an argument for structural and functional change in the un security council

7/24/2019 An Argument for Structural and Functional Change in the UN Security Council

1/21

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8

Or`n Wadms

@U.010.>08^fursn`y, L`y 8, ?20=

@k @rhulmkt gir Utruetur`d `kn Guketaik`d Ef`khm ak tfm ]K Umeuraty

Eiukead

^fm ]katmn K`taiks Umeuraty Eiukead (]KUE) f`s gèmn tfm qumstaik ig rmgirl gir

l`ky ym`rs,`s tfm akstatutaik ig tfm ]K Hmkmr`d @ssmlody (]KH@) f`s hriwk eiksanmròdy

ivmr talm. ^fmrm `rm tfism wfi qumstaik ag tfm Umeuraty Eiukead ètu`ddy kmmns rmgirl,`kn

itfmrs wfi omdamvm tfm ]KUE as lirm stòdm ak ats eurrmkt girl`t. ^fmrm as dsi nmo`tm tf`t

tfm ]KUE sfiudn om tfm o`sas gir ` hdio`d pmèmcmmpakh girem. @s tmkns ti om tfm e`sm,wf`t

as vaòdm `kn prioòdm dams silmwfmrm ak tfm eilprilasm ig tfmsm l`ky eilpmtakh vamws ,

`kn wfmk alpdmlmktmn wadd eùsm ` sfagt ak tfm hdio`d o`d`kem ig piwmr.

^fm ]KUE as ak kmmn ig rmgirl,`kn gir twi làk rm`siks. ^fm rmprmsmkt`tavmkmss

ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead f`s ef`khmn nr`stae`ddy `kn as ki dikhmr `k èeur`tm èeiukt ig tfm

ètu`d aktmrmsts ig `dd lmlomr st`tms,`kn tfm guketaik `kn rmspiksaoadatams ig tfm ]KUE lust

ef`khm `s tfm `tlispfmrm ig tfm hdio`d tfm`trm sfagts. Gir tfmsm rm`siks rmgirl as mssmkta`d

gir tfm ]KUE ti eiktakum ti om `k mggmetavm `hmkt ak tfm aktmrk`taik`d `rmk`.

Uakem tfm akata`d sahkakh ig tfm ef`rtmr ig tfm ]K,lmlomrsfap f`s hriwk

suost`kta`ddy,`kn tfmrmgirm tfm ]KUE rmprmsmkts `k akerm`sakhdy sl`ddmr pmremkt`hm ig tfm

lmlomr st`tms. @k mssmkta`d mdmlmkt ig rmgirl wadd om tfm mxp`ksaik ig tfm Umeuraty


2/21

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6

Eiukead sm`ts,`kn pitmkta`ddy mvmk tfm `nnataik ig lirm pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs ik tfm Eiukead

(Oàdmy,0166).

Xatf tfm ef`khm ak tfm pidatae`d `tlispfmrm num ti akerm`smn eillukae`taiks `kn

w`rg`rm e`pòadatams,at as `dsi alpmr`tavm tf`t tfm Umeuraty Eiukead omhaks ti t`cm kmw

lm`surms ti `n`pt ti tfm kmw tmefkidihams ak pd`y. ^fmrm f`s ommk silm e`dd gir tfm ]KUE

ti omhak ti rmhud`tm oitf pmèmgud `kn wm`pikazmn kuedm`r prihr`ls `riukn tfm wirdn.

Xfadm at as ukdacmdy tf`t rmgirl wadd hi tfas g`r,at as emrtàkdy tfm kmemss`ry narmetaik.

^fm priodml watf dm`vakh tfm Umeuraty Eiukead ukrmgirlmn as tf`t tfm eurrmkt

l`cmup ig ats lmlomrs ki dikhmr èeur`tmdy rmgdmets tfm rmsiurems tf`t mèf st`tm puts akti

]K narmetavms,`kn l`ky k`taiks `kn rmhaiks ig tfm wirdn f`vm omeilm uknmrrmprmsmktmn.

^fm hriwakh kulomr ig lmlomr st`tms ig tfm ]KH@ `dsi havms eùsm gir tfmrm ti om ` sfagt

ak tfm nyk`lae omtwmmk Hmkmr`d @ssmlody lmlomrs `kn tfm Umeuraty Eiukead lmlomrs ak

irnmr gir tfmrm ti om `k mquatòdm rmprmsmkt`taik ig tfm aktmrmsts ig naggmrmkt rmhaiks ig tfm

wirdn (Oàdmy,0166).

^fm gr`lmwirc gir tfm ]KUE w`s o`smn ik tfm nassidutaik ig ats dmss mggmetavm

prmnmemssir tfm Dm`hum ig K`taiks. ^fm Dm`hum eiudn r`rmdy èfamvm `kytfakh num ti tfm

uk`kalaty rudm ig @rtaedm = ig tfm Eivmk`kt ig tfm Dm`hum ig K`taiks,st`takh nmeasaiks `t

`ky lmmtakh ig tfm @ssmlody ir ig tfm Eiukead sf`dd rmquarm tfm `hrmmlmkt ig `dd tfm

Lmlomrs ig tfm Dm`hum rmprmsmktmn `t tfm lmmtakh (F`ssdmr,?20?). ^fas stapud`taik ig

vmti piwmr omakh fmdn oy mvmry lmlomr ig tfm Dm`hum eùsmn iovaius priodmls ak tfm e`sm

ig `ky eikgdaet,`kn tfus tfm ]katmn K`taiks w`s girlmn,watf ` Umeuraty Eiukead ig tfm


3/21

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1

fmhmlikae piwmrs ig tfm Rist Xirdn X`r AA mr` t`cakh tfm girmgrikt . Uakem ats akeapamkem,

tfm ]KH@ f`s hriwk mxtmksavmdy,watf `k akata`d lmlomrsfap ig =0 st`tms ak 01>=. @s

rmemktdy `s ?200,watf Uiutf Uun`k jiakakh siik `gtmr ats aknmpmknmkem,tfm lmlomrsfap f`s

hriwk ti 015 lmlomr st`tms (Utr`kn,?200). ^fm gr`lmwirc ig tfm ]KUE w`s siukn gir `k

irh`kaz`taik tfm sazm ig tfm ]K ak tfm 01>2s `kn 01=2s,`s tfm gavm pmrl`kmkt st`tms ak tfm

Eiukead wiudn fidn vmti piwmr wfadm tfm rmlàkakh tmk sm`ts wiudn rit`tm omtwmmk

lmlomrs ig tfm ]KH@ ak twi-ym`r tmrls nmeanmn oy hmkmr`d `ssmlody vitm (E`rswmdd ,

?205).

Puaecdy tfm assum as omeilakh tf`t tfm ]KUE as ki dikhmr òdm ti rahftguddy edàl

tf`t at wfiddy rmprmsmkts tfm aktmrmsts ig tfm mktarm Hmkmr`d @ssmlody,`s tfm 0= Umeuraty

Eiukead sm`ts `rm kiw ` lmrm 8.88% ig tfm lmlomr st`tms,`kn tfm kik-pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs

ikdy =.06%. At smmls akmvatòdm tf`t tfmrm wadd om kmw lmlomrs ak tfm ]KUE ak tfm km`r

guturm,out tfm k`turm `kn kulomr ig tfm lmlomrs as stadd v`stdy `rhumn (Nrmfmr,?20>).

Omeùsm ig tfm hriwakh kulomr ig st`tms ak tfm ]KH@,at as òsidutmdy alpmr`tavm

tf`t tfm Umeuraty Eiukead hriws ti lirm èeur`tmdy rmprmsmkt tfm akerm`sakh v`ramty ig ats

lmlomr st`tms. Xatfiut mxp`ksaik,tfm hdio`d fmhmliks wadd eiktakum ti eiknuet pidaey

tf`t e`kkit gm`saody rmprmsmkt tfm ipakaiks ig `dd ats lmlomr st`tms.

^fm smeikn `spmet kmemssat`takh ` l`jir ef`khm ak tfm ]katmn K`taiks f`s ti ni watf

tfm rmspiksaoadatams `ttraoutmn ti tfm Eiukead. Ak Ef`ptmr A @rtaedm 0 ig tfm ]K Ef`rtmr,tfm

purpism ig tfm ]K as dastmn `s garst `kn girmlist ti

làktàk aktmrk`taik`d pmèm `kn smeuraty,`kn ti: t`cm mggmetavm eiddmetavm

lm`surms gir tfm prmvmktaik `kn rmliv`d ig tfrm`ts ti tfm pmèm,`kn gir


4/21

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:

tfm supprmssaik ig èts ig `hhrmssaik ir itfmr ormèfms ig tfm pmèm,`kn ti

orakh òiut oy pmèmgud lm`ks,`kn ak eikgirlaty watf tfm prakeapdms ig

justaem `kn aktmrk`taik`d d`w,`njustlmkt ir smttdmlmkt ig aktmrk`taik`d

nasputms ir satu`taiks wfaef lahft dm`n ti ` ormèf ig tfm pmèm .

^fm ]katmn K`taiks f`s omeilm dmss ig ` wirdn pmèmcmmpakh girem `kn lirm ig `k `rmk` ig

aktmrk`taik`d prmstahm `kn piwmr watf ats hriwtf ak lmlomrs sakem tfm irahak`d sahkakh ig tfm

ef`rtmr. @s sl`dd k`taiks jiak,tfmy `rm hr`ktmn tfm v`dan`taik `kn st`tus ig t`cakh p`rt ak tfm

naseussaik akvidvakh wirdn smeuraty `kn pidaey. ^fas `dsi e`k omeilm nmtralmkt`d ti tfm

wfidm,`s watf `k mvmr-akerm`sakh kulomr ig lmlomrs,tfmrm wadd om mvmr-akerm`sakh nmsarms

gir tfmsm kmw lmlomr st`tms ti viaem tfmar ipakaiks ti hàk tfm rmeihkataik ig tfm wfidm. Ak

`nnataik,mèf kmw st`tm tf`t jiaks wadd orakh watf at ats iwk assums tf`t at fipms ti f`vm

rmsidvmn ir nmo`tmn. ^fas akgdux ig anm`s eiudn om dùnmn `s ` lmdtakh pit aktmknmn ti orakh

iut tfm omst sidutaiks,out ak rm`daty at wadd salpdy eùsm ` vmry kitaemòdm smtoèc ak tfm

prinuetavaty ig tfm Hmkmr`d @ssmlody `kn ats eillattmms. @s suef,at as alpmr`tavm tf`t tfm

Eiukead rmgirls silm ig ats ètaiks `kn rmspiksaoadatams ti lirm èeur`tmdy suat tfm eurrmkt

assums `t f`kn.

A`k Furn edàls tf`t oy akerm`sakh tfm kulomr ig k`taik st`tms ak tfm Umeuraty

Eiukead,tfm dmhatalèy ig tfm irh`kaz`taik wadd nr`stae`ddy akerm`sm o`smn ik gavm

fypitfmsms tf`t fm `nlats `rm wriuhft watf mvanmkt wm`ckmssms. Fas `rhulmkt as tf`t

watf tfm ef`khms ak aktmrk`taik`d rm`datams `kn tfm hriwakh h`p watf Eiukead lmlomrsfap ,

tfm dmhatalèy ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead atsmdg as `t rasc. @ kmw lmlomr st`tm ir st`tms ak tfm

Umeuraty Eiukead wiudn `ttàk kmw prmstahm `kn akgdumkem oy salpdy omakh ` p`rt ig tfm


5/21

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3

Eiukead,`kn tfriuhf tfas tfm Eiukead atsmdg wiudn omeilm ` lirm dmhatal`tm akstatutaik ak

tfm myms ig tfm hdio`d puodae `s at omeilms lirm rmprmsmkt`tavm ig tfm kmw aktmrk`taik`d

rm`datams.

Furn `rhums tf`t tfm prmsmkt akmqu`datams f`vm dmn ti tfm diss ig dmhatalèy watfak tfm

]KUE,`kn tf`t tfas diss ig dmhatalèy f`s dmn ti ` nmerm`sm ak piwmr `kn mggmetavmkmss.

Furns sidutaik as ` ef`khm ak strueturm,wfaef wadd akerm`sm dmhatalèy `kn tfmrmgirm rmstirm

tfm mggmetavmkmss ig tfm Eiukead (?226). Oy tfas lm`surm at as osidutmdy kmemss`ry tf`t tfm

]KUE rmgirl atsmdg ak irnmr ti lirm mggmetavmdy e`rry iut ats lassaik.

Furns gavm fypitfmsms `rm prmsmktmn s`yakh tf`t ` st`tm wadd smm tfm Eiukead `s

lirm dmhatal`tm ti tfm mxtmkt tf`t:

F0: tfm lmlomrsfap ig tfm Eiukead as rmprmsmkt`tavm ig tfm Hmkmr`d

@ssmlody lmlomrsfap.

F?: tfm lmlomrsfap ig tfm Eiukead as navmrsm.

F5: tfm st`tm as ` lmlomr ig tfm Eiukead.

F>: tfm st`tm f`s `k ippirtukaty ti p`rtaeap`tm ak nmdaomr`taiks `t tfm

Eiukead.

F=: tfm dmvmd ig nmdaomr`taik `t tfm Eiukead as fahf.

Furns `k`dysas l`y fidn trum gir silm lmlomr st`tms ig tfm Hmkmr`d @ssmlody,out tfmrm

`rm nmgakatavm piwmr eikstruets tf`t purmdy dalat tfm trum `liukt ig akgdumkem ikm st`tm wadd

f`vm (?22=). ^fm dmhatal`taik ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead nims kit eilm purmdy gril akerm`smn

lmlomrsfap,out r`tfmr gril tfm ètu`d alpdmlmkt`taik ig narmetavms àlmn tiw`rn ats

Ef`rtmr. Xfadm Furns wirc privanms `k aktmrmstakh sanm ti tfm `rhulmkt gir mxp`ksaik,tfm

assum ig akerm`sakh tfm dmhatalèy ig tfm ]KUE as kit kmemss`rady ig tfm hrm`tmst alpirt gir

tfm ètu`d guketaik`daty ig tfm Eiukead `s at as kiw. ^fm `rhulmkt ig dmhatalèy wiudn om


6/21

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4

luef lirm `ppdaeòdm ti dmss mstòdasfmn Kik-Hivmrklmkt`d Irh`kaz`taiks (KHIs),out

omeùsm ig tfm tmkurmn st`tus ig tfm ]K `kn tfm ]KUE,gurtfmr dmhatal`taik sfiudn kit om

l`nm ` fuhm prairaty,`s tfm ]KUE `drm`ny f`s suef rmkiwk tf`t ` sdahft nmerm`sm ak

dmhatalèy wadd kit `nvmrsmdy ef`khm ats mggmetavmkmss.

O`rt Uzmwezyc iggmrs ` naggmrmkt vamw ig tfm dmhatalèy ig tfm ]KUE. Fm st`tms tf`t

tfmrm as ` nmlier`tae nmgaeat ak tfm wircakhs ig tfm ]KUE,`kn `s suef tfmrm as ki w`y tf`t

at mvmr eiudn om dmhatal`tm. ^fm giukn`taiks ig tfm ]K `kn tfm ]KUE wmrm dàn ak irnmr ti

omkmgat tfm vaetirs ig Xirdn X`r AA,`kn ak ki w`y mvmr rmgdmetmn ` l`jiraty ig tfm wirdns

pipud`taik. Uzmwezyc `rhums tf`t tfm pmrl`kmkt ]KUE lmlomrs wmrm `dsi kmvmr efismk ak

grmm `kn gàr hdio`d mdmetaiks tf`t wiudn dmhatalazm tfm l`cmup ig tfm Eiukead `s

rmprmsmkt`tavm ig tfm wirdn. ^fm Hmkmr`d @ssmlody as luef lirm aknae`tavm ig tfm hdio`d

pipud`taik,fiwmvmr tfmy f`vm ki oaknakh piwmr ivmr tfm Eiukead,`kn `rm kit eiksudtmn

ukdmss tfm Eiukeads nmeasaik narmetdy alpèts tfmar k`taik. ^fas dèc ig nmlier`tae

dmhatalèy as eùsm gir ` rmgirl`taik ig tfm k`turm ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead ak irnmr ti

pripmrdy rmprmsmkt tfm hdio`d pipud`taik ak ` nmlier`tae smksm. ^fas wiudn rmquarm tfm

pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs ti surrmknmr luef ig tfmar fastirae`d piwmr,lm`kakh tfm prispmets gir

Uzmwezycs `rhulmkt eilakh ti gruataik `rm vmry sdal (Uzmwezyc,?20?).

@kitfmr iptaik tf`t f`s ommk mxpmralmktmn watf as tfm anm` ig wmahftmn vitakh. Ak

tfas smksm,tfmrm wiudn om ` girlud` put girw`rn ti aknmx tfm mktarmty ig ` k`taiks

meikilae,ladat`ry `kn pidatae`d piwmr `s wmdd `s itfmr v`raòdms suef `s pipud`taik ir

eiktraoutaik ti ]K narmetavms ti hr`kt mèf lmlomr st`tm ig tfm ]KUE watf ` p`rtaeud`r


7/21

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st`tms ig Or`zad,Akna`,

Hmrl`ky `kn J`p`k pripismn `k mkd`rhmlmkt ti ?= sm`ts,watf sax pmrl`kmkt sm`ts watf vmti

piwmr `kn giur tmlpir`ry sm`ts. @dd giur H> st`tms `ktaeap`tmn ` pmrl`kmkt sm`t,watf tfm

rmlàkakh twi pmrl`kmkt sm`ts ti om havmk ti @grae`k st`tms. F`ssdmr mxpdàks tf`t tfas

mggirt sdiwdy dist suppirt `gtmr J`p`k nmeanmn tf`t at wasfmn ti pursum ats oan gir lmlomrsfap

aknmpmknmkt ig tfm H> st`tms num ti ` wirry tf`t tfmrm wiudn om tii dattdm suppirt (?20?).

^fm @grae`k ]kaik,tfm ]katakh gir Eiksmksus Hriup,`kn tfm Xircakh Hriup `dd l`nm

salad`r sazm pripis`ds gir tfm mxp`ksaik ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead (Duec,?221).

^fm @grae`k ]kaik pripis`d w`s gir ` tit`d Eiukead sazm ig ?7 lmlomrs,watf sax

kmw pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs watf vmti piwmr,`kn watf ` l`jiraty ig tfm kmw sm`ts ik tfm

Eiukead omakh rmsmrvmn gir @grae`k `kn @rò eiuktrams. ^fm ]katakh gir Eiksmksus pripis`d


8/21

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;

fm`nmn oy At`dy e`ddmn gir tmk kmw tmlpir`ry sm`ts ik rit`takh twi-ym`r tmrls,out `scmn gir

tfm stapud`taik tf`t tfm tmrls gir `dd tmlpir`ry lmlomrs om rmkmwòdm (H`saliv`,?20?).

^fm pripis`d tf`t h`rkmrmn tfm list suppirt w`s ukniuotmndy tf`t ig tfm Xircakh

Hriup. Efàrl`k _`z`da Aslàd pripismn ak tfm _`z`da R`pmr tf`t Eiukead lmlomrsfap om

akerm`smn ti ?>,`nnakh gavm pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs `kn giur tmlpir`ry lmlomrs ,fiwmvmr

Aslàds d`rhmst piakts eilm gril gavm piakts fm `nnrmssms ak fas pripis`d ak irnmr ti

mkf`kem tr`ksp`rmkey `kn ti strmkhtfmk tfm suppirt `kn uknmrst`knakh ig ats nmeasaiks oy

tfm wfidm lmlomrsfap ig tfm Irh`kaz`taik (Aslàd,0118). Garst,Aslàd puts girw`rn tfm

anm` tf`t eiksmksus `likh st`tms as alpissaodm. Umeikn,fm nmkitms tfrmm st`hms oy wfaef

Eiukead mkd`rhmlmkt lust t`cm pdèm: gr`lmwirc rmsidutaik oy ` twi-tfarns l`jiraty ig

tfism prmsmkt `kn vitakh3 smdmetaik ig kmw pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs oy ` twi-tfarns l`jiraty ig

`dd lmlomrs3 `kn `lmknlmkt `kn r`tagae`taik ig tfm Ef`rtmr oy ` twi-tfarns l`jiraty ig `dd

lmlomrs. ^farn,tfm kmw pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs wiudn om mdmetmn jiaktdy,watf ikm sm`t hiakh

ti ` nmvmdipakh st`tm gril @grae`,@sa`,`kn D`tak @lmrae` rmspmetavmdy. ^fm rmlàkakh twi

sm`ts wiudn om mdmetmn gril aknustra`dazmn st`tms. Aslàds giurtf piakt as tf`t tfm kmw

pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs wiudn kit om hr`ktmn vmti piwmr,`kn tfm gagtf e`dds gir ` rmvamw

eikgmrmkem ak tmk ym`rs (F`ssdmr,?20?). Aslàd `dsi tramn ti naseiur`hm tfm usm ig tfm vmti

oy tfm pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs,`s l`ky lmlomr st`tms eiksanmr tfm usm ig vmti ak tfm Umeuraty

Eiukead `kèfrikastae `kn uknmlier`tae,`kn f`vm e`ddmn gir ats mdalak`taik (0118).

@s wiudn om mxpmetmn,tfm eurrmkt pmrl`kmkt st`tms strikhdy ippism `ky kmw

pmrl`kmkt lmlomr èquarakh vmti piwmr,`s tfm gm`r as tf`t tfm irahak`d R= wadd dism luef ig


9/21

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9

tfmar fidn ik tfm piwmr ig tfm ]KUE ag itfmr st`tms `ttàkmn vmti piwmr. Lirras `dsi wratms

tf`t tfmrm as eikemrk tf`t tii hrm`t ig `k akerm`sm ak lmlomr st`tms wadd nadutm tfm vitms ig tfm

R=. @ ]U rmprmsmkt`tavm sàn tf`t `k akerm`sm ak sazm ti ?= ir ?7 havms X`sfakhtik hrm`t

pùsm, `kn tfm l`xalul kulomr ig `nnataik`d sm`ts tf`t eiudn om suppirtmn w`s ?2 (?222).

Efak` f`s iutw`rndy ommk suppirtavm ig tfm pripisataik ig `nnakh kmw pmrl`kmkt

lmlomrs ti tfm Umeuraty Eiukead,`kn f`s aksastmn tf`t ag tfm pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs hriw,tfmy

ni si ak ` w`y tf`t wadd mxp`kn mqu`ddy ivmr tfm hdio`d hmihr`pfae rmhaik ti akedunm pd`ymrs

gril `dd `rm`s. Lm`kwfadm Omajakh f`s rmgusmn ti suppirt tfm oans ig rmhaik`d piwmrs Akna`

`kn J`p`k,nmspatm tfmar eikemrk tf`t tfm Eiukead as ivmrrmprmsmktmn oy raef `kn wfatm

k`taiks. ^fas f`s kit stippmn tfml gril suppirtakh tfm rmlàkakh twi H> lmlomrs ak tfmar

sm`ref gir ]KUE lmlomrsfap. Ak tfas smksm Efak` f`s sfiwk ats oa`s tiw`rn tfm mxedusaik

ig `ky itfmr k`taik gril tfm @sa`k rmhaik ak `ky sirt ig rmstrueturakh ak irnmr ti pritmet ats

fmhmliky (L`dac,?22=).

@kitfmr eiksanmr`taik ti t`cm as wfaef st`tms sfiudn rmemavm pmrl`kmkt lmlomrsfap,

privanakh pmrl`kmkt sm`ts omeilm `vàdòdm ik tfm Eiukead. Jòmmk kitms tf`t tfm H>

k`taiks `dd f`vm vmry dmhatal`tm edàls ti ` pmrl`kmkt sm`t,watf Or`zad omakh tfm dm`nakh

eiuktry gril `k uknmr-rmprmsmktmn rmhaik,Hmrl`ky omakh tfm meikilae `kn `rhuòdy

pidatae`d dm`nmr ig Muripm,Akna` omakh tfm wirdns d`rhmst nmlierèy,`kn J`p`k eiktraoutakh

tfm smeikn fahfmst `liukt ig rmsiurems,omfakn tfm ]katmn Ut`tms,ti ]KUE narmetavms

(?202). ^fmrm f`s `dsi ommk ` d`rhm livmlmkt gir lirm rmprmsmkt`taik ig nmvmdipakh

eiuktrams `s wmdd `s k`taiks gril tfm @grae`k eiktakmkt. ^fm twi list dihae`d efiaems wiudn


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8B

om Mhypt `kn Uiutf @grae`,fiwmvmr tfas wiudn eiktakum tfm trmkn ig lirm aknustra`dazmn

`kn piwmrgud eiuktrams omakh havmk pmrl`kmkt sm`ts r`tfmr tf`k mlpiwmrakh tfm nmvmdipakh

wirdn.

Ikm lirm ku`kemn pripismn iptaik as tfm akedusaik ig rmhaik`d pmrl`kmkt sm`ts,watf

`dd tfm rahfts `kn vmti piwmr ig tfm eurrmkt pmrl`kmkt st`tms. ^fmsm sm`ts wiudn om `vàdòdm

ik ` rit`takh o`sas ti k`taiks watfak tfm rmhaiks. Uilm ig tfm akata`d gr`lmwirc ig suef `k

`hrmmlmkt wiudn fidn ikm sm`t gir tfm @rò Ut`tms,twi gir @grae`k k`taiks,`kn ikm gir

D`tak @lmrae` `kn tfm E`raoom`k (L`dikm,?22>).

Euo` f`s ommk `t tfm fm`n ig tfm ippisataik ti ]KUE mkd`rhmlmkt,listdy num ti tfm

ipakaik tf`t tfm spmea`d pravadmhms ig silm Eiukead lmlomrs f`vm ki justagae`taik.

@ppiaktakh kmw pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs wiudn ikdy eùsm hrm`tmr priodmls watf vmti piwmr,

`s mvmk lirm tipaes wiudn om t`cmk igg tfm tòdm gir pitmkta`d ètaik . Euo`k iggaea`ds f`vm

`rhumn tf`t ag `s l`ky `s tmk kmw pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs `rm `ppiaktmn at wiudn rmlivm `ky

fipm ig tfm ]KUE omakh òdm ti èt ik `ky assum. Cmky` f`s `dsi piaktmn iut tfm gd w ak

pmrl`kmkt lmlomrsfap omakh tf`t st`tm piwmr wadd rasm `kn g`dd,`kn tfmrm as dattdm riil gir

guturm `kil`dams (@knmrsmk,?20?).

^fm omst satu`taik wiudn om ti erm`tm ` pèc`hm tf`t eiloakms tfm kmmn gir hrm`tmr

hdio`d mquaty watf `ssur`kems gir tfm R= tf`t tfmar aktmrmsts `s giuknakh lmlomrs `rm

pritmetmn. Ak irnmr gir tfas ti f`ppmk,tfm ]U wadd kmmn ti l`cm ` eikemssaik ik tfm kulomr

ig kmw lmlomr st`tms ti `ddiw,`kn Efak` kmmns ti èempt tfm dmhatal`tm oans ig itfmr @sa`k

eiuktrams gir ` spit ik tfm Eiukead `s ak tfm `rhulmkts ig Lirras `kn L`dac rmspmetavmdy.


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88

^fm tit`d kulomr sfiudn akerm`sm ti ?= k`taik st`tms,watf giur pmrl`kmkt sm`ts kit fidnakh

vmti piwmr ti om `ssahkmn ti rmhaik`d hriups. Ikm sm`t mèf wiudn om rmsmrvmn gir tfm @rò

Ut`tms,D`tak @lmrae`k `kn tfm E`raoom`k,tfm @sa`k Ut`tms,`kn @grae`k Ut`tms.^fmsm sm`ts

wiudn ef`khm o`smn ik ` rit`taik`d o`sas akstm`n ig mdmetaiks,`kn wiudn om nmeanmn watfak

mèf rmhaik. ^fas `ddiws gir hrm`tmr nastraoutaik ak tfm piwmr `riukn tfm hdiom `kn hr`kts

lirm akgdumkem ti eurrmktdy uknmrrmprmsmktmn rmhaiks. ^fas rmgdmets tfm gr`lmwirc prmsmktmn

oy F`ssdmr `kn tfm H> st`tms,out watf tfm `nnmn eiknataik`daty ig rmhaik`d pmrl`kmkt sm`ts

`s smmk ak L`dikms wirc. Ak `nnataik,J`p`k `kn Hmrl`ky wiudn om `nnmn `s pmrl`kmkt

lmlomrs watfiut vmti piwmr. ^fm eiktraoutaiks ig tfmsm twi k`taiks ivmr rmemkt nme`nms

f`vm ommk naspripirtaik`tmdy d`rhm,`kn nmsmrvm rmeihkataik. Hmrl`ky f`s ommk ikm ig tfm

ikdy linmds ig ` hrm`t k`taik watfiut kuedm`r piwmr ak rmemkt ym`rs `s wmdd `s omakh ikm ig

tfm strikhmst meikilams ak tfm wirdn,`kn J`p`ks eiktraoutaiks ti ]KUE narmetavms f`s

ommk mkirlius ak eilp`rasik ti ats rmprmsmkt`taik. ^fmsm twi `rm tfm list akgdumkta`d gril

tfm H> st`tms,`kn tfmar `rhulmkts gril Jòmmks wirc gir akedusaik `s pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs

as vmry strikh.

^fas dm`vms giur kmw tmlpir`ry sm`ts ti om mdmetmn gril tfm Hmkmr`d @ssmlody mvmry

twi ym`rs,watfiut tfm prispmet ig rm-mdmetaik. ^fmsm sm`ts `rm ti om rmsmrvmn gir nmvmdipakh

eiuktrams ak @grae`,@sa` `kn D`tak @lmrae`. ^fas strueturm dm`vms tfm R= watf `ssur`kems ig

tfm làktmk`kem ig ats st`tus `kn piwmr,`kn o`d`kems tfm hdio`d rmprmsmkt`taik nasp`raty

wfadm `ssurakh nmvmdipakh eiuktrams ig tfmar aktmrmsts omakh `nnrmssmn ak tfm Umeuraty

Eiukead girul. ^fas `nnrmssms tfm eikemrks ig L`dac tf`t tfm Eiukead as tii raef `kn


12/21

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86

wfatm `s wmdd `s tfm `rhulmkt ig L`dikm tf`t navmrsagae`taik as kmemss`ry. Uzmwezyc wiudn

suppirt tfmsm ef`khms `s at wiudn akerm`sm tfm nmlierèy ig tfm akstatutaik, fiwmvmr at stadd

nims kitfakh òiut tfm assum ig tfm addmhatal`tm piwmr fidnakhs ig tfm R= st`tms.

]kgirtuk`tmdy tfm ikdy w`y suef ` rmgirl eiudn t`cm pdèm as ag tfm R= lmlomrs l`cm d`rhm

eikemssaiks ik prmvaiusdy fmdn st`kems ak irnmr ti èfamvm ` lirm wircòdm Umeuraty

Eiukead, wfaef nims kit smml dacmdy ak tfm km`r guturm.

@dsi fahfdy alpirt`kt ti rmstrueturakh ig tfm ]KUE as _`z`da Aslàds pdm` tf`t tfm

vmti t`cms ` dmss prikiukemn ridm ak Umeuraty Eiukead priemmnakhs. Xatf tfm nnataik ig kmw

lmlomrs watfiut vmti piwmr,tfm strmkhtf ig tfm vmti atsmdg as akerm`smn,`kn `s suef tfm

us`hm ig vmti as ` luef hrm`tmr tiid ti tfism wfi f`vm at `t tfmar naspis`d. At lust om

rmeihkazmn tf`t ak irnmr ti `vian tfm assum prmvaiusdy gèmn oy tfm Dm`hum ig K`taiks,vmti

piwmr òsidutmdy e`kkit om l`nm ` eillikpdèm tiid.

Ikm ig tfm aktmrmstakh ku`kems ig tfm vmti as tf`t tfmrm as eurrmktdy ki w`y ak wfaef `

vmti fidnakh st`tm e`k kmh`tavmdy e`st ` vitm watfiut usakh tfmar vmti piwmr. Ak tfas smksm,

tfmrm as kit ` trum w`y ti kmh`tavmdy e`st ` vitm watfiut matfmr òstàkakh gril tfm vitm ir

vmtiakh at `dtihmtfmr. Xatf tfm nnataik ig kmw st`tms,` rmgirl ig tfm vmti priemss sfiudn

`dsi om eiksanmrmn. ^fmrm f`s ommk t`dc ig eilpdmtm òidataik ig tfm vmti,out silm st`tms

itfmr tf`k tfm R= ippism tfas,kitakh at as ` d`st rmsirt s`gmhu`rn ti pritmet tfm k`taik`d

aktmrmsts ig tfm strikhmst pd`ymrs ak tfm systml ig eiddmetavm smeuraty (F`ssdmr,?20?). ^fm

vmti rmlàks `k akermnaody usmgud tiid gir tfism wamdnakh at,`kn `dtfiuhf at l`y kit om

aknae`tavm ig ` eilpdmtm nmlierèy,tfm vmti as `k mssmkta`d `pp`r`tus ti tfm ipmr`taik ig tfm


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81

]KUE `kn sfiudn kit om rmlivmn gril tfm gr`lmwirc ig tfm Eiukead. Akstm`n,vmti-

fidnakh st`tms sfiudn m`rk tfm rahft ti vitm kmh`tavmdy r`tfmr tf`k òstàkakh ir vmtiakh.

^fas havms ` hrm`tmr nmlier`tae gmmd ti tfm Umeuraty Eiukead,`kn `ddiws gir lirm naseussaik

ti t`cm pdèm watfak tfm Eiukead atsmdg. Xfmk ` k`taik nmeanms ti usm ats piwmr ig vmti,at

wadd kiw t`cm ik ` hrm`tmr alpirt`kem `kn tfm f`pf`z`rn usm ig vmti piwmr wadd dacmdy om

nalakasfmn `s ` rmsudt.

Omeùsm ig ats ivmrwfmdlakh strmkhtf fiwmvmr,vmti piwmr lust om nadutmn,out kit

òidasfmn. ^fm vmti kmemssat`tms aktmrètaik omtwmmk st`tms,`s tfm ]U as rmquarmn ti wirc

watf Efak` ak tfm @sa`k tfm`trm ti rmsidvm eikgdaets ig tfm Lanndm M`st ,Uiutf @sa` `kn tfm

Cirm`k pmkaksud`. ^fm pripismn nadutaik ig vmti piwmr wiudn rmquarm ` pmrl`kmkt st`tm ti

`ttàk suppirt gril tfrmm kik-vmti k`taiks ir tfm suppirt ig ikm itfmr vmti k`taik (L`dac,

?22=). Oy tfas eiktakhmkey,k`taiks `rm ki dikhmr `ddiwmn ti salpdy pritmet aknavanu`d

aktmrmsts `t `dd eists. @osidutm vmti piwmr as tii strikh ig ` tiid,`kn tfmrm lust om silm

systml ig efmecs `kn o`d`kems ak pdèm ak irnmr ti mksurm tf`t nmlierèy as wircakh `s

aktmknmn.

Ak sull`ry,tfas pripismn rmgirl ig tfm strueturm ig tfm ]KUE wiudn `ddiw gir:

Aktrinuetaik ig giur pmrl`kmkt rmhaik`d sm`ts watfiut vmti

piwmr

Aktrinuetaik ig J`p`k `kn Hmrl`ky `s pmrl`kmkt lmlomrs

watfiut vmti piwmr

Aktrinuetaik ig giur tmlpir`ry sm`ts ti om fmdn oy nmvmdipakh

eiuktrams ak @sa ,D`tak @lmrae` `kn @grae`


14/21

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8:

Wmti rmgirl rmquarakh vmti-fidnakh k`taiks ti hàk suppirt ig

tfmar vmti usm gril matfmr ikm itfmr vmti-fidnakh k`taik ir

tfrmm kik-vmti fidnakh k`taiks

Aktrinuetaik ig ` kmh`tavm,kik-vmti vitm gir vmti-fidnakh

st`tms.

^fm smeikn p`rt ig tfas p`pmr wadd `nnrmss tfm pitmkta`d gir rmgirls ak tfm itfmr `rm`s

ig tfm ]KUE,list spmeagae`ddy watf tfm rmspiksaoadatams `ttraoutmn ti tfm Eiukead. ^fas

smetaik wadd `rhum tf`t tfas typm ig rmgirl as just `s alpirt`kt `s tfm struetur`d rmgirl

prmvaiusdy nmo`tmn,`kn wadd privanm ` gr`lmwirc ig pissaodm `n`pt`taiks tf`t e`k om l`nm

ti strmkhtfmk tfm òadaty ig tfm ]KUE ti e`rry iut tfmar àls `s dastmn ak tfm ]katmn K`taiks

Ef`rtmr.

^fm ]katmn K`taiks lust tfmrmgirm rmv`lp atsmdg ak irnmr ti gat tfm kmw hdio`dazmn

wirdn `kn om òdm ti èfamvm ats pral`ry hi`d ig eiddmetavm smeuraty gir `dd lmlomr st`tms .

@kk` Upàk `nnrmssms ` p`rtaeud`r ku`kem ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead tf`t dm`vms ` diipfidm gir

tfm Umeuraty Eiukead ti t`cm ` oèc sm`t. Xfmk tfm ]KUE as prmsmktmn watf ` erasas watfak

tfm seipm ig ats l`kn`tm,tfm Umeuraty Eiukead f`s ki iodah`taik ti l`cm ` nmeasaik ik

wfmtfmr ir kit ti aktmrvmkm. ^fas `ddiws gir ]KUE lmlomrs ti nmgmr gril l`cakh

pidatae`ddy naggaeudt nmeasaiks wfmk gèmn watf tfml. Upàk `rhums tf`t ak irnmr gir tfm

Umeuraty Eiukead ti omeilm mggmetavm ak tfm gudgaddlmkt ig ats ef`rtmr,tfrmm priemnur`d nutams

lust t`cm pdèm. ^fm nuty ti nmeanm rmquarms tfm ]KUE ti l`cm ` nmeasaik ik wfmtfmr ir

kit at wadd èt ik erasms tf`t ieeur watfak ats jurasnaetaik. ^fm nuty ti nasedism rmquarms tfm

]KUE ti puodaedy mxpdàk ats rm`sikakh wfmk nmeanakh kit ti aktmrvmkm ak ` erasas watfak ats


15/21

!"#$% ' ()*+,)+*-# -./ 2+.,)"0.-# ?5-.>$ ". )5$ =7(?

83

jurasnaetaik.Gak`ddy,tfm nuty ti eiksudt iodah`tms tfm ]KUE ti eiksudt tfm k`taiks `ggdaetmn

oy tfm erasas `kn ats pmipdm list `ggmetmn oy ats nmeasaiks (Upàk,?205).

Upàk puts girw`rn `k mlitaik`d `kn eikvakeakh `rhulmkt tf`t tfm Umeuraty Eiukead

sfiudn om rmquarmn ti nmeanm ag at wadd aktmrvmkm ak ` erasas . ^fm tètgud wirnakh ig fmr `rtaedm

`ddiws gir tfm ]KUE ti nmeanm kit ti aktmrvmkm,out rmquarms tfml ti havm justagae`taik ig ats

rm`sikakh. ^fas as ` nmgakatavm garst stmp tiw`rn rmkmwakh tfm gudgaddlmkt ig tfm ]K Ef`rtmr,

`kn wiudn l`cm tfm Umeuraty Eiukead luef lirm èeiuktòdm gir tfm nutams at f`s smt atsmdg

ti upfidn ak tfm rm`dl ig eiddmetavm smeuraty.

^fmrm f`s `dsi ommk `k `rhulmkt put girw`rn gir tfm ]KUE ti omeilm tfm o`sas ig `

hdio`d pidaem girem watf sivmrmahk piwmr hr`ktmn oy wirdn hivmrklmkts ak `ky smeuraty

l`ttmr. Cdùs Uefdaefl`kk edàls tf`t ag tfm ]K Ef`rtmr as put ti gudd mggmet,w`r eiudn om

òidasfmn mktarmdy. Fm `rhums tf`t sfiudn tfm ]KUE om put ak eilpdmtm eiktrid ig tfm

wirdns `rsmk`d,`kn `dd smlod`kem ig nmtmrrmkem kuedm`r ir itfmrwasm om mdalak`tmn,tf`t

tfmrm eiudn om d`stakh pmèm ak tfm wirdn watf aktmrk`taik`d dmh`d irnmr `kn eiipmr`taik

(Uefdaefl`kk,0111).

Uefdaefl`kks `rhulmkt smmls anm`dastae,`kn at as nmgakatmdy kit vasaodm ak tfm km`r

guturm,fiwmvmr fm erm`tms ` o`sas gir ` kmw-`hm O`ruef Rd`k ti t`cm eiktrid ig tfm wirdns

kuedm`r `rsmk`d. Num ti tfm sfmmr nmstruetavm piwmr ig kuedm`r wm`piks,tfmrm f`s ommk

aktmksm nmo`tm ig tfm prispmets `kn iutdiics ig ` tfarn Xirdn X`r,watf ipakaiks r`khakh `k

mktarm spmetrul ig eilpdmtm nas`rl`lmkt ti tfm ixylirikae tmrl ig tètae`d kuedm`r wm`pik

us`hm. ^fm làk priodml watf Uefadefl`kks anm` as tf`t tfmrm as ki w`y ti mksurm tf`t `dd


16/21

!"#$% ' ()*+,)+*-# -./ 2+.,)"0.-# ?5-.>$ ". )5$ =7(?

84

wm`piks `rm h`tfmrmn,`kn tfmrm `rm stadd rihum st`tms suef `s Kirtf Cirm` wfi wadd kit

salpdy havm up tfmar kuedm`r e`pòadatams ag `scmn. Ak `nnataik,l`ky hrm`t piwmrs suef `s

tfm ]katmn Ut`tms wadd kit omdamvm tfm omkmgats ig eiddmetavm smeuraty uknmr tfm ]KUE wadd

iutwmahf tfm smeuraty tf`t tfmy `drm`ny pissmss tfriuhf tfmar vmry strikh nmtmrrmkem . Ak

mssmkem,tfm anm` ig tfm ]KUE `s tfm sakhud`r fidnmr ig ladat`ry piwmr ak tfm wirdn wiudn

om akermnaody `nv`kt`hmius gir sl`dd `kn lmnaul st`tms watfiut fuhm ladat`ry prmsmkem ig

tfmar iwk,out tfm tr`nmiggs prmsmktmn ti tfm d`rhmr st`tms `rm salpdy kit wirtf disakh.Ik tfm

itfmr f`kn,ag `k `rr`khmlmkt wmrm ti om l`nm gir tfm d`rhm st`tms ti rmdakquasf tfmar ladat`ry

piwmr,k`taiks suef `s tfm ]U@ wiudn rmhàk `k mkirlius pirtaik ig tfmar ounhmt,wfaef

eiudn om usmn ak ` v`ramty ig w`ys ti alprivm tfm qu`daty ig dagm ig tfmar eatazmks.

^fm list dacmdy satu`taik tf`t wiudn `rasm gril ` pripis`d ig tfas cakn as ` ladat`ry

girem eilpismn ig eilpikmkts ig ]KUE lmlomr st`tms tf`t wiudn om uknmr tfm narmetavm ig

tfm Umeuraty Eiukead. At as just kit dacmdy tf`t `ky d`rhm hivmrklmkts wiudn hr`kt eilpdmtm

ladat`ry sivmrmahkty ti ` tfarn p`rty ak trust ig tfmar prilasm ig eiddmetavm smeuraty.

Ak tfm eiloak`taik ig tfm `rhulmkts ig Upàk `kn Uefdaefl`kk,tfmrm eilms

pitmkta`d gir ` guddy kmw iutdiic ig tfm ]katmn K`taiks. Xatf tfm Umeuraty Eiukead rmquarmn

ti matfmr t`cm ètaik ik erasms watfak ats seipm ir justagy ats rm`sikakh itfmrwasm,`kn watf tfm

rmsiurems ig f`vakh akerm`smn ladat`ry prmsmkem uknmr tfm eill`kn ig tfm ]katmn K`taiks

atsmdg,`ky pissaodm erasas eiudn om quaecdy `kn mggmetavmdy rmspiknmn ti.

Ak `k anm`d wirdn uknmr Uefdaefl`kks gr`lmwirc,tfm d`rhm st`tms wiudn kit ippism

tfm nassidutaik ig tfmar ladat`ry piwmr,dm`vakh tfm wirdns ikdy dmhatal`tm ladat`ry girem ak


17/21

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8$ ". )5$ =7(?

8;

nmvmdipakh k`taiks ak tfm uknmrrmprmsmktmn `rm`s ig @sa`,D`tak @lmrae`,`kn @grae`,

akst`tmlmkt ig J`p`k `kn Hmrl`ky `s Rmrl`kmkt lmlomrs watfiut vmti piwmr.

Wmti rmgirl sfiudn nadutm tfm ivmrom`rakh piwmr tf`t at kiw fidns . Ak irnmr gir k

òsidutm vmti ti t`cm pdèm,twi vmti-fidnakh lmlomrs lust oitf e`st tfmar vmti,ir ikm

vmti-fidnakh lmlomr lust e`st tfmar vmti watf tfm suppirt ig `t dm`st tfrmm kik-vmti k`taiks.

Ak `nnataik,tfm aktrinuetaik ig ` kmh`tavm vitm gir vmti k`taiks lust t`cm pdèm ak irnmr ti

nassu`nm tfm lm`kakhdmss usm ig vmti piwmr `kn prilitm `k `rmk` ig hrm`tmr naseussaik ak

tfm ]KUE.

Ridaey ef`khm fahfdahftmn ak @kk` Upàks `rtaedm sfiudn om alpdmlmktmn rmquarakh

tfm ]KUE ti nmdaomr`tm ik erasms watfak tfm seipm ig tfmar jurasnaetaik,`kn ti nasedism tfm

rm`sikakh ag tfm efiaem tf`t as l`nm as akètaik. Ak `nnataik,`k `ttmlpt sfiudn om l`nm `t

Uefdaefl`kks gr`lmwirc ig `k aktmrk`taik`d pidaem girem ak eiktrid ig tfm wirdns

eiddmetavm `rsmk`d. Xfadm at l`y kit guddy t`cm pdèm,`ky nadutaik ig nmtmrrmkem eiudn dm`n ti

tfm hrm`tmr èempt`kem ig eiddmetavm smeuraty uknmr tfm ]KUE `kn tfm mvmktu`d òidataik ig

w`r.

@s tfm wirdn f`s ef`khmn `kn hriwk gril tfm akata`d mstòdasflmkt ig tfm ]katmn

K`taiks,at as alpmr`tavm tf`t tfm ]katmn K`taiks `n`pts atsmdg ti havm at tfm omst sfit `t

gudgaddakh ats l`jir àls. î ni si,tfm Umeuraty Eiukead lust omeilm lirm ipmk ti kmw

lmlomrs,`kn rm-mstòdasf ats dmhatalèy oy omeilakh lirm rmprmsmkt`tavm ig tfm

aktmrk`taik`d nastraoutaik ig piwmr. ]K rmgirl as list kmemss`ry ak twi làk `rm`s3 k`lmdy


19/21

!"#$% ' ()*+,)+*-# -./ 2+.,)"0.-# ?5-.>$ ". )5$ =7(?

89

tfm struetur`d `spmet ig tfm Eiukead atsmdg `s wmdd `s tfm guketaik`d `spmet ig tfm

rmspiksaoadatams ig tfm Eiukead ak `k mr` ig nmerm`sakh hdio`d smeuraty.

At as p`st talm gir tfm ]KUE ti rmgirl,`kn tfm alpdmlmkt`taik ig tfmsm pidaeams

wiudn strmkhtfmk tfm prispmets gir d`stakh eiddmetavm smeuraty ak tfm kmw mr`. Xfadm l`ky ig

tfmsm vamws `rm iptalastae o`smn ik tfm fastirae`d gr`lmwirc ig tfm Umeuraty Eiukead ,tfmrm

lust om silm s`eragaems l`nm ik `dd p`rts ti livm akti ` s`gmr wirdn ak tfm guturm.


20/21

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6B

_mgmrmkems

@knmrsmk,D._.(?20?).Uilmtfakh's hitt` havm: Umeuraty smetir rmgirl `kn ]katmn K`taiks

pmèm ipmr`taiks.@grae`k Umeuraty,=(5/>),?08-?5=.

Oàdmy,U.N.(0166).^fm priemnurm ig tfm ]K Umeuraty Eiukead.?kn mn.Ixgirn: Ed`rmknik

Rrmss.

E`rswmdd,@.J.(?205).]kodiecakh tfm ]K Umeuraty Eiukead: ^fm ukatakh gir pmèm

rmsidutaik.Jiurk`d ig Eikgdaet & Umeuraty D`w,06(5),>=5->62.

Nrmfmr,@.,mt `d.(?20>).^fm nmtmrlak`kts ig mdmetaik ti tfm ]katmn K`taiks Umeuraty

Eiukead.Ruodae Efiaem,0=6(0-?),=0-65.

H`saliv`,U.W. (?20?).^fm Umeuraty Eiukead's mkndmss mkd`rhmlmkt nmo`tm.Emktr`dMuripm`k Jiurk`d ig Aktmrk`taik`d & Umeuraty Utunams,7(5/>),?71-?66.

F`ssdmr,U.(?20?)._mgirlakh tfm ]K Umeuraty Eiukead lmlomrsfap: ^fm addusaik ig

rmprmsmkt`tavmkmss.Fioicmk,KJ: ^`ydir `kn Gr`keas.

Furn,A.(?226).Lytfs ig Lmlomrsfap: ^fm pidataes ig dmhatal`taik ak ]K Umeuraty Eiukead

rmgirl.Hdio`d Hivmrk`kem,0>(?),011-?08.

Aslàd,_.(0118).R`pmr oy tfm Efàrl`k ig tfm Ipmk-Mknmn Xircakh Hriup Ik ^fmPumstaik ig Mquatòdm _mprmsmkt`taik ik `kn Akerm`sm ak tfm Lmlomrsfap ig tfm Umeuraty

Eiukead `kn Itfmr L`ttmrs _md`tmn ti tfm Umeuraty Eiukead. Hdio`d Ridaey Girul,0-71.

Jòmmk,L.(?202).Akna`k `spar`taik ig pmrl`kmkt lmlomrsfap ak tfm ]K Umeuraty Eiukead

`kn @lmrae`k st`kem.Uiutf @sa`k Utunams,?=(?),?58-?=5.

Duec,M.E.(?221) ]K Umeuraty Eiukead: Rrètaem `kn prilasm._iutdmnhm Ridataes `kn

Aktmrk`taik`d _md`taiks Ikdakm.^`ydir & Gr`keas.

L`dac,J.L.(?22=).Umeuraty Eiukead rmgirl: Efak` sahk`ds ats vmti.Xirdn Ridaey Jiurk`d,

??(0),01-?1.

L`dikm,N.(?22>).^fm ]K Umeuraty Eiukead: Gril tfm Eidn X`r ti tfm ?0st

emktury.Oiudnmr,EI: Dykkm _amkkmr.

Lirras,J.(?222).]K Umeuraty Eiukead rmgirl: @ eiuksmd gir tfm ?0stemktury.Umeuraty

Na`dihum,50(5),?7=-?88.


21/21

!"#$% ' ()*+,)+*-# -./ 2+.,)"0.-# ?5-.>$ ". )5$ =7(?

Uefdaefl`kk,C.(0111).@ nr`gt ik Umeuraty Eiukead rmgirl.Rmèm & Ef`khm,?>(>),=2=-

=57.

Upàk,@.(?205).^fm ].K.Umeuraty Eiukead's nuty ti nmeanm.F`rv`rn K`taik`d UmeuratyJiurk`d,>(?),5?2-56>.

Utr`kn,J._.& _`pcak,N.R.(?200).Xmahftmn vitakh ak tfm ]katmn K`taiks Umeuraty

Eiukead: @ salud`taik.Ualud`taik `kn H`lakh,>?(7),88?-62?.

Uzmwezyc,O.L.(?20?).W`raòdm ludtapid`raty `kn ].K.Umeuraty Eiukead rmgirl.F`rv`rn

Aktmrk`taik`d D`w Jiurk`d,=5(?),>>1-=2>.

an argument for structural and functional change in the un security council

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