Slide 1

Slide 2 **An Austrian monk who was the first person to observe different inherited traits such as color and height using the reproduction of pea plants Im a monk and I like peas, darn it ! Slide 3 Slide 4 Although this isnt a pea plant, pea flowers have both female and male organs Male Anthers produce pollen Female pistil Slide 5 > Gametes fuse ( fertilize ) and a single cell called a zygote is produced Gametes are the products of meiosisremember?? > In plants, fertilization is called pollination (pollen meets the female parts) Self-pollination occurs when a plant is allowed to pollinate itself Cross pollination Different plants Slide 6 **He studied only one trait at a time to control the variables ** He called these traits factors Slide 7 He would cross-pollinate plants with two variations of one trait: For example, this short plant was mated with this tall plant Slide 8 P1 Parent Generation **tall plant mated with a short plant Their Offspring (F1) Filial 1 (1 st generation) **All Tall allowed to self- pollinate Their offspring (F2) Filial 2 (2 nd ) generation **3 tall and 1 short Slide 9 F1 Must carry the tall AND the short factors Slide 10 ** Traits are inherited from generation to generation ** Also, a hybrid is the offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait, such as tall and short height in the F1 generation Slide 11 ~ Rule of Unit factors : Two factors (one from each parent) affect one trait in an individual ~ Rule of Dominance: The observed trait is called dominant and the trait that couldnt be seen in the F1 generation is recessive Slide 12 ~ We now call Mendels factors genes and are found on chromosomes ~ Remember!!! We have a total of46 chromosomes from mom and from dad ~ 44 are called autosomal chromosomes and 2 are called sex chromosomes (Xs and Ys) Slide 13 ** We call the alternate forms of a gene alleles ** Moms alleles are in red. Dads are in blue A Allele D Allele T Allele Slide 14 Mendelian Concepts Dominant Allele = only one allele of a gene necessary to express the trait; Its represented by a capital letter (example T for tall) Homozygous = alleles of a particular gene are identical. For example, TT (Tall) or tt (short) Heterozygous = alleles of a particular gene are non- identical; For example Tt, T is dominant so the plant would be tall; Heterozygous individuals are carriers of a recessive allele. Recessive Allele = both alleles of a gene must be identical to express the trait; It is represented by a lower case letter (example t for short) Slide 15 Slide 16 Law of Segregation: Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other in the formation of gametes What it means: each gene has two copies (alleles) and a parent will give only one copy to a child. The other parent will give another copy, and thus the child will receive two copies (alleles) Slide 17 Law of Independent Assortment : Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in gamete production Leads to genetic diversity What it means: different genes are inherited separately. For example, the gene which codes for eye color is inherited separately from the gene which codes for nose shape. Slide 18 A genotype is the combination of alleles whereas the phenotype is the way the genotypes look In other words, the genotype is the letters and the phenotype is what the letters looks like If the genotype is Tt the individual has a tall allele and a short allele The phenotype is Tall Slide 19 Homozygous an organism has the same two alleles Homozygous Dominant TT (tall alleles) Homozygous Recessive tt (short alleles) Heterozygous an organism has two different alleles Tt one tall and one short allele Slide 20 **Genetics is like flipping a coinit follows the rules of chance as to what traits will be expressed. Slide 21 Cross the males allele with the females Their Gametes carrying genetic information Slide 22 **Cross a male with a Female What are the probabilities of the sexes of the babies? XY X X XX XY Genotypic Ratio: 2 XY to 2 XX 1:1 Phenotypic Ratio: 2 Males to females 2:2 1:1 Slide 23 Rr R r RRRr rr Moms Genotype is Rr and her phenotype is Round Dads Genotype is Rr and his phenotype is Round Genotypic Ratio: 1RR:2Rr:1rr 1:2:1 Write Homozygous Dominant 1 st, then Heterozygous then Homozygous Recessive. Phenotypic Ratio: 3Round:1Wrinkled 3:1 Dominant first then recessive Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 When you do not know if a tall parent is TT or Tt, you cross it with a known homozygous recessive tt and look at the offspring. T TT t t t t t t t t ttt tt t t T T TT T T If all offspring are tall the unknown Is TT, homozygous dominant If half of the offspring are short and the other half tall the unknown is Tt, heterozygous Slide 27 Cross the following and determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios: Homozygous yellow pod (YY) with heterozygous yellow pod (Yy) 2 heterozygous tall plants (Tt) 1 plant with wrinkled seeds (rr) with a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds (Rr) A homozygous dominant purple flower (PP) with a homozygous white flower (pp) Slide 28 The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring is __________. D. allelic frequency C. pollination B. heredity A. genetics Slide 29 D. fertilized cells that develop into adult organisms C. both male and female sex cells B. female sex cells A. male sex cells Slide 30 Which of the following genotypes represents a plant that is homozygous for height? D. tt C. tT B. Hh A. Tt Slide 31 Patterns of Heredity and Complex Human Traits Slide 32 Recessive need both recessive alleles (aa) to have the trait Complete Dominance Only 1 allele needed to have the trait (AA or Aa) Slide 33 Slide 34 Both the pink and the white alleles are expressed May see P = Pink Allele, W = White Allele making pink and White PW Slide 35 ** Example: When a red animal is crossed with a white animal, a roan animal is produced. The phenotypes are: RR = Red, WW = White, RW = Roan (red and white) Red (RR) White (WW) Roan (RW) Occurs in cows too!!! Hybrid Slide 36 Slide 37 RR RR RR WHITEREDPINK USE PRIMES FOR NON-PIGMENTED ORGASNISM (This is why you probably wont see primes in codominance unless it tells you that it is codominant)!!! Hybrid Slide 38 R R R RR Red (RR) X white (RR) make pink (RR) Slide 39 Examples: hair color, eye color, height **Polygenic traits follow a normal distribution, bell curve based on an average of a population Slide 40 ** Follows a bell curve in a population with the lightest skin color to the left of the curve and the darkest to the Slide 41 Slide 42 Example: A,B,O blood types Slide 43 Phenotype Genotype A AA or I A I A or I A i or AO B BB or I B I B or I B i or BO AB AB or I A I B O OO or ii **Type AB is codominant (both expressed) **O is recessive, must have BOTH alleles Slide 44 Slide 45 If Recessive: X N X N = Normal female; X N X n ; Normal Carrier; X n X n Affected female X N Y = Normal male and X n Y = Affected male Males CANNOT be carriers!! Remember that males only have one X !! Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide 48 During mitosis, Metaphase chromosomes are photographed, enlarged and arranged in pairs by a computer according to length and location of the centromere. Slide 49 Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 A pedigree is sort of like a family tree but shows genetic inheritance. Usually autosomal recessive, dominant or sex-linked traits Slide 53 CV Unaffected/Nor mal Female Unaffected/No rmal Male Affected (has the trait) Female Affected (has the trait) Male Dead Mated Couple Siblings 1 1 2 234 1 I II III Generation Number Carrier Female. Males can also be carriers of traits not sex-linked. They would be a half colored square Slide 54 rr Rr Slide 55 History Two Kingdoms Plants and Animals Three Kingdoms Plants, Animals and Protists Five Kingdoms Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Monera Why do the kingdoms keep changing? Slide 56 Organisms are classified into groups based on: Phylogeny How closely related organisms are DNA How similar the DNA is Embryology Embryotic similarities Morphology Structural similarities Slide 57 Least Specific Kingdom= King Phylum= Phillip Class= Came Order= Over Family= For Genus= Great Species = Spaghetti Most Specific Binomial nomenclature = Two names Developed by Linneaus Genus species G enus is capitalized s pecies lowercase In italics or underlined Homo sapians Slide 58 A tree showing the evolutionary relationships between species that have a common ancestor. Uses evidence for evolution Slide 59 To the right is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish? Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? Salamanders and frogs; lizards and snakes; crocs and birds lungfish Reptiles and birds Slide 60 A tool for identification of plants and animals. It is written as a sequence of paired questions (2) The questions are followed a name or identification is reached Slide 61 Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left. 1. a. leaf is needle-like.go to 2 b. leaf is broad go to 5 2. a. needles are short....go to 3 b. needles are long...go to 4 3. a. underside of needles greenhemlock b. underside of needles silver..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle.pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle.white pine 5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6 b. edge of leaf serratedgo to 7 6. a. minty odor wintergreen b. no minty odor..laurel needle-like, long needles, in bundle of 3 = pitch pine Slide 62 Disease causing organisms Slide 63 Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades) Specific for a particular host Able to mutate HIV, Flu, smallpox Slide 64 Prokaryote Able to mutate (resistance to antibiotics) Streptococcus Salmonella Botulism MRSA (staph) Slide 65 Fly orchid looks and smells similar to female wasp. Male mates with it and transfers pollen from one flower to the next. Slide 66 Role of genetics and the environment 1. Sickle cell anemia and malaria 2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use 3. Skin cancer sun exposure 4. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid 5. Diabetes (environment and genetics) 6. PKU and diet Slide 67 Antigens foreign protein (bacteria, virus, fungus, transplanted organ) Antibodies proteins your body makes to defend itself against antigens Slide 68 B cells - Make antibodies T cells - Help B cells make antibodies - Kill infected cells Slide 69 Active Your body makes the antibodies Ex: having the disease, getting a vaccination Passive You get the antibodies from another source Ex: from mother thru the placenta or mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot) Slide 70 Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens Your body makes antibodies in response to the antigens You are left with memory cells Slide 71 What makes up a healthy diet? What is poor nutrition? obesity malnutrition iron or calcium deficiency vitamin deficiency Slide 72 Malaria caused by the protist, Plasmodium. Vector (carries disease to human): Mosquito Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, nausea Treatments: 1. Prevention 2. Antimalarial drugs 3. No vaccine Plasmodium destroying red blood cells Slide 73 Lead - Heavy metal, builds up over time Exposure more serious in children Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth, hearing problems, behavior or attention problems, failure at school, kidney damage Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware Slide 74 Mercury Heavy metal, builds up over time Sources: glass thermometers, electrical switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, inability to walk well, blindness and double vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with large exposures) Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain