larumbe B, Ibáñez A, Gonzalo R. "Design guidelines of horn antennas
that combine horizontal and vertical corrugations for satellite communications." IEEE Trans-
actions on Antennas and Propagation 63.4 (2015): 1314-1323.
[35] Yang C, Yu J, Yao Y, Liu X, Xu L, Chen X. "Corrugated matched horn with low side-lobes
for high performance offset reflector systems." 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Anten-
nas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2015.
[36] Zeng L, Tong CY, Wollack EJ, Chuss DT. "A wideband profiled corrugated horn for multi-
chroic applications." 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Te-
rahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2015.
[37] Schwerthoeffer, U., H. Adel, and R. Wansch. "Design and implementation of a Ka-band cor-
rugated feed horn for reflector antennas." 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Inter-
national Symposium (APSURSI). IEEE, 2013.
[38] Addamo G, Virone G, Peverini OA, Tascone R, Cecchini P, Orta R. "Analysis and design of
wideband compact corrugated horn." 2009 International Conference on Electromagnetics in
Advanced Applications. IEEE, 2009.
Page 25 of 25
[39] Tao Hong, Jingcheng Zhao, Heng Guo, Minghua Xue, "Design of a large aperture compact
corrugated horn." 2009. IEEE, 2009.
[40] B. M. Thomas, G. L. James and K. J. Greene, "Design of Wide-Band Corrugated Conical
Horns for Cassegrain Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-
34, no. 6, pp. 750-757, June 1986.
[41] G. G. Gentili, E. Martini, R. Nesti and G. Pelosi, "Performance Analysis of Dual Profile Cor-
rugated Circular Waveguide Horns for Radio astronomy Applications", vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 119-
122, April 2001.
[42] Gupta Jay Vishnu, Grishma Jani, Dhaval Pujara, Shreya S. Menon, "U-band hybrid corrugated
horn: An alternative to the conventional radial corrugated horns", Microwave Conference
(APMC) 2017 IEEE Asia Pacific, pp. 853-856, 2017.
[43] Mohammad Hossein Roshan Zamir, Farrokh Hojjat-Kashani, "Stepped corrugation as a new
type of TE11 to HE11 mode converter for corrugated horn antenna", Antennas and Propagation
Conference (LAPC) 2011 Loughborough, pp. 1-4, 2011.
[44] Giuseppe Addamo, Oscar Antonio Peverini, Riccardo Tascone, Giuseppe Virone, Pierluigi
Cecchini, Renato Orta, "A Ku-K Dual-Band Compact Circular Corrugated Horn for Satellite
Communications", Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters IEEE, vol. 8, pp. 1418-1421,
2009.
[45] Jia-Chi Samuel Chieh, Brian Dick, Stuart Loui, John D. Rockway, "Development of a Ku-
Band Corrugated Conical Horn Using 3-D Print Technology", Antennas and Wireless Propa-
gation Letters IEEE, vol. 13, pp. 201-204, 2014.
[46] Dhaval Pujara, Anuj Modi, Nilima Pisharody, Jigar Mehta, "Predicting the Performance of
Pyramidal and Corrugated Horn Antennas Using ANFIS", Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters IEEE, vol. 13, pp. 293-296, 2014.
[47] L. J. Foged, A. Giacomini, R. Morbidini, "Dual-Polarized Corrugated Horns for Advanced
Measurement Applications", Antennas and Propagation Magazine IEEE, vol. 52, no. 6, pp.
199-204, 2010.
[48] S. B. Sharma, Dhaval Pujara, S. B. Chakrabarty, "Design and development of a dual-mode
corrugated horn for an offset reflector antenna", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,
vol. 52, pp. 113, 2010.