(an autonomous college) - midnapore college hons.pdf · unit-i: reaction mechanism; ......

B.Sc. Chemistry Syllabus CEMH/2014

1

(An Autonomous College)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY [UG. & P.G.]

SYLLABI FOR

3 years 6 Semester B.Sc. Honours & General

Course in Chemistry

[June-30, 2014]


2

Course structure [Honours Course]

Semester Duration

Marks

Examination

Theoretical (T) Practical (P) Total

Sem-I July-Dec 75 50 125 Jan

Sem-II Jan-June 75 50 125 June

Sem-III July-Dec 75 50 125 Jan

Sem-IV Jan-June 75 50 125 June

Sem-V July-Dec 100 50 150 Jan

Sem-VI Jan-June 100 50 150 June

Total ==> 500 300 800

Course structure [General Course]

Semester Duration

Marks

Examination

Theoretical (T) Practical (P) Total

Sem-I July-Dec 50 0 50 Jan

Sem-II Jan-June 50 0 50 June

Sem-III July-Dec 50 50 100 Jan

Sem-IV Jan-June 50 50 100 June

Sem-V July-Dec 50 0 50 Jan

Sem-VI Jan-June 0 50 100 June

Total ==> 250 150 400


3

Semester-wise distribution of subjects (Chemistry Honours)

SEMESTER PAPER GROUP SUBJECTS MARKS TOTAL MARKS

SEM-I

CEMH-101 A Organic Theoretical 25

125 B Inorganic Theoretical 25

CEMH -102 Physical Theoretical 25

CEMH -103 Organic Practical 50

SEM-II

CEMH-201

A Organic Theoretical 25



CEMH -203 Inorganic Practical 50

SEM-III

CEMH -301 A Organic Theoretical 25



CEMH -303 Physical Practical 50

SEM-IV




CEMH -403 Inorganic practical 50

SEM-V


150

B Inorganic Theoretical 25

CEMH -502 A Physical Theoretical 25

B Chemistry of Materials,

Biomaterials and Analytical

chemistry

25

CEMH -503 Organic Practical 50

SEM-VI


150

B Inorganic Theoretical 25

CEMH -602

A

Physical Theoretical

25

B Interdisciplinary Theoretical 25

CEMH -603 Physical Practical 50


4

Semester-wise distribution of subjects (General Course)

SEMESTER PAPER SUBJECTS TOTAL MARKS

SEM-I CEMG-101

Organic Theoretical

50 Inorganic Theoretical


SEM-II CEMG -201

Organic Theoretical



SEM-III CEMG -301

Organic Theoretical



CEMG -302 Organic Practical

SEM-IV CEMG -401

Organic Theoretical



CEMG -402 Inorganic Practical

SEM-V CEMG -501

Industrial Chemistry Theoretical

50

SEM-VI CEMG -601

Industrial Chemistry Practical

50


5

:: SEMESTER-I::

CEMH-101 (Group-A):: ORGANIC :: F.M: 25

Unit I: Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and IUPAC)

Molecular formula and the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)/Double bond equivalent (DBE),

oxidation and reduction in organic chemistry (oxidation number calculation).

VB Theory: Concept of Hybridization sp3, sp

2, sp; orbital picture of bonding (C-C, C-N, C-O

system), bond polarization and bond polarisability. Inductive effect, electromeric effect,

conjugation, resonance, hyperconjugation, steric effect, steric inhibition of resonance.

M.O. Theory: Sketch and energy levels of MOs of (i) acylic ‘p’ orbital system (C=C,

conjugated diene and allyl system) (ii) Cyclic ‘p’ orbital system (neutral system: [4], [6]

annulenes; charged system: 3, 4 & 5- ring system); Frost diagram, Huckel’s rules for aromaticity,

anti aromaticity and homoaromaticity. Alternate and non alternate hydrocarbons.

Physical properties: Bond length, bond strength (bond dissociation energy and bond energy)

bond angle, inter and intra molecular forces- Vander Waals force and hydrogen bonding. Polar

and nonpolar molecules, dipole moment of organic molecules.

Organic acids base: Concept of acids and bases; effect of structure, substituent and solvent on

acidity and basicity.

Unit-II: Stereochemistry of alicyclic compounds, Stereochemistry of Acyclic molecules

Representation of molecules in Flying-Wedge, Fischer, Sawhorse and Newman projection

formulae and their inter conversions. Symmetry elements and symmetry point groups (Cαv, Dαh,

Dn, Dnh, Dnd, Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Cs , S1, C1 point graphs), symmetry numbers, molecular chirality.


6

Unit II : Stereochemistry of alicyclic compounds

Stereochemistry of Acyclic molecules: Representation of molecules in Flying-Wedge, Fischer,

Sawhorse and Newman projection formulae and their inter conversions. Symmetry elements and

symmetry point groups (Cαv, Dαh, Dn, Dnh, Dnd, Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Cs , S1, C1 point graphs), symmetry

numbers, molecular chirality.

Optical activity of chiral compounds: Conjugation: (i) Stereocentres: Systems involving. 1,2,3

centres, stereogenicity, cherotopicity, pseudo-asymmetric, configurational nomenclature

/descriptor (D/L and R/S descriptor, threo/erythro, pref/parf and syn / anti nomenclatures (for

aldols). (ii) Stereogenic axis: Chairal axis in allenes & biphenyls (atropisomerisim), R/S

descriptors. Stereoisomerism of C=C and C=N systems, cis/trans, syn/anti, E/Z descriptors (for

C=C, C=N).

Topicity of ligand and faces: Homotopic, enatiotopic and diastereotopic ligands, Prochirality,

Pro-R/Pro-S descriptors, homotopic ,enatiotopic and diastereotopic faces, Re/Si descriptors.

Conformation: Staggered and eclipsed conformations, dihedral angle, torsion angle, energy

barrier of rotation, relative stability of conformers on the basis of steric effect, dipile-dipole

interaction, hydrogen bonding; conformational analysis of ethane, propane, n-butane, 1,2-

dihaloethane, 1,2-glycols, 1,2-halohydrin, invertomerism of trialkyl amines.


7

CEMH-101 (Group B): INORGANIC:: F.M : 25

Chemical periodicity: Periodic classification of elements and modern form of Periodic Table

(Groups 1 to 18), periodicity of properties: atomic radii, covalent radii, ionic radii, van der Waals

radii, ionisation energy, electron affinity, Proton affinity, electronegetivity (Pauling, Mulliken-

Jaffe, Allred and Rochow scales), ionic potential, Slater rule, Screening effect, Effective nuclear

charge, inert pair effect, general characteristic of s, p, d and f block elements and factors

influencing these properties.

Atomic Structure: Bohr’s theory to hydrogen-like atoms and ions; Sommerfeld’s theory, planks

radiation law, spectrum of hydrogen atom, energy level quantum numbers and its significane.

Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, exchange energy, Aufbau principle and its limitation.

Term symbols of atom and ions for atomic numbers up to 30.

Chemical Bonding and structure-1: Ionic bonding: Size effects, radius ratio rules application

and limitations. Packing of ions in crystals, lattice energy, Born-l ande equation and its

applications, Born-Haber cycle and its applications. Solvation energy, polarizing power and

polarizability, Fazan’s rules. Defects in solids (elemementary idea).

Acid-Base reactions-1: Acid-Base concept: Arrhenius concept, Bronsted-Lowry’s concept,

relative strength of acids and bases, Levelling effect, theory of solvent system (in H2O, NH3, SO2

and HF), Amphoterism. Lux-Flood concept, Usanovich theory, Lewis concept. B-strain and F-

strain, HSAB principle, Pauling rules, Superacids, Hammette acidity function.


8

CEMH-102: PHYSICAL:: F.M : 25

Unit-I:

Thermodynamics – I: Importance and scope, definition of system and surroundings: type of

systems. Extensive and intensive properties. Steady state and equilibrium state. Concept of

thermal equilibrium and the zeroth-law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic coordinates, state of

system, equation of state, state functions and path functions. Partial derivatives and cyclic rule,

concept of heat and work (IUPAC convention). Graphical explanation of work done during

expansion and compression of an ideal gas. Reversible and irreversible process and work done in

isothermal and adiabatic processes.

First law of thermodynamics, concept of internal energy (U) & enthalpy, heat changes at

constant volume and constant pressure; relation between CP and CV using ideal gas and van der

Waals equation.

Joule’s experiment and its consequence. significance (δU / δV)T.

Thermochemistry: heat changes during physicochemical process at constant pressure / volume

and their relation, Kirchoff’s relation. Bond dissociation energies. Changes of thermodynamic

properties in different chemical changes.

Unit- II:

Transport properties – I: Conductance and measurement of conductance, cell constant, specific

conductance, and molar and equivalent conductance. Variation of specific and equivalent

conductance with dilution for strong and weak electrolytes. Kohlrausch’s law of independent

migration of ions, ion conductance and ionic mobility. Equivalent and molar conductance at

infinite dilution and their determination for strong and weak electrolytes. Ostwald’s dilution law.

General idea of interionic attraction, Debye-Huckel model. Factors effecting conductivity of


9

ions. Application of conductance measurement (determination of solubility product and ionic

product of water). Conductometric titrations, Transport number. Determination of transport

number by moving boundary method. Application of transport numbers measurements.

Unit -III:

Deviation of gases from ideal behavior and kinetic Theory -I: Compressibility factor:

Andrew’s and Amagat’s plots: van der Waals equation and its characteristic features.

Existence of critical state. Critical constants in terms of Vander Waals constants. Law of

corresponding state and significance of second virial coefficient. Boyle temperature.

Molecular kinetic theoretical interpretation of pressure, temperature and ideal gas laws.

Kinetic theory -II and the gaseous state: Nature of distribution of molecular velocities in one,

two and three dimensions. Maxwell’s distribution of speeds. Kinetic energy distribution in one,

two and three dimensions, calculation of average, root mean square and most probable values in

each case: calculation of molecules having energy ≥ε, Principle of equipartition of energy and its

application to calculate the classical limit of molar heat capacity of gases, Variation of CP with

temperature. Collision diameter, collision number and mean free path and frequency of binary

collisions (identical and nonidentical molecules), wall collision frequency and rate of effusion,

kinetic theory of gas viscosity.


10

CEMH 103: ORGANCIC PRACTICAL::F.M: 50

1. Qualitative analysis and identification of single solid unknown organic compound

Physical characteristics

Solubility test with preliminary conclusion ( H2O, 5% HCl, 5% NaOH, 5% NaHCO3,

H2SO4)

Detection of elements (N,S and Cl, Br) in a given solid sample

Determination of melting point of the organic sample

Detection of the following functional groups in organic samples

Carbonyl- keto, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, phenolic hydroxyl, unsaturation, aromatic

(nitro, amino),anilido amido including imide.

Preparation of a suitable derivative of the supplied organic sample and determine the

Melting point of derivative

Literature survey

Naming of the compound with structure

2. Laboratory note book:

3. Viva-voce:


11

:: SEMESTER-II::

CEMH-201 (Group-A) : ORGANIC:: F.M: 25

Unit-I: Reaction mechanism; General Principle’s mechanistic classification:

Ionic radical and pericyclic; heterolytic bond cleavage and heterogenic bond formation,

hemolytic bond cleavage and homogenic bond formation; Representation of mechanistic steps

using arrow formalism: classification of regents, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Reactive Intermediates Carbocations (cerbenium and carbonium ions, classical and

nonclassical). Carbanions, carbon radicals, carbenes, structure using M.O.picture.

electrophilic/nucleophilic behaviour, stability, generation and fate (elementary idea).

Reaction Thermodynamics: Free energy and equilibrium enthalpy and entropy factor,

intermolecular & intramolecular reactions. Application of Thermodynamic principles in

tautomeric equiliberia [keto-enol tautomerisim, composition of the equilibrium in different

systems, substituent and solvent effect]

Reaction kinetics: Transition state theory, rate constant, rate equation, free energy of

activation,reaction profiles for one step, two step and three step reactions, kinetic and

thermodynamic control of reactions, neucleophilic catalysis, principle of microscopic

reversibility, isotope effect (primary, secondary solvent). Hammond postulate.

Unit-II: Nucleophilic substitution reactions

Substitution at Sp3 centre: Mechanism: SN1, SN2, SN1

/ , SN2

/ , SNi

/ nechanisms. Effect of

substrate structure, solvent, leaving groups, nucleophiles including ambident nucleophiles

(cyanide & nitrite),Substitution reactions in cyclohexane system. Substitution involving NGP;

relative rate & sterochemical features. [ Systems: alkyl halide, allyl halides, alcohols, ethers and

cyclohexane system halogenation of alkanes.]


12

Substitution at Sp2 carbon (Carbonyl system)

Mechanism: BAC2, AAC2 , AAC1 , AAl1 (in concentration to acid and ester). Formation and

hydrolysis of amides, anhydrides & acyl halides.

Unit-III: Elimination Mechanisms: E1, E2, E1CB and Ei; reactivity, orientation (Saytzeff /

Hofmann, Stereoselectivity; substitution vs. elimination, formation of carbenes, α-elimination,

Unit-IV Stereochemistry of alicyclic compounds: Static stereochemistry: Bayer strain theory;

energy profile of ring inversion of cyclohexane, symmetry properties of chair, boat and twist-

boat form. Conformational analysis of methyl cyclohexane 1,2-,1,3-,and 1,4 dimethyl

cyclohexane. Conformational energy of substituents in cyclohexane.

Preferred conformations of disubstituted derivatives of cyclohexane (1-methyl-1-phenyl

cyclohexane, cis and trans-1,3- and -1,4- ditertiary butyl cyclohexane, cis and trans-1,2-dibromo

cyclohexane, cis and trans cyclohexane-1,3-diol). Physical properties with respect to dipole

moment and acid strength in cyclohexane system.

Conformation and chemical reactivities in cyclohexane system.


13

CEMH-201 (Group-B): IORGANIC:: F.M: 25

Chemical Bonding and structure-2: Covalent bonding: Lewis structures, formal charge.

Valence Bond Theory, hybridizations, equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals, Bent’s rule,

VSEPR theory, shapes of molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs (examples

from main groups chemistry), Partial ionic Character of covalent bonds, bond moment, dipole

moment and electronegativity differences. MOT( sigma, pi, bonding, non-bondig and

antibonding) , LCAO, MO diagaram of Homo nuclear(H2, He2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2) and Hetero

nuclear (CO, NO, HF, CN-, OH2, BeH2, BeF2, CO2) molecules; H-bonding and application,

Metallic Bonding (Qualitative idea of Band Theory- Conductor, semiconductor, Insulator and

Superconductor); Close-packing: hcp (ABAB….type), ccp (ABCABC….type); MX type ( Nacl,

Cscl, ZnS), MX2 type ( CaF2), MX3 (AlF3) type solids; Holes: Cubic, tetrahedral and Octahedral.

Atomic Structure-2: Wave particle duality, De-Brogile wave equation, Heisenberg uncertainty

principle and signification, Schroendinger equation, radial and angular probability diagram of s,

p, d, f idea (Qualitative idea).

Radioactivity: Nuclear stability and nuclear binding energy; Nuclear forces: meson exchange

theory; Nuclear models (elementary idea): Concept of nuclear quantum number, Mass defect,

Nuclear binding energy, neutron-proton ratio and their role in determining the stability of the

nucleus, Packing fraction, magic numbers; Nuclear Reactions: Artificial radioactivity,

transmutation of elements, fission, fusion and spallation; Nuclear energy and power generation;

Concept of nuclear force and qualitative idea of liquid drop model, Separation and uses of

isotopes. Radio chemical methods: principles of determination of age of rocks and minerals,

radio carbon dating, hazards of radiation and safety measures.


14

Acids and Bases-2: Non-aquoue solvent (Liquid NH3, SO2, HF, H2SO4), solubility product

principle, common ion effect and their applications to the precipitation and separation of

common metallic ions as hydroxides, sulfides, phosphates, carbonates and sulfates.


15

CEMH-202:: PHYSICAL :: F.M : 25

Unit -I:

Thermodynamics -II: Second law of thermodynamics, shat coming of 1st law need of second

law. Concept of heat reservoirs and heat engines. Carnot cycle and refrigerator. Kelvin –

Planck(KP) and Clausius(CL) statements and equivalence of the two statements. Carnot’s

theorem; thermodynamic scale of temperature.

Physical concept of entropy. Entropy as a measure of the microscopic but not

macroscopic disorder. Clausius inequality. Entropy change of systems and surroundings for

various processes and transformations. Entropy change during the isothermal mixing of ideal

gases. Entropy and unavailable work. (i) validity of KP & CL statements, (ii) |Wrev|>|Wirr| and

(iii) ηcarnot (maximum) for entropic point of view. T,S; P,T; U,V; S,V and other diagrams of

different thermodynamic processes. Auxiliary state functions (G and A) and their variation with

T,P and V. Criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium.

Thermodynamic relations: Maxwell’s relations, thermodynamic equation of state.

Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Joule-Thomson experiment and its consequences; inversion

temperature. Joule-Thomson coefficient for a van der Waals gas. General heat capacity relations.

Nernst heat theorem.

Unit -II:

Liquid State: Nature of the liquid state (short range order and long range disorder). Vapor

pressure. Surface tension, surface energy, excess pressure, capillary rise and measurement of

surface tension. Work of cohesion and adhesion, spreading of liquid over other surface. Vapour

pressure over curved surface. Temperature dependence of surface tension.


16

Transport properties -II: (fluid flow): General features of fluid flow (streamline flow and

turbulent flow). Reynold number, nature of viscous drag for streamline motion. Newton’s

equation, viscosity coefficient. Poiseuille’s equation (with derivation), temperature dependence

of viscosity, principle of determination of viscosity coefficient of liquids by falling sphere

method, Ostwald’s viscometer. Viscosity of gases vs. liquids.

Unit -III:

Solid state: Types of solid, Lattice, space lattice, unit cell, symmetry in crystals, crystal planes,

indexing of lattice planes, law of rational indices, distance between the lattice planes, packing of

uniform hard spheres, close packed arrangements (fcc & hcp), tetrahedral & octahedral voids,

percentage of void space in simple 2D and 3D structures, density of cubic crystals, Bragg’s Law

and its application, powder method.


17

CEMH-203: INORGANIC PRACTICAL:: F.M: 50

Qualitative inorganic analysis of mixtures containing not more than four (4) radicals from

the following:

Cation Radicals: Na+, K

+, Ca

+2, Sr

+2, Ba

+2, Al

+3, Cr

+3, Mn

+2, Mg

+2, Fe

+3/+2, Co

+2, Sn

+2,

As+3

, Sb+3

, Pb+2

, Ni+3

, Hg+2

, Cu+2

, Cd+2

, Zn+2

.

Anion Radicals: F-, Cl

-, Br

-, I

-, SCN

-, S

2-, SO4

2-, S2O3

2-, NO3

-, NO2

-, PO4

3-, AsO4

-3,

BO33-

,CrO42-/Cr2O7

2- , Free boric acid

Insoluble Materials: Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, SnO2, SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, CaF2.

Experiment A: Preliminary Tests for acid and basic radicals in given samples.

Experiment B: Wet tests for Acid and Basic radicals in given samples.

Experiment C: Confirmatory tests.


18

:: SEMESTER-III::

CEMH-301 (Group-A): ORGANIC::F.M:25

Unit-I: Electrophilic addition to carbon-carbon multiple bond; Mechanism, reactivity,

regioselectivity and steroselectivity. Reactions: Hydrogenation, halogenations,

hydrohalogenation, hydration, epoxidation and epoxide cleavage, hydroxylation, cleavage of

glycols, Ozonolysis, Addition of singlet and triplet carbenes, Simmons-Smith reaction.

Electrophilic addition to conjugated dienes and allenes. Catalytic reduction, Hydration,

halogenations and coupling of alkynes. Rupe and Mayer -Shuster Rearrangement, Dissolving

metal reduction of alkynes and bezenoid aromatics (Birch reduction).

Unit-II: Chemistry of the carbonyl compounds: Nucleophilic addition to C=O; mechanism ,

reactivity, equilibrium and kinetic control. Reactions with water, alcohols , thiols, umpolung,

amines, HCN, bisulfate, haloform raction, Wittig reaction, SeO2 oxidation.

Carbonyl reduction: Reduction by hydride donors of saturated and α, β unsaturated carbonyl

compounds, Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, dissolving metal (Bouvealt

Blanck reduction) Reductive coupling ( Pinacol formation, Mc. Murry coupling). Reduction by

Na / EtOH, Cannizzaro reaction. Tischenko reaction. Perkin, Benzoin, Aldol Darzen’s glycidic

easter condensation, Alpha-halogenation of acid, Reduction and degradation of the carboxylic

acid, use of DCC for amide formation. Decarboxylation of the acid.

Nuclephilc addition to the α, β unsaturated carbonyl compounds; General Principle, addition

of cyanide , bisulfit eions , reactions with quinones.

Unit-III: Aromatic Substitution; Electrophilic aromatic substitution:- Mechanism orientation

and reactivity (including free energy profiles) of halogenations, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-

Craft reactions, chloromethylation, formylation (Gatterman-Koch, Gatterman, Reimer- Tiemann


19

and Vilsmeyer-Haack). Kolbe-Schmidt reaction, Houben-Housch reaction. IPSO substitution.

Synthesis of Naphthalene, Anthracene and their derivatives; Pthenenthrene ( Haworth, Bogert

Cook ,Bardhan-Sengupta and Pschor method), orientation and reactivity in polynuclear

hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene).

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Addition-elimination mechanism, reactivity and

orientation in activated aromatic substitutions. Elimination- Addition mechanism, benzyne

intermediate. SN1 mechanism. Von Richter Reaction.


20

CEMH-301 (Group-B): INORGANIC::F.M.: 25

Redox Reaction 1: Oxidation and reduction, balancing the redox reaction by ion electron

method; Disproportionation and comproportionation, Electrochemical cell or galvanic cell,

working of an electrochemical cell, salt bridge and its functions, Representation of various type

of reversible electrodes, Standard redox potential, Oxidation and Reduction electrode potential,

representation of a galvanic cell, Calculation of standard e,m,f. of a given galvanic cell, Electro

chemical series and its importance, Nernst equation, To calculate the electrode potential of a

given electrode with the help of Nernst equation, equilibrium constant of a redox reaction and

calculation of equilibrium constant of a given redox reaction.

Group 13 elements: Chemistry of B, Al, Ga, In and Tl; general trend in properties ( size,

electropositive character, ionization energy, metallic character), Oxidation states and type of

bonds; reaction of other elements; Melting points and boiling points; Study of diborane,

borohydrides, borazole, boron nitride, oxides and oxyacides of boron.

Group 14 elements: Chemistry of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb: different allotropic forms, hydrides,

halides, oxohalides, oxides; chalgonides, freons, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, silicones, silane,

Teflon, Chloro-fluro carbons, silicates (elementary idea, formulation from structure), Silicic acid,

hydrofluosilicic acid and carbides (salt-like, Interstitial and Covalent).

Group 15 elements: Chemistry of N, P, As, Sb and Bi: atomic and physical properties, halides

(penta-, tri- and lower), hydrides, oxides, oxoacids; inertness of N2, Chemistry of nitrides, azides,

hydrazine, hydroxyl amine; structure of molecular phosphorus, phosphides, phosphates,

phosphonitrilic compounds, Sulphides of Phosphorus.


21

CEMH-302: PHYSICAL:: F.M. 25

Unit -I:

Thermodynamics III and Equilibrium: Open system, chemical potential and activity, partial

molar quantities, chemical potential in terms of

Gibbs’ free energy and other thermodynamic state functions and its variation with temperature

and pressure. Gibbs- Duhem equation; fugacity of gases and fugacity coefficient, activity

coefficient of non-electrolytes, concept of standard state in various scales and Raoult’s law.

∆Gmixture, ∆Smixture, criteria of ideality. Thermodynamic conditions for equilibrium, degree of

advancement, van’t Hoff’s reaction isotherm (deduction from chemical potential). Explanation of

the free energy versus degree of advancement plot. Equilibrium constant and standard Gibbs free

energy change. Definitions of KP, KC and Kx, van’t Hoff’s reaction isobar and isochore from

different standard states. Shifting of equilibrium due to change in external parameters e.g.

temperature and pressure. Effect of inert gas, Le Chatelier’s principle and degree of advancement

– thermodynamic treatment, Nernst distribution law.

Activity and activity coefficients of electrolyte ions in solution. Debye- Huckel limiting law.

Solubility product principle and its application in qualitative chemical analysis. Ionic product of

water, acid-base indicators. pH (in details), buffer solution, buffer capacity, salt hydrolysis

(detailed treatment).

Unit -II:

Chemical kinetics -I: Introduction of reaction rate in terms of extent of reaction: rate constants,

order and molecularity of reactions. Reactions of zero order, first order, second order and

fractional order. Derivation of working formula of some practical examples. Pseudo-first order

reactions (example using acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl acetate). Determination of order of


22

a reaction by half-life and differential method. Rate-determining step and steady-state

approximations - explanation with suitable examples.

Opposing reactions, consecutive reactions and parallel reactions (with explanation of kinetic and

thermodynamic control of products: all steps first order); chain reactions.

Temperature dependence of rate constant: Arrhenius equation, energy of activation.

Unit -III:

Quantum theory,

Quantum Mechanics: Wave-particle duality, and the de Broglie hypothesis. Elementry concepts

of operators, eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, Linear operators, Commutation of operators,

fundamental commutator and uncertainty relation (without proof). Expectation value.

Schrodinger equation and its time-independent form; nature of the equation, acceptability

conditions imposed on the wave functions and probability interpretations of wave function.

Quantum Free-Particle (Normalisation of wave function excluded). Particle in a box: setting up

of Schrodinger equation for one-dimensional box and its solution. Comparison with free particle

eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. Properties of PB wave functions (normalization, orthogonality,

probability distribution). Expectation values of x, x2, px and p

2x and their significance in relation

to the uncertainty principle. Classical Limit and Correspondence Principle. Extension of the

problem to two and three dimensions and the concept of degenerate energy levels.


23

CEMH-303: PHYSICAL PRACTICAL:: F.M. 50

To determine the surface tension of a given solution by the drop- counting method and

hence to determine its concentration.

To determine the viscosity of a given solution by using Ostwald viscometer and hence to

determine its concentration.

To determine the partition coefficient of iodine between water and an organic solvent.

To determine the equilibrium constant of the reaction KI+ I2 = KI3 by the partition

method.

To determine the pH of a solution by colour matching method.

To study the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in presence of ferric

chloride.


24

:: SEMESTER-IV::

CEMH-401 (Group-A): ORGANIC::F.M: 25

Unit-I : Chemistry of nitrogen containing compounds: Aliphatic and aromatic amines

(preparation, separation and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines), alkylation

including Hoffmann’s exhaustive methylation, reactions of aliphatic and aromatic amines with

nitrous acid, carbyl amine reaction, Mannich reaction, clarke reaction, enamines, diazomethane,

diazoacetic ester, aromatic nitro compounds, aromatic diazonium salts, nitriles and isonitriles,

Ritter reaction.Hydrolysis of cyanides and isocyanides,

Unit-II: Organometallics: Preparation of Grignard reagent and organolithium. Reactions:

addition of Grignard and organolithium to carbonyl compounds, substitution on –COX,

conjugate addition by Gilman cuprates, Reformatsky reaction.

Unit-III: Asymmetric synthesis- enentoselectivity/diastereoselectivity; asymmetric synthesis

involving achiral and chiral reagent; chiral substrate and achiral reagent (Cram’s rule and Felkin-

Anh model).

Unit-IV: Molecular rearrangements: Intramolecular Vs intermolecular rearrangements.

Crossover experiment.

1,2-shift: Migration to electron deficient carbon; Wagner-Meerwein, pinacol-pinacolon,

dienenone-phenone, Wolff rearrangement in Arndt- Eistert synthesis, Benzil-benzillic acid

rearrangement, Favorskii Rearrangement. Migration to electron deficient nitrogen: Beckmann,

Schmidt (carbonyl compound), Hofmann, Lossen, Curtious, Schmidt (carboxylic acid).

Migration to electron deficient oxygen: Baeyer-Villeger, Dakin, Hydroperoxide rearrangement.


25

Aromatic rearrangements; Migration from oxygen to ring carbon: Fries, Claisen

rearrangement Migration from nitrogen to ring carbon: Hofmann-Mertious, Fischer-Hepp, N-azo

to C-azo, Bamberger, Orton, Benzidine-Semidine rearrangement.


26

CEMH-401 (Group-B) : INORGANIC:: F.M.: 25

Redox reaction-2: Formal potential and its application, feasibility of a redox titration, redox

potential at the equivalent points, redox indicators, EMF diagram, redox potential diagram

(Latimer and Frost)of common elements and their application.

Group-16: Chemistry of O, S, Se, Te, Po and their compounds including atomic and physical

properties, halides, oxohalides, hydrides, oxides, oxoacids, thioacids, molecular oxygen as

ligand, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxy salts of sulpher thionic acids, oxychlorides of sulpher,

chlorosulphuric acid, allotropes of S and their structures (S6, S8, S10, S12, Sx), polythionates,

polysulphides, sulphur-nitrogen compounds (S4N4).

Group-17: Chemistry of F, Cl, Br, I and their hydrides, oxides and oxyacids, pecularities of

fluorine; hydrogen halides, metal halides and interhalogen compounds, polyhalide anions,

pseudohalogen, basic properties of halogens and their coordination compounds.

Group-18: Compounds of the elements: synthesis, structure, bonding (VB and VSEPR) and

reactivity (hydrolysis and related reactions) of noble gas compounds; clatharates, compound of

Xenon, structure of Xenon fluorides and oxyfluorides.

Coordination Chemistry-1: Double salts and complex salts, Detection of complexes in

solution, ligand, ambidentate and polydentate ligands, IUPAC nomenclature. Werners

coordination theory, perfect and imperfect complex, Chelate complexes, Flexi dentate ligands,

Inner metallic complexes- their properties and application in analytical chemistry,

Thermodynamic and Kinetic stability of complexes, labile and inert complexes, Factors affecting

the stability of complexes in solution. Stepwise and Overall formation constants.


27

CEMH-402: PHYSICAL::F.M.: 25

Unit -I:

Electro- chemical cells: Types of electrochemical cells and examples, cell reactions, concept of

electrode potential, emf and change in free energy, ∆H and ∆S of cell reactions from emf

measurements. Thermodynamic derivation of Nernst equation. Standard cells, Half-cell

electrodes, different types of electrodes (with examples). Definition of emf, Standard electrode

potential (IUPAC convention) and principles of its determination. Types of concentration cells.

Liquid junction potential and its minimization.

Glass electrode and determination of pH of a solution. Potentiometric titrations (acid- base and

redox). Determination by emf method of (i) Standard electrode potential, (ii) Activity solubility

product, (iii) Ionic product, (iv) mean activity coefficient, (v) transport number.

Unit -II:

Chemical kinetics -II & Catalysis: Collision theory (detailed treatment), transition state theory

(thermodynamic treatment), Lindmann theory of unimolecular reactions.

Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis, mechanism of catalytic actions, acid- base catalysis, primary

kinetic salt effect, Enzyme Catalysis: Michaelis – Menten equation, Lineweaver – Burk plot,

turnover number, significance of Km. Kinetic of polymerization (General idea)

Electrical properties of molecules: Polarizability of atoms and molecules, dielectric constant

and polarization, molar polarization for polar and non-polar molecules. Clausius-Mosotti

equation and Debye equation (both without derivation) and their application.

Unit -III:

Quantum Chemistry – II: Simple Harmonic Oscillator: setting up of the Schrodinger stationary

equation, energy expression (without derivation), expression of wave function for n=0 and n=1


28

(without derivation), and their characteristic features. Stationary Schrodinger equation for the H-

atom in polar coordinates, separation of radial and angular (θ, φ) parts, Solution of φ- part and

emergence of quantum number ‘m’; energy expression (without derivation), degeneracy,

Hydrogenic wave functions up to n= 2 (expression only); real wave function. Concept of orbitals,

radial and angular plots and probability plots of s, p and d orbitals, shape of orbitals.


29

CEMH-403: INORGANIC PRACTICAL::F.M.: 50

Inorganic Quantitative estimation:

Acidimetry and alkalimetry

Volumetric analysis with potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate solutions.

Iodometry

Estimation of mixtures of iron-calcium. Iron-copper, iron- chromium, iron-manganese,

copper-zinc

Industrial Chemistry:

Analysis of cement

Estimation of total hardness of water

Estimation of available 1) chlorine in bleaching powder 2) Oxygen in pyrolusite.


30

:: SEMESTER-V:

CEMH-501 (Group-A): ORGANIC:: F. M. : 25

Unit –I: Spectroscopy UV: Electronic transitions (ζ ζ*, n ζ

*, π π

*, n π

*),

absorption maximum and absorption intensity considering conjugative effect, steric effect,

solvent effect, red shift (bathocromic shift), blue shift (hypsochromic shift), hyperchromic effect,

hypochromic effect (typical examples). Woodward rule with reference to conjugate dienes,

trienens and α,β- unsaturated carbonyls including cyclic systems.Scotts rule for the ArCOX

systems.

IR: Stretching and bending vibrations, Hooke’s law, characteristics stretching frequencies of O-

H, N-H, C-H, C-D, C=C, C=N, C=O functions, factors affecting stretching frequencies (H-

bonding, mass effect, electronic factors, bond multiplicity, ring size).

1HNMR: Nuclear spin, NMR-active nuclei, principle of proton magnetic resonance, chemically

equivalent and non-equivalent protons, chemical shift, upfield and downfield shifts,

shielding/deshielding of protons (systems involving C=C, C=O, , benzene), NMR

peak area (integration).Exchangeable protons. First order coupling, (spilliting of the signals;

ordinary ethanol, bromoethane, dibromoethanes), coupling constants, relative peak positions of

different kinds of protons ( alkyl halides, olefins, alkynes, aldehyde H, alocohol and phenol and

enolic OH,) substituted benzenes (toluene, nitrobenzene, Anisole, halobenzene, dinitrobenzenes,

chloronitrobenzenes).

Unit –III: Carbohydrate Chemistry: Monosaccharides- Aldoses upto 6 carbons, Structure of

D-glucose & D-Fructose( Configuration & Conformation), Anomeric Effect, Mutarotation.

Reactions: Osazone formation, bromine-water oxidation, epimerization, stepping-up (Killani-

Fisher method) and stepping-down (Ruff & Wohl’s degradation method) of aldoses.

C C


31

Disaccharides – Glycosidic linkages, structure of sucrose, Maltose, inversion of sucrose.

Unit –IV: Amino acids, peptides, Proteins, Nucleic acids and Enzymes; Amino acids:

Definition, Classification and Physical properties of α-amino acids , Synthesis of α-amino acids

(Gabriel, Strecker, azolactone, acetamidomalonic ester methodologies), isoelectronic point,

ninhydrin reaction.

Peptides: peptide linkage, peptide synthesis including Merrifield resin, C-terminal, N-terminal

and their determination (Edmann, Sanger,Dansyl chloride and Fmoc.), determination of Peptide

Sequences.

Proteins: Classification, Structures Of Proteins (Elementary idea), Denaturation of proteins.

Nucleic acids: structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, pyrimidine and purine bases (structure

and nomenclature only), elementary idea of RNA and DNA; Watson-Crick model,

complimentary base-pairing in DNA. DNA Replication.

Enzymes: Introduction of biological Catalyst, Classification, Specificity of enzyme action,

Definition of Coenzymes, cofactors and Inhibitors.


32

CEMH-501 (Group-B): INORGANIC:: F.M. 25

Coordination Chemistry-2: Types of Isomerism in Coordination Compounds: Constitutional,

Geometrical and Optical isomerism in respect of coordination numbers 4 and 6. Determination of

cis- trans isomers by chemical and physical methods. Trans effect.

Structure and bonding: VB description and its limitations. Elementary Crystal Field Theory:

splitting of dn configurations in octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral fields, spectrochemical

series of ligands, crystal field stabilization energy in weak and strong fields; pairing energy.

Jahn-Teller distortion. Metal-ligand bonding (MO concept, elementary idea), sigma- and

pibonding in octahedral complexes (qualitative pictorial approach) and their effects on the

oxidation states of transitional metals (examples). qualitative Orgel diagrams for 3d1-3d

10 ions

and their spectroscopic ground states; Origin of colour in coordination complexes: d-d

transitions, Laporte selection rule, spin selection rule, L-S coupling, charge transfer spectra

(MLCT, LMCT), prediction of structure, stereochemistry and bonding.

Organo mettalics: 18-electron rule and its applications to carbonyls (including carbonyl

hydrides and carbonylates), nitrosyls, cyanides, and nature of bonding involved therein. Simple

examples of metal-metal bonded compounds and metal clusters. Metal-olefin complexes: zeises

salt (preparation, structure, bonding and reactions), Ferrocene (preparation, structure and

reactions). Hapticity(η) of organometallic ligands, examples of mono, tri and penta-hapto

cyclopentadienyl complexes. Simple examples of fluxional molecules, Coordinative

unsaturation, oxidative addition, reductive elemination and insertion reactions. Homogeneous

catalysis by organometallic compounds: hydrogenation, hydroformylation and polymerization of

alkenes (Ziegler-Natta catalysis).


33

Metal ions in living systems-1:

Elements of life: essential major, trace and ultratrace elements, toxic metal ions and their effects.

Basic chemical reactions in the biological systems and the role of metal ions (specially Na+, K

+,

Mg2+

, Ca2+

, Fe3+

/2+

, Cu2+

/+ and Zn

2+). Metal ion transport across biological membrane Na

+- K

+

ion pump.

Titrimetric analysis: Primary and secondary standard substances in acid-base, redox,

complexometric (EDTA) and argentometric titrations. Principle and application of redox

tritimetric estimation based on the use of the following reagents: KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, I2 and

Na2S2O3.5H2O. Principle of argentimetric estimation of chloride using adsorption indicators.

Principle of complexometric EDTA titration, metal ion indicators, typical examples of EDTA

titrations, masking and demasking reactions, estimation of Cu-Zn and Ca-Mg mixture by EDTA

titration methods.


34

CEMH-502 (Group-A): PHYSICAL :: F.M. 25

Unit – I:

Colligative properties: Vapour pressure of solution, Ideal solutions, ideally dilute solutions and

colligative properties. Relevance of Raoult’s law, Application of Raoult’s law for binary liquid

mixture Thermodynamic approach to understand colligative properties of solution (using

chemical potential) and their inter-relationships. Abnormal colligative properties,. Henry’s law.

Standard states for solutes (both non electrolyte and electrolyte in molal scale).

Unit -II:

Surface Chemistry (Adsorption, Surfactants, Heterogeneous Catalysis & Colloids): Physical

and chemical adsorption. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, Surface films on

liquid. Determination of surface area of adsorbent, Gibbs adsorption isotherm and surface

excess, Surface active agents. Surfactants including Bio-surfactants, Micellisation of surfactants.

Heterogeneous catalysis (single reactant).

Colloids: lyophobic and lyophilic sols, Origin of charge and stability of lyophobic colloids,

Coagulation and Schultz-Hardy rule, Stern Zeta and double layer (qualitative idea), potential

Tyndall effect, Electrokinetic phenomenon (qualitative idea only), Determination of Avogadro

Number by Perrin’s method. Some materials application of colloids.

Unit III:

Molecular Spectroscopy-I: B. O. approximation (mention only), Characteristic features of

spectral lines (spacing and intensity), selection rules, Lambert- Beer’s Law & population effect.

Rotational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules: rigid rotor model, determination of bond length,

effect of isotopic substitution. Vibrational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules: SHO model,


35

selection rules without derivation, spectra: anharmonicity and its consequences on energy levels,

overtones, hot bands.

Raman Effect, Characteristic features and conditions of Raman activity with suitable

illustrations. Rotational and vibrational Raman spectra. Rule of mutual exclusion with examples.


36

CEMH-502 (Group-B): Chemistry of Materials and Analytical Chemistry:: F.M. 25

Unit-I: Chromatography: Classification, Paper, Thin layer and column chromatography:

principle and applications.

Unit-II : Synthetic dyes: Definition, classification of dyes; Azo dyes ( Methy orange and Congo

red), Triaryl methane dyes (Malachite green and Rosaniline), Xanthen dyes (Fluorescein),

Indigo, Brightening agents.

Unit-III: Polymers: Classification, methods of polymerization, kinetics of addition

polymerization numberaverage and mass average molecular weights and determination by

different methods, donan equilibrium.

Unit-IV: Nanomaterials: Elementrary idea about nano science and technology and their

importance. self-assembly and structure, classification of nano materials and their preparation by

various techmiques, properties, application and toxicity of nano materials.

Unit-V: Drugs: Definition, classification of drugs ,sufadrugs, Drugs resistance.

Unit-VI: Errors in chemical analysis: Definition of terms, Systematic errors, Nature of random

Errors, The statistical treatment of random error,


37

CEMH-503: ORGANIC PRACTICAL:: F.M.: 50

1. Organic preparation: The following reactions are to be performed, noting the yield of

the crude product.

Nitration of the aromatic compounds

Condensation reaction

Hydrolysis of amides/imides/esters

Benzoylation of phenols/aromatic compounds

Side chain oxidation of aromatic compounds

Bromination of anilides

2. Organic preparations by Green techniques

Acetylation of aromatic primary amines, Bromination of trans stilbene, [4+2]

cycloaddition, Benzil-Benzilic acid rearrangement, Bromination of acetanilide.

Purification of the crude product is to be made by crystallization.

3. Spectroscopic analysis of organic compounds

Assignment of labelled peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum of the known organic compounds

explaining the relative δ values and splitting pattern and also assignment of labelled

peaks in the IR spectrum of the same compound.

p-nitro aniline, p-nitro benzaldehyde, p-bromo acetanilide, p-amino benzoic acid, p-

methyl α-bromo acetophenone, o-hydroxy acetophenone, o-hydroxy benzaldehyde,

salicylamide, vanillin, cinamic acid, benzal acetone, diethyl maleiate, diethyl fumarate,

glucose, fructose.

4. Separation of organic product mixtures by TLC

5. Laboratory note book and Viva-voce:


38

:SEMESTER-VI::

CEMH-601 (Group-A): ORGANIC:: F.M: 25

Unit- I: Synthesis: Synthesis

General synthetic strategy: Disconnection approach- Target molecule, retrosynthetic analysis,

function group interconversion (FGI), disconnection, synthon, electrophilic and nuclephilic

synthons, synthetic equivalent, latent polarity.

Ring synthesis: Methodologies: i) C-C disconnection involving carbanion chemistry (Ethyl

acetoacetate, diethyl malonate). ii) carbonyl condensation , Claisen, Knowvenegal, Deobner

modification, Michael condensation,Stobbe Condensation, – two group disconnection: α,β-

unsaturated carbonyl compounds, 1,3- dicarbonyl compounds to 1,6 dicarbonyl compounds,

Robinson annelation. Iii) Large ring synthesis: high dilution technique, Acyloin condensation

(use of trimethyl silyl chloride). Iv) Natural reactivity and Umpolung, Protection deprotection

Strategy (Alcohol,amine,carbonyl,acid)

Unit –II: Heterocyclic Compounds: Reactivity, orientation and important reactions of furan,

pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole.

Synthesis (including retrosynthetic approach)

Furan: Paal-Knoor synthesis, Fiest-Benary synthesis

Pyrrole: Knoor synthesis, Hantzsch synthesis

Thiophene: Hinsberg synthesis

Pyridine: Hantzsch synthesis

Indole: Fischer, Madelung, Reissert synthesis

Quinoline: Skaurp, Friendlander synthesis

Isoquinoline: Bischler-Napieralski synthesis


39

Unit: III: Alkaloids and Terpenoids:

Alkaloids: Definitions, Type, Structure elucidation, synthesis and physical properties of

Ephedrine and ψ-ephedrine. Terpenoids: Definition, Types , Isoprene rule. Structure

ellucudation, synthesis and physical properties of Citral, α- terpenol

Unit-IV: Green Chemistry: Definition and Principles of green synthesis. Preparation of some

organic compounds using green procedure (Acetylation of aromatic primary amines,

Bromination of trans stilbene, [4+2] cycloaddition, Benzil-Benzilic acid rearrangement,

Bromination of acetanilide, preparation of adipic acid by oxidation, Nitration onto the aromatic

nucleus). Green procedure for the detection of special elements in organic compounds

qualitatively (Replacement of Lassaigne’s test)

Unit V: Pericyclic reaction

Definition and classification of pericyclic reactions, thermal and photochemical electrocyclic

reactions of neutral species involving 4 and 6 electrons- FMO approach.Selection rules

Cycloaddition reactions [2+2] and [4+2], Diels-Alder reaction-FMO approach. Selection rules,

Sigmatropic Rearrangements, Classification, 1,3, 1,5 and 3,3 sigmatropic shift, Selection rules,

FMO approach.


40

CEMH-601 (Group-B): INORGANIC :: F.M. 25

Metal ions in living systems-2:

Biological functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin, hemocyanin, Biological nitrogen fixation:

Urease, Nitrogenase, Photosynthesis: Photosystem-I and Photosystem-II.

Metal carbonyl and nitrosyl: Π-acid ligand and complexes, metallic carbonyls, mononuclear

and polynuclear carbonyls- structure and properties, to calculate EAN of metal atom in metallic

carbonyls, Uses of infra-red absorption spectra of metallic carbonyls; preparation, bonding and

properties of some carbonyls compounds. Metallic nitrosyls containing NO+ ion, metallic

nitrosyls containing NO- ion, metallic nitrosyls containing NO

+ as well as NO

- ion, to calculate

EAN of metal atom in metallic nitrosyls, Uses of infra-red absorption spectra of metallic

nitrosyls; preparation and properties of some nitrosyls compounds (Sodium nitroprusside, brown

ring compound).

Fundamental of inorganic reaction mechanism: Introductory account, reaction profile,

measurement of reaction rates, rate laws and mechanism (Dissociative and associative

interchange), factors affecting rate laws and mechanism, substitution reaction in octahedral

(CoIII

) and square planar (PtII) complexes and cis effect.

d and f block elements: General comparison of 3d, 4d and 5d elements in term of electronic

configuration, elemental forms, metallic nature, atomization energy, oxidation states, redox

properties, coordination chemistry, spectral and magnetic properties. f-block elements: electronic

configuration, ionization energies, oxidation states, variation in atomic and ionic (3+) radii,

magnetic and spectral properties of lanthanides, comparison between lanthanide and actinides,

comparison between lanthanide and d-block elements, separation of lanthanides (by ion-

exchange method).


41

Magneto Chemistry:Different types (dia-, para-, ferro- and antiferro-) of molecular magnets,

Diamagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibility, Curie equation (without derivation), Orbital and

spin magnetic moments, spin only moments of dn ions and their correlation with effective

magnetic moments, including orbital contribution; quenching of magnetic moment: super

exchange and antiferromagnetic interactions (elementary idea with examples only).


42

CEMH-602 (Group-A): PHYSICAL:: F.M.25

Unit-I:

Molecular Spectroscopy – II: Potential energy curves (diatomic molecules). Frank-Condon

principle and vibrational structure of electronic spectra. Bond dissociation and principle of

determination of dissociation energy. Decay of excited states by radiative and non-radiative

paths. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Jablonsky diagram.

Photochemistry: Stark- Einstein law of photochemical equivalence, quantum yield and its

measurement for a photochemical process, actinometry, Photostationary state. Photosensitized

reactions. Kinetics of HI decomposition,dimerisation of anthracene.

Unit -II:

Phase equilibrium: Definitions of phase, component and degrees of freedom. Phase rule and its

derivations. Definition of phase diagram. First order phase transition and Clapeyron equation:

Clausius- Clapeyron equation – derivation and use. Phase Equilibria for one component system –

Water, CO2 and sulphur.

Liquid-vapour equilibrium for two component systems. Ideal solution at fixed temperature

and pressure.

Boiling point composition diagram. Principle of fractional distillation, Konowaloff’s rule.

Duhem-Margules equation, Henry’s law, Positive and negative deviations from ideal behaviour,

Azeotropic solution. Liquid- liquid phase diagram using phenol-water system (Nernst

distribution law).Solvent extraction. Solid- liquid phase diagram, Eutectic mixture. Systems

having congruent and in-congruent melting points.


43

Unit-III:

Heat capacity of solids: Equipartition principle and Dulong- Petit Law, Einstein’s theory of heat

capacity of solids and its limitations, Debye’s T3- Law.

Statistical thermodynamics:

Macrostates and microstates, thermodynamic probability, Equilibrium state is the state with max.

Thermodynamic probability, entropy and probability, Boltzmann distribution formula (with

derivation).Formulation of molecular partition function and their application in devising various

thermodynamic function.


44

CEMH-602 (Group-B):INTERDISCIPLINARY:: F.M. 25

Application oriented chemistry

Unit-I: Organic polymers: Different polymerization process: polymerization by

carbonyl substitution reactions, by electrophilic aromatic substitution, by

nucleophilic aromatic substitution, by nucleophilic attack, polymerization of

alkenes, Ziegler Natta polymerization, copolymerization, Biodegradable polymers

and plastics.

Unit-II: Oils and fats: Types of oils and fats, analysis of oils, saponifications,

hydrogenation of oil, and recovery of glycerin.

Unit-III: Manufacture and application of some industrial products

Ceramics: cement, Fertilizers: urea, superphosphate of lime, Detergents:

Dodecylbenzenesulphonates, Pesticides: DDT, BHC, Pigments: Mercurochrome,

ultramarine, Lithophne.

Unit-IV: Biological application of metal ions, clusters and inorganic analysis

a) Biological function of electron transfer protein (Iron-Sulfur proteins,

cytochromes), carbonicanhydrase and carboxypeptidase; DNA and Protein

binding; cis-platin, toxic effects of metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, As and Al) in living

systems.


45

b) Cage structure of molecules and their applications: cluster in elemental state,

nomenclature, skeletal electron count and examples. Application.

c) Application of organometalics: Wacker process, Monosanto acetic acid

CEMH-603: PHYSICAL PRACTICAL:: F.M.: 25

To determine the cell constant of a cell and hence to determine the specific and

equivalent conductance of weak electrolyte at different concentrations and to verify

Ostwald dilution law.

Conductometric titration of HCl vs NaOH ,AcOH vs NaOH and HCl + CH3COOH vs

NaOH

Determination of pKa values of acetic acid and oxalic acid pH metrically.

To determine the solubility product of silver acetate.

To titrate a solution of silver nitrate with a potassium chloride solution

potentiometrically.

To verify Beer’s law for a solution of a coloured sample and hence to find out the

concentration of unknown solution.

(an autonomous college) - midnapore college hons.pdf · unit-i: reaction mechanism; ......

Documents