an architectural program for a head injury …
TRANSCRIPT
AN ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM FOR
A HEAD INJURY REHABILITATION CENTER
A THESIS BY ANDREW KLEMMER
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE DEGREE
SPRING 1990
A"CH K
01,= 1
AN ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM FOR
A HEAD INJURY REHABILITATION CENTER
When these external references become part of our consciousness, they enter our inner being. In this way, continuity and interaction connect to images in our environmental memory with our thinking. . . .
Christian Norberg Schulz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iv
INTRODUCTION 1
THE TANGRAM CONCEPT 3
THE NURSERY 6
THESIS STATEMENT 8
DESIGN GOALS 9
BACKGROUND STUDY 10
SITE ANALYSIS-MACRO 29
CLIMATIC DATA 31
SITE ANALYSIS-MICRO 36
USER DESCRIPTION 47 Clients 47 Counselors 50 Medical Staff 51 Greenhouse Supervisor 52 Retail Store Operator 52
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 54 Clients 54 Counselors 58 Nursery 58 Retail Store 59
SPATIAL ANALYSIS SUMMARY 60
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 62
DETAILED SPACE LISTS 71
COST ANALYSIS 86
CASE STUDIES 91
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ill
11
List of Tables
1. Appliance Wattage Ratings 62
2. Illumination Levels 63
3. Reflective Light Allowances in Percents . . . 64
4. FHA Minimum Insulation Standards 66
5. Regional R-values for Lubbock, TX 66
6. Minimum Air Changes/Hour 68
111
List of Figures
1. Average Rainfall for Lubbock 32
2. Monthly Temperature Summary 32
3. Average Daily Temperature Variations 3 3
4. Average Daily Solar Radiation
for Lubbock 3 3
5. Wind Velocity for Lubbock 3 5
6. Vegetation Best Suited for the Soil
Conditions of the Site 35
7. Property Map of the Site 37
8. View from the site looking southwest 38
9. View from the site looking south 38
10. View from the site looking west 39
11. View from the site looking southward 39
12. View from the south of the site looking north 4 0
13. View from the south of the site looking northeast 4 0
14. View of the site viewing the ridge of
the cliff in a southeasterly direction . 41
15. South of the site looking north 41
16. View of the site viewing the ridge of the
cliff in a northwesterly direction . . . 42
17. View of the site of the draw 42
18. Another view into the draw 43
19. View of the site from Avenue Q 4 3 IV
20. Topographic Map of the Site 44
21. Marin County Site Plan 94
22. Marin County Floor Plans 94
23. Marin County 95
24. Marin County; view of community spaces . . . . 95
25. Norwood Mental Health Center; site plan . . . . 99
26. Norwood Mental Health Center; major
floor plan 99
27. Site plan of Resthaven 102
28. Resthaven; view of the Central Court 102
29. Resthaven; elevation 103
30 Resthaven; site section 103
31. Resthaven; typical floor plan 104
32. Resthaven; floor plan 104
33. Logumgaard; floor plan 108
34. Logumgaard; view of the garden 108
35. Logumgaard; view of single room 109
36. Logumgaard; view of living room 109
INTRODUCTION
Suppose you were forced to live with ten to twelve
people in a dark, damp, disease-infested cell that was no
larger that ten feet by fourteen feet. On one wall of your
cell hung a cast-iron trough; that was your wash basin and
lavatory facility. Once daily, you were fed a meager portion
of gruel. If you resisted, or acted in an "abnormal" fashion
you would be beaten, bled, and then chained to the floor for
great lengths of time. On Sundays, if you were good, you
would be allowed out of your cell for a brief moment, pro
vided that you allowed yourself to be humiliated, stoned, and
scoffed at by the "good citizens" of your area. Suppose you
were thought to have a mental disorder.
Up until the late 1800's, people with mental disorders
were often subjected to such treatment while being housed in
large institutions. Environments such as these were not
productive or successful. They only stagnated or repressed
any possible chance of inducing positive behavioral patterns.
In short, they were not conducive to the rehabilitation
process. Even today, "modern" centers that care for the
mentally disturbed are somewhat shockingly similar to those
of yesteryear.
A person with a debilitating head injury produces all
the signs, symptoms, and has all the difficulties a person
who is mentally ill does. Therefore, throughout history,
these head injured individuals have been treated as one with
the mentally ill—there has been no differentiation in their
medical treatment or in their treatment by society. The
saddest part of this is that, unlike the mentally ill person,
the head injured person knows how different he is, he under
stands what he used to be like, what he could do and what he
wanted to do with his life. The happiest part of this is
that the head injured person can, in almost all instances, be
rehabilitated to take an active, productive part in society,
while the mentally ill patient many times cannot.
According to the Texas Head Injury Foundation, an esti
mated 100,000 persons die annually from head injuries while
another 700,000 require hospitalization and rehabilitation.
Community facilities for the rehabilitation of the head
injured are limited and in many areas are nonexistent. As a
result and again because of the similarity of appearance,
survivors of head injury have frequently been closeted away
in psychiatric institutions, schools for the retarded, or
nursing homes.
Emerging today are many rehabilitation centers with new
approaches toward rehabilitating the head injured. This
program will concentrate on developing a Head Injury Rehabil
itation Center using the methods of the Tangram Rehabilita
tion Network.
THE TANGRAM CONCEPT
as supplied by the Tangreui Rehabilitation Network
The ProgT-am
Recovery from a physical injury is difficult. However,
the emotional trauma of an injury to the brain is devas
tating. The injured person often remembers what kind of
person he was before the injury—what goals and life-long
expectations he had. But the person with a head injury
eventually discovers that while the body may have healed, the
mind has not. And he is usually forced to abandon his previ
ous goals because the ability to achieve them is lost.
Anger, frustration, and depression then deal a second, devas
tating blow.
Founded in San Marcos, Texas in 1978 by Stanley Seaton,
M.D., Tangram Rehabilitation Network was the first facility
in the nation to specialize in comprehensive head injury
rehabilitation in a non-institutional environment.
The name "Tangram" is derived from an ancient Chinese
puzzle. The pieces of the puzzle can be arranged to create
an infinite number of shapes and forms.
The Tangram puzzle parallels the concept of the Tangram
Rehabilitation Network. The Network provides an infinite
number of opportunities for individuals with head injuries to
put the pieces of their lives back together.
Tangram provides seven progressively independent pro
grams to meet the client's individual needs. A client may be
admitted into any program based on his level of functioning.
The program includes:
1. Intermediate Care (ambulatory development)
2. Camp (behavioral development)
3. Ranch (functional re-training)
4. Nursery (vocational training)
5. Townhouse (community re-entry)
6. Independent Living (supportive living)
7. Community (long-term living)
Because rehabilitation should include every aspect of
the client's life, Tangram's programs are active and struc
tured from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., seven days a week.
Traditional therapies are practiced in functional settings.
All therapies are integrated into the daily routine, making
them more meaningful and applicable to real life situations.
Emphasis is on developing independent living skills, increas
ing vocational capabilities and utilizing community re
sources.
Tangram's progressive treatment programs concentrate on
gradually completing more challenging tasks as clients put
the pieces of their lives together in more complex ways.
Token money is earned for all daily accomplishments,
including specific therapies, kitchen duties and community
activities. Clients relearn the concept of earning their own
way. As clients progress through the network and obtain a
job, they earn real money.
Eventually, through the process of time and hard work,
clients begin to realize and accept that they will indeed
make improvements. They begin to set new goals and once
again feel good about themselves.
As clients regain their self esteem and hope, their
lives take on new meaning and the puzzle begins to fit to
gether.
THE TANGRAM REHABILITATION NETWORK
THE NURSERY
The scope of the program and the resulting design will
concentrate solely upon Phase Four of the Tangram Concept,
the Nursery, which provides vocational training.
The nursery incorporates residential treatment into a
real business. Clients work at specific projects in nursery
and landscape maintenance, strengthening valuable cognitive,
physical and vocational abilities that they will apply in
society. At the nursery, clients reinforce what they have
learned: that life is something they can control. At the
appropriate time, clients apply for employment training
positions in the retail nursery business—the first opportu
nity to earn real money for their efforts. Each client
applying for a job is involved in normal, job-seeking proce
dures: filling out an application, being interviewed, and,
if hired, receiving a job title and a written job descrip
tion. As a result, they gain satisfaction and self-esteem
they have not known since their injury, and they begin func
tioning as contributors within the social community where
they live.
One of the teaching activities at the nursery is the
collection and planting of seeds. Seeds collected from seed
gathering "field trips" are planted for future production.
AS they grow, clients then transfer the seedlings into larger
and larger containers, until they are ready to sell to the
public through a fully commercial nursery store. They liter
ally see the fruits of their labors and learn every phase of
the nursery business.
8
THESIS STATEMENT
Architecture's value to society as a communicative
expression of human experiences and behavioral patterns is
one of its most important attributes. Some architectural
forms and their expressive capabilities tend to be inherently
greater than others at stimulating the user's senses and
thereby heightening their awareness of architecture. Through
the use of sculptural forms and natural materials may it be
possible to produce a formal architecture that is compatible
with patterns of human growth, comfort, and spirituality.
Therefore enabling form to generate imagery that in turn
affects the senses becomes the most important part of archi
tecture's intrinsic value. To emphasis this ability of
architectural form, sculptured in recognizable images, a head
injury rehabilitation center has been selected as the
tool.
DESIGN GOALS
To enhance the experiential qualities of today's
society.
To suggest normal living patterns.
To reinforce the concept of a social continuum.
To encourage participation of the users in communal
activities.
To discourage personal isolation.
To produce a formal architecture that stimulates the
senses.
To produce imagery that reinforces the repetitive nature
of daily life.
To de-institutionalize the architecture thereby making
the therapeutic community more sensitive to the users.
To encourage many different behavioral patterns
conducive to the Tangram's methods.
10
BACKGROUND STUDY
The Prehistoric Era
During the paleolithic period, people were hunters and
gatherers, virtually living on a day-to-day basis. They had
no concept of built shelters as we know of today. Their
knowledge of the world and all of its phenomena was limited
to only their immediate surroundings. Survival in the barest
sense dominated their life.
Mental disturbances of this period were believed to be a
supernatural phenomena, which were the cause of all their
problems. They believed the wind, sun, stars, moon, etc.,
were responsible for all diseases. As such, they sought
solutions only within their immediate environment. They used
religion and magic to explain their problems; thus, a close
relationship was developed between religion and magic.
In pre-historic medicine, Medicine Men would carry
pouches of animal teeth, snakes' vertebrae, and bone bits;
these, along with human skulls, were used as amulets in their
search for a cure of their ailments. The Medicine Men, in
order to heal mental diseases, would operate on the human
skull, thus allowing the imprisoned spirits which caused the
disease to escape to their origin, the heavens.^
11
The Greek Era
Although the Greeks, in many regards, were highly devel
oped and skilled in areas of art, philosophy, construction
and farming, their beliefs in regard to mental illness were
as primitive as their forefathers.
On a whole, the Greek population believed that mental
disease was due to a swarm of vicious spirits that roamed the
area. Some thought that insanity was a sickness that was
sent by Olympian gods as a means of moral reprove to punish
the wrong doings of men, this was often depicted in the plays
written by Sopholes. Others believed madness was to appear
and disappear accordingly with a man's behavior. The insane
were considered to be misfits and beggars and thus were
treated as objects of humor. "Madmen were allowed to roam
the streets neglected. When they came too close to the good
citizenry, it was customary to stone them."2
Rituals and mysticism were the major healing sources of
psychological disorders and were controlled by men who were
known as "priest/physicians". By using Hellebore, a plant
which grew on the island of Anticyra, as a cure-all drug and
also by using the power of suggestion, the priest/physician
would attempt to purify the diseased spirits of the mentally
ill. The process was quite simple. The healers would use
the Hellebore to drug a disturbed person and ventriloquism to
represent the voice of the spirit. Thereby they would talk
12
to the spirit and induce it to stay away from the disturbed
person. Because the disturbed person would be conscious
during the ordeal and could hear the voice of the spirit
agree to leave his body, the disturbed person was thought to
be cured.3
About 4 00 B.C. the Greek physician Hippocrates was the
first to study mental disorders as a natural phenomena, free
from the superstitious beliefs of the masses. He felt that
mental disorders were a result of an imbalance in body flu
ids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. A recom
mended treatment for black bile, again, was the Hellebore
plant. For gloomy hallucinations, black Hellebore was to be
used; and for people with cheerful hallucinations, a concoc
tion of white Hellebore was used. Although Hippocrates
approach was innovated in theory, still the mentally ill were
not regarded as people with serious illnesses; and as such,
facilities were never developed to specifically care and
treat the disturbed.^
The Roman Era
The Romans, because of their geographic location and
because they were not believes in colonization but preferred
conquest, were afforded the opportunity to easily spread art
and civilization over Europe, western Asia, and northern
Africa. For the most part, religion played a similar role in
13
Roman life as it did in the Greek culture. Worshiping pagan
idols and imagery dominated everyday activities. Every house
had an alter of worship for the "family gods". However,
through the teachings of Jesus, pagan religion was on the
decline and Christianity was on the rise. Christ taught that
amulets and incantations did not have magical healing powers,
but that faith alone was enough to heal.
In regard to mental healing, Roman representatives
established penalties for worshipping pagan idolatry, for it
was considered witchcraft, while worship in the name of
Christ was considered prophecy. As such, Rome prohibited the
practice of healing by medical men, except surgery by
leeches and gave the responsibility of mental healing to the
clergy. This led to centuries of Christian domination of
medicine and eventually hindered progress towards healing the
mentally ill.^
The Middle Ages
During this period, the Church dominated many aspects of
peoples' lives, especially in regard to their beliefs con
cerning the mentally ill. Due to the fear of losing their
control over the people, the Church blamed all mental dis
eases on demons. As such, they convinced the general popu
lous that only through exorcism could the possessed soul of a
14
man be healed. As a result, the Church held back the devel
opment of medicine for centuries.
Some of the mentally disturbed were afforded the luxury
of being housed in shrines. Here, the priest would perform
the exorcisms to rid the disturbed of their demons. The
majority, however, roamed the streets. Some were chained to
posts and beaten. Although the Church and their fears
stunted the development of medicine with regard to the men
tally ill, it was responsible for establishing perhaps the
first known institutions to provide some care for the men
tally ill. Monasteries and hospitals provided custodial care
for the manics and delirious patients.
The hospital system of treating the mentally ill pa
tients evolved out of versions of nursing groups that existed
during the Crusades of the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
These nursing groups made hospitals along the route of the
Crusades to the Holy Land through France, Switzerland and
Italy. For example. The Knights of Hospitalers, The Order of
St. Lazarus and others established the foundation on which is
built the modern system of denomination hospitals. In Gheel,
Belgium, a shrine to St. Dynphna was established to treat
the mentally ill. According to legend, St. Dynphna was the
daughter of a pagan Irish king around 600 A.D. Because the
king wanted to marry his own daughter, she fled Ireland to
Gheel, where she was killed by her father in an insane rage.
15
She thus became the Saint to those with mental maladies and a
shrine was erected on the spot of her death.
At St. Dynphna, patients were allowed to stay for nine
days for treatment. They were given work to do in the fields
and in the households of the nearby country folk. This was
the beginning of the "colony plan or village plan".^
The monasteries contributed also to the development of
the principle treatment of mental patients and could be
credited to the positive developments of modern psychiatry.
At The Sisters of the Society of Hospitalers, a monastery
during the medieval period established "sick houses" for the
disturbed. Here, good food, rest and spiritual enlightenment
were provided for the patients. Bartholomew Anglicus, a
Franciscan monk, wrote an encyclopedia that describes accu
rately (according to today's experts) psychiatric and medical
conditions. His book, De Proorietatibus. concluded that
through nursing, observation and helping, the mentally ill
could be effectively treated. There was little of magic and
no hint of demonology in Bartholomew's views on mental ill
ness because he felt that their disease was a natural phenom
ena and not a supernatural one. This was in great contrast
to the general belief of the times, which still believed that
witchcraft and magic were the cure-all for everything.
However, because the Church was uninterested in the actual
causes of mental deviations and also felt that the disturbed
16
could destroy the power of the Church, the priests insisted
upon the idea that the mentally ill were controlled by demons
and witches and, therefore, they continued their practice of
burning and beating the disturbed. Thus witchcraft became
the basis of all psychological abnormalities of the medieval
times.
The Influence of Witchcraft
Ignorance and suggestibility were the major contributors
to the belief of witchcraft; emotional reasons for accepting
witchcraft also played a major role in these times. The
physical life of the peasants during medieval times were
ruled by the feudal masters while their spiritual life was
controlled by the Church; however, the dire need to blame all
their troubles on something much greater was a temptation too
great to ignore. Therefore the devil became the scapegoat of
all evil doings—including the troubles of the mentally ill.
Thanks to the controlling interest of the Church, delusions,
hysteria, and neurosis, as classified today, were, as learned
by the inquisitors of the church, the manifestations of
Satan's influence. "The idea of considering mental aberra
tions the result of natural processes was heresy" and punish
able by death. Sadly enough, this train of thought remained
up until the late 19th century.^
17
The Renaissance
During the renaissance, men sought for the new, both in
the appreciation of culture of antiquity and in the search
for new knowledge and new possessions—material and immateri
al. With the collapse of the manorial system of Europe, the
growth of the towns and the development of trade by land and
sea became dominating factors that would forever change
mankind. They searched for new routes to the Far East and
built Empires in the New World. Colonization spread as
quickly as the Black Plague. Copernicus and his theory on
planetary motion helped to set forth the "Empirical Move
ment." Biological sciences in Italian universities were on
the march to understand, in terms of observation and deduc
tion rather than by speculation, the psychological problems
involving the mentally ill.®
An Englishman, Reginald Scott, wrote against the theory
of witchcraft in 1584. He insisted upon a natural explana
tion of the psychologically disturbed rather than the current
one of supernatural bewitchment. This, he thought, could
only be achieved through logical, scientific, philosophical,
and theological examinations of the mentally ill.
Johann Wierus, a German, wrote De Praestiaius Daemonum
in 1563 that attempted to prove the fallacies of demonology.
In it he attacks the Church, and with reason, he wrote that
priests and monks
18
". . .are, in the main, ignorant and bold. They claim to understand the healing art and they lie to those who seek help from them, that their sicknesses are derived from witchery, but they are not satisfied with that (since) they brand innocent women and fill people with hate toward them eternally, destroy friendship, disrupt blood relationships . . .and the ignorant and clumsy physicians blame all sicknesses which they are unable to cure or which they have treated wrongly, on witchery. They speak of it as a blind man talks about color. In this way they cover themselves, as they do in surgery by their blundering and ignorance of our holy art with the illusion of magic misdeeds, when they themselves are the true misdoers."^
He went on to discuss that people should not be molded
into one definite model, but rather that patients are indi
viduals each with an emotional life and a set of reactions
specific to themselves. Some believe that this was the first
step to psychotherapy and that he was perhaps the first
psychiatrist.
The 17th and 18th centuries were great eras of change.
Galileo had developed the astronomical telescope, Newton
proposed his theories on gravity, Napier was working on
logarithms, Harvey established the function of the heart in
the circulation of blood, Boerhaave and Sydenham described
the history of diseases like measles and rheumatism, and the
defeat of Satanism and its role in treating the insane was on
its way out.
19
Physicians finally had become somewhat interested in
mental diseases and the whole aspect of the mental phenomena.
Thus madness now came out of the realm of the supernatural
and into the realm of science, as seen by William Cullen, a
professor of physic at Edinburgh University. He wrote
Nosology, or a Systematic Arrangement of Diseases by Classes.
Orders. Genera and Species, with the Distinguishing Charac
teristics of Each. Here he classified all diseases into five
classes. This was a shift from speculation of the past, to
observation, in regard to treating the mentally ill.
Hospitals were being developed to specifically cater to
the madman. In London, Bethlehem Hospital (also know as
Bedlam) was at first, a place of refuge for the insane and
the treatment thereof. The patients (called Belamites) for
the most part were treated with care and concern. Patients,
once deemed improved, were allowed to leave the facility and
hence forth required to wear badges that declared them harm
less lunatics that must therefore rely upon the public and
their charity for survival. However, beggars and thieves
realized this easy way of life and sought to acquire the
badges so they too might enjoy the charity of others. Gradu
ally, the citizens realized they were being abused and began
to rebel against the charitable treatment that was expected
of them. By then, however. Bedlam was known as a place of
punishment for criminals and not a hospital that treated the
20
insane. Eventually Bedlam became the place to be on a Sunday
afternoon—a place to take the wife and kids to encounter a
delightful show of "beat the madman".
This treatment of the insane lead to the belief that,
for the most part, still holds true today, that is—lunatics
don't belong in public, but in a place far, far away from the
good citizens because the insane were associated with
witches, hunchbacks, criminals, and deformed creatures. Thus
the word lunatic originated. It comes from the word "luna"
(moon) and its light that would guide the insane.^^
Lunatic houses of the 18th century were nothing more
than dark, foul-smelling dens whose conception of treatment
was sheer physical abuse. It was not uncommon practice to
cram eight to ten patients in a cell that was no more than
ten feet by six feet. These institutions were typically run
by "wardens," and save perhaps for an occasional visit by a
physician, were without medical care. Cullen wrote,
"Stripes and blows about the body were advisable except where the patient does not understand their reason of punishment, else they become a wanton barbarian. "J-1
The therapeutic attitude of the time alternated between
the sadisms of a punishing treatment and the guilt of having
to use it. Physicians were confused as to the type of treat
ment necessary, and as a profession, could not agree within
themselves, if gentleness or punishment was proper. However,
21
in 1774, a bill was passed in England that brought the regu
lation of the mental institutions under the jurisdiction of
the state. Only the larger facilities such as Bedlam in
London and Salpetiere in France, however, had physicians
available on a regular basis. Smaller ones might be visited
by a physician once in ten years.
Treatment in these facilities typically consisted of
"free-bleeding" in April and October with many purges and
vomiting through May. All physicians believed that treatment
of the intestinal tract was important in the cure of the
mentally disturbed. It was believed that "Diarrhoea" proved
one was cured of insanity. Other treatments consisted of
scaring and bleeding the scalp. Typically, physicians be
lieved that the cause of all mental illness was "the over
determination of blood to the head". Others thought that by
replacing distraught emotions with healthy emotions or to
replace delusions with logical ideas, insanity could be
cured. At times, when patients suffered from "violent aber
rations of the passions" it was deemed necessary to use
violent methods as a cure.
One man, Philippe Pinel, the superintendent at
Salpetiere, believed that violence was no proper means of
treatment for the mentally distraught. He believed that
humanity and science must work together to care for the
insane. Therefore, in 1791 he banned all chaining and beating
22
of the patients and insisted that the physicians were to play
a more prominent role in care giving. For he recognized the
insane as humans with an illness and not creatures of punish
ment. Pinel's philosophies however did not sit well with his
colleagues, and for years his method of treatment faced
constant ridicule because the physicians did not want to deal
with the explanation of the disease—they would rather leave
that to the philosophers and wardens.
However Pinel's ideals were soon to be realized; for at
the First York Retreat, a meeting of the Society of Friends,
it was declared that the mental hospitals were not prisons
for the insane, but rather must be look at as a "idea of a
rural farm." This new concept would soon become influential
in American institutions.
In America, Benjamin Rush became the first actual "prac
ticing psychiatrist." He wrote a treatise that became the
sole authority on caring for the mentally ill up until the
late 1880's. As brilliant as Rush's ideas concerning mental
disease appeared, his methods of treatment seemed quite
primitive or perhaps even insane. Because he believed that
insanity was a disease of the blood, blood-letting then
became important in all methods of treatment. For example,
he made a device called the "gyrator" that subjected the
patient to a rotary motion so as to give a centrifugal direc
tion to the blood towards the brain until nausea, vertigo.
23
and perspiration were produced from the subject. This he
said was good for "torpid madness."
To cure mania, the physician was to pour cold water down
the coat sleeve of the patient. If one had a fear of death,
then simply extract 20-40 ounces of blood from the patient
and then make him stand for 24 hours; then stab him with
pointed nails for 2-3 days. It was believed that muscle
fatigue would attract morbid excitement from the brain and
thereby relieve the patient of the disease.
Moreover, if all these methods of treatment could not
reduce the maniacal excitement of the patient, then the
"tranquillizing chair" was to be used. Basically it was a
chair that the patient was strapped to while a wooden box was
placed over his head. Once in the chair, the patient was
bled until his pulse lowered to what was considered to be a
normal rate. Rush developed this because the straight coat
would not allow for blood-letting.
Other methods consisted of "surprise baths and all-day
restraints." In this treatment, the patient was forced to
walk over a trap door that concealed a tub of cold water.
Then the patients were chained all day and then finally
washed with brooms and doused in cold water in the public
squares.^2
Another important leader in caring for the mentally ill
was Dr. Hill. In 1815 he became the superintendent of the
24
Asylum in Lincoln. When he took command there, he found the
patients strapped to their bed in "one-quarter boots." These
boots forced the feet in an upright position and were sup
posedly used for security reasons. Immediately he abolished
all restraints and insisted on a good diet, fresh air, exer
cise, and occupation for all the patients. Furthermore, by
1864, the scientific validity of his humanitarian ideas was
establish and Dr. Hill's work was hailed as a tremendous
advance for the psychiatric profession.
Occurring simultaneously but in other areas of America,
Dorothea Lynde Dix, a self-appointed investigator on the
behalf of the mentally ill, went on a crusade to clean up the
asylums across America in 1841. In 1843 she convinced the
state legislatures of Massachusetts and New Jersey to pass
laws that would provide state funds to the hospitals of the
mentally ill.13 By 1847 she had visited 18 penitentiaries,
3 00 county jails, and 500 almshouses in America and Europe.
Perhaps her most important achievement though, was the fact
that she brought the disgusting medical conditions of the
asylums into the public eye.
The Twentieth Century
In the early 1900's, an Austrian named Sigmund Freud
developed the theory of the unconscious mind and its effects
on human behavior: Psychoanalysis. Therapy consists of
25
an intensive and prolonged technique for exploring uncon
scious motivations and conflicts in neurotic, anxiety-ridden
individual. The major goal of psychoanalysis is to revel the
unconscious. According to the president of the American
Psychoanalytic Institute:
"We believe an unconscious exists in all humans and that it dictates much of our behavior. If it is a relatively healthy unconscious, then our behavior will be healthy, too. Many who are plagued by symptoms from phobias, depression, anxiety, or panic may have deposits of unconscious material that are fostering their torment. Only the psychoanalyst is qualified to probe the unconscious."^4
Perhaps one of the most significant contributions to the
care of the mentally ill was the enactment of the Public Law
#88-164. This law, under the insistence of J.F. Kennedy,
made provisions for upgrading current institutions and mental
health facilities by allocating funds to establish the Commu
nity Mental Health Center (CMHC). Essentially, this program
provides for in-patient/out-patient services, partial hospi
talization services with at least daycare facilities; and
emergency services available around the clock with mental
health consultants, community agencies and other related
professionals.^^
Although modern man believes that he has surpassed many
of the fallacies in curing and treating the mentally dis
turbed, one gap that has not been bridged is that of cruelty.
26
This can be seen in the following inquiry of a nursing tech
nician on the nursing staff at Doctors Neuropsychiatric
Institute in California:
When asked as to why he and the others intentionally and routinely degraded and humiliated mental patients:
A: Because we thought it worked for them. It was therapy. Harassment therapy. It made sense. So we harassed them, for them to deal with their feelings. We forced them to scr\ib floors with toothbrushes for hours on end. We threw garbage on them. We called them names, like "stupid, jerk, slob, chump," stuff like that. We embarrassed them and laughed at them; made them scrub garbage cans while other patients were told to empty food trays in the can. We worked their asses off, day after day, until they blew, got their feeling out, you Icnow.
Q: Then what?
A: Then what? Then we'd put 'em in sheets, usually.
Q: Why'd you do that?
A: Do what?
Q: Put them in sheets?
A: To teach 'em. Negative reinforcement, you know. It was a form of punishment, I suppose, for inappropriate behavior.
Q: Inappropriate behavior?
A: Yeah, blowing up.
Q: How does one respond appropriately to harassment therapy?
27
A: That's a good question. You know, I never really figured that out. I asked around, but never got a satisfactory answer.
Q: But you put them in sheets?
A: Yes.
Q: Why?
A: Because we had to. It was ward policy. It was part of the program.^^
This was in 1981.
28
ENDNOTES
^"Mental Illness," The World Book Encvclopedia. 1988 edition, pg. 405.
^Walter Bromberg, The Mind of Man (New York: Harper and Brothers Pub., 1937), p. 16.
3lbid.
^Ibid., p. 20.
^Ibid., p. 26.
^Ibid., p. 38.
' "Mental Illness," p. 405.
^Gardner Murphy and Joseph Kovach, Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1972), pp. 15-18.
^Bromberg, p. 76.
lOlbid., pp. 85-93.
l^Ibid., p. 90.
12Leo Kanner, A Historv of the Care and Studv of the Mentally Retarded (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Pub., 1964), p. 100.
13tiMentally 111," p. 405.
l^Ernest Harms, Origins of Modern Psychiatry (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Pub., 1967), p. 567.
1^Wirth, Planning. Programming and Design for the Community Mental Health Care (Pittsburg: Maurice Falk Medical Fund, 1968), p. 12.
l^Don Stannard-Friel, Harassment Therapv: A Case Studv of Psychiatric Violence (Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1981), pp. 3-4.
29
SITE ANALYSIS - MACRO
Background Study
Lubbock
Lubbock, Texas, was once the home of the Comanche Indi
ans. These Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers. They
followed the buffalo herds across the Great Plains which
provided their food, clothing, and shelter. However, in the
1880's, settlers moved into the area and brought with them
current farming techniques which consisted of plowing under
the native buffalo grass to plant wheat and corn. When a
severe drought began in the 1930's, the loss of the stabi
lizing buffalo grass contributed to tremendous dust storms,
giving the region and the rest of the Plains the name "Dust
Bowl."
By 1891 the town of Lubbock was formed, and in 1909,
Lubbock was incorporated with a population of approximately
1,950. Also in the same year Lubbock was linked to the rest
of the United States via the railroad. However, with the
railroad, the community leaders felt that Lubbock would
become exposed to the sins of the world and therefore the
founders thought that the construction of churches must be
encouraged to alleviate this disposition.
30
Concurrently, cotton farming began to dominate the land
usage until eventually, as we see in today's market, cotton
produced in the South Plains region composes twenty-five
percent of the United States cotton crop.
In 1925 Texas Technological College was established,
which today is a major influence on the Lubbock community and
its surrounding districts. In 1969, the now-renamed Texas
Tech University added the Texas Tech University Health Sci
ences Center to provide health care training for the state
and region. With the numerous hospitals also established in
Lubbock, such as St. Mary's of the Plains, Methodist Hospital
and Lubbock General Hospital, Lubbock is now a major health
care training facility in the nation and contributes signifi
cantly to new advances in medical research and knowledge.^
31
CLIMATIC DATA
The climate of Lubbock is semi-arid, transitional be
tween desert conditions on the west and humid conditions to
the east and southeast. The normal precipitation occurs
during May, June, and July, when the tropical air from the
Gulf of Mexico is carried inland. This warm, moist air
causes moderate to heavy afternoon and evening thunderstorms;
often with hail, high winds and occasionally tornadoes.
Snow usually falls during the winter months, but is
usually light and remains on the ground for only a short
time. Precipitation in the area is extremely variable, and
in the time that records have been kept, as much as 40.55
inches to 8.883 inches have fallen in one year, with an
average of approximately 18 inches. Figure 1 contains data
on the average rainfall.
The average annual temperature is 59.7 degrees. The
warmest months are June, July, and August, with a normal
daily maximum temperature of 92 degrees. The coldest months
are December and January, with a normal daily minimum of 25.4
degrees in January, and a monthly mean of 39.2 degrees.
Figure 2 lists the high, average and low temperatures and
Figure 3 examines the average daily temperature variations.
The average solar radiation for Lubbock is summarized in
Figure 4.
32
i
u X o z
3 -
2.5 -
2 -
1.5 -
1 -
0.5 -•
0 -
y ^
1 1 r 1 1 1 r r 1 r - •••
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NO/ DEC
Figure 1. Average Rainfall for Lubbock.2
100
a. o
111
1 U a s u i -
Figure 2. Monthly Temperature Summary.^
33
UJ Ul
O LLI a
Q:
UJ
a S UJ
JUVN FEB MAR APR 1 1 r
^Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NO*/ DEC
Figure 3. Average Daily Temperature Variations."^
2.4
o o u. UJ.«>>
if tn >— m
1 - I 1 r JAN FEB MAR APR N-'AY
Figure 4. Average Daily Solar Radiation for Lubbock.^
34
Wind in the area is the strongest during thunderstorms
which are of short duration. Mean wind speeds are rather
high, with the surface not offering much resistance to the
wind as in other areas with taller vegetation or more pro
nounced geographical feature. The strongest conditions occur
in February, March, and April, with the prevailing direction
from the southwest quadrant. Figure 5 examines the monthly
wind velocities for the area. Figure 6 is a listing of the
types of plants that should do well on the site, considering
the type soil, rainfall, solar radiation and temperature
variations.
The heat of the summer is somewhat blunted by the low
humidity, as low as 3 or 4 percent in the hottest days. The
prevailing wind also helps to reduce the heat. The high
elevation and dry air allow rapid heat loss after night-fall,
so most summer nights are cool with temperatures ranging in
the sixties. Because Lubbock is located in what is known as
the dust bowl, sand and dust storms frequently occur, espe
cially during the spring when the prevailing winds increase
in speed. These storms can turn the sky a red-brown, and cut
visibility down to a matter of yards.^
35
a X
U
a. <A UJ
2
r I 1 1 1 I 1 1 r JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 5. Wind Velocity for Lubbock.^
TREES
ELM
AMERICAN L*CUCT
BLACK LOCUST
HONEY LOCUST
MIMOSA
RED OR TEXAS OAK
'.VHITE PINE (SOUTHERN DRY)
'.VHEEPINQ .VILLOW
FRUIT TREES (CHERRY, PEAR PEACH)
Live OAK
EVERGREENS
JuNIPER
YEW
BOXWOOD
Box TREE
AMERICAN HOLLY
YAUPON HOLLY
OLEANDER
ARBOR VITAC
• SHRUBBERY
SNOW BALL
HYDRANOEA
MOCK ORANQC
HONEY SUCKLE (HALL'S PURPLE FORSYTHIA
SPIRCA
Box, DWARF
t
LEAF)
Figure 6. Vegetation Best Suited for the Soil Conditions of the Site.S
36
SITE ANALYSIS-MICRO
The site selected for this project is the southwest
corner of the intersection of Erskine and Avenue K. Current
ly it is zoned M-4 and is located in the outer reaches of the
industrial district. Bordering the site to the immediate
north is a small residential district that is encompassed by
warehousing; to the east is Highway 87 and more abandoned
warehouses; to the south is a larger residential district and
the park system of the Yellowhouse Canyon (otherwise referred
to as Lake-4). To the west lies Avenue Q, and beyond that is
the continuation of the park. Figure 7 shows a property map
of the site and Figures 8 through 19 for pictures of the view
from different angles of the site.
For the most part, the terrain is considered flat;
however, as one approaches the lake to the south, the site
drops of in a cliff-like fashion approximately 25 feet. The
existing vegetation consists of several species of cacti,
underbrush, and grasses. See Figure 20 for a topographic map
of the site.
Access to the site is made through Avenue Q, Erskine,
and Highway 87, (which is currently undergoing an expansion
plan and will be Interstate 27). Although surrounded by
major thoroughfares, the traffic remains moderate and limited
mainly to large trucks and delivery vehicles. As a whole,
noise generated from the traffic is of little consequence.
v i<z F:ca
23
44? V 4 : i l V
-S-TREeT-
/ ' /7// /y/^>// / ' /7^
2-F ; 2-E 2 -0
= EMORY
Figure 7. Property Map of the Site.^
38
Figure 8. View from the site looking southwest
Figure 9. View from the site looking south
39
Figure 10. View from the site looking west
'r u
Figure 11. View from the site looking southward
40
Figure 12. View from the south of site looking north
Figure 13. View from the south of the site looking
northeast
41
Figure 14. View of the site viewing the ridge of the cliff
in a southeasterly direction
Figure 15. South of the site looking north
42
Figure 16. View of the site viewing the ridge of the cliff
in a northwesterly direction
4r
ire 17. View of the site of the draw
43
Figure 18. Another view into the draw
Figure 19. View of site from Avenue Q
44
) I / EG76,000_L
Figure 20. Topographic Map of the Site
45
The views to and from the site provide the visitor with
a comprehensive understanding of Lubbock. To the south is
the city skyline, an uninterrupted view, due to the residen
tial district. To the north lies the tall silos of the grain
elevators; while to the east is the beauty of the natural
surroundings depicted by the Yellowhouse Canyon Park pre
serve. To the east are the warehouses of the industrial
district.
With the proximity to Lake-4, flooding can be a major
consideration in the design process and must be further
investigated along with soil conditions and optimum types of
plants for landscaping of the site.
46
ENDNOTES
^Walter B. Moore, "Lubbock," World Book Encyclopedia. 1979, p. 445.
^"Building the Energy Efficient Home in Texas" (Austin: Texas Energy and National Resources Advisory Council, U.S. Department of Energy, 1982), p. VI-1.
3lbid.
4lbid.
Sibid.
^J.A. Pecille, "Wind and Dust Study for Lubbock, Texas," NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS 57-70 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1973), p. 9.
^"Building the Energy Efficient Home in Texas", p. VI-1.
^Neil Sperry, Complete Guide to Texas Gardening (Dallas, TX: Taylor Pub., 1982), pp. 123-163.
^Lubbock Chamber of Commerce, "Lubbock," (Lubbock, TX: Chamber of Commerce, 1986).
lOlbid.
47
USER DESCRIPTION
Clients
The clients are people who have experienced a head
injury and therefore require rehabilitation so they may cope
with the responsibilities of today's society. For the most
part, they are ambulatory and require no physical therapy.
However, there may be the situation where the client perhaps
is wheelchair bound or relies upon a cane or walker for
support to ensure mobility. Medication as prescribed by the
doctor might need to be administered; this is generally a
sedative of some sort to help the client keep calm if by
chance they should become excessively hyperactive or aggres
sive.
The clients will partake in every aspect of the opera
tion of the nursery: from cooking the daily meals to the
care of plants in the greenhouses to the maintenance of the
living quarters and landscaping of the site. In short, the
nursery might be referred to as one large family, where each
family member participates in the operation of the house
hold.
The clients cook meals, clean the complex, attend to
minor repairs, provide all the necessary yardwork. Basical
ly, the clients are responsible for all household chores and,
48
with the exception of major repairs, provide the necessary
labor to keep the complex operating.
Occasionally they participate in field trips or special
outings that afford the clients a chance to interact with the
surrounding community.
According to Dr. Seaton, The success of the program
stems from the client's undertaking of daily routine- repeti
tion. Because repetition of daily life becomes so important
to the client's rehabilitation process, a detailed scheduling
of events is required which must be followed on a daily
basis, except for the weekend, to ensure continuous progress.
The weekend schedule leaves room for personal interpretation
by the clients of their daily activities. This procedure is
similar to that of a normal person's daily, or weekly rou
tine.
Below is a brief outline of a client's routine for
Monday through Friday:
Time; Duties: wake up, clean personal space,shower, clean washroom read newspaper, drink coffee exercise shower, clean washroom eat breakfast brush teeth, daily orientation meeting work-prep meeting attend to daily chores break time wash, attend plant class journal entry eat lunch clean up lunch dishes attend chores again
6:
6: 7: 8: 8: 9: 9: 9: 11 12 12 1: 1: 2:
00 am
30 00 00 30 00 15 30 .:00 ::00 ::30 00 30 00
pm
49
4:45 attend personal plants 5:00 journal entry 5:30 watch news, tend to gardens 6:00 shower, clean personal space 6:30 eat dinner 7:00 evening activity 9:00 receive pay for day's work
10:30 retire for the day
On Saturday and Sunday, the schedule varies, but yet
certain activities must be followed:
Saturday
the routine remains the same until 9:30 am, then
the clients leave the compound to have breakfast at
a local restaurant. Following the meal, they all
wash their laundry. After these chores are com
pleted, the clients all participate in a thorough
cleaning of the entire living quarters. Once the
compound has been cleaned, the clients are virtu
ally free to choose their activities for the re
mainder of the day. This could possibly entail
leaving the compound for some type of outing.
Generally though, the clients will return by 10:30
pm.
50
Sunday
7:30 wake up, clean space and washroom
after this, the client's day is then totally
planned by the clients. All decisions, when,
where, and what to eat are made by the clients.
Coiinselors
The role of the counselor is similar to that of a big
brother, the parent of the household. He or she is relied
upon to dictate chores and to ensure the proper completion of
the chores by the client. He participates in every aspect of
the client's life from the time the client rises in the
morning to the time the client sleeps at night. He works
side-by-side, doing the same chores as the client. With the
exception of living there, the client might be thought of as
a client himself; but one of authority. Once a week however,
each counselor is required to spend the night at the compound
as part of their job description.
The counselors are responsible for protecting the
health, safety, and well-being of the clients. Because there
is no full-time medical staff on the premises, the counselors
are responsible for communicating to the psychiatrist and
nurses any disposition that a client might have.
51
Medical Staff
Psychiatrist
On a weekly or bi-weekly basis, the psychiatrist will
visit the compound upon the request of the counselors and
meet collectively with the clients to monitor their mental
rehabilitation. He conducts informal meetings between each
counselor and the client who supervises him and if need be,
will prescribe medication for the client—which is to be
distributed by the counselor.
Registered Nurse
Once a week the nurse will report to the compound to
attend to any physical injuries occurred in the preceding
week. If none of the clients require medical attention, the
nurse's stay is quite short. Furthermore though, if the
counselor deems it necessary, he may contact the nurse
through a paging service at anytime, night or day; also if a
client should sustain an injury of a serious nature and he
requires the services of a hospital, the counselor is respon
sible for transporting the client to the hospital, unless of
course ambulance services are required.
52
Greenhouse Supervisor
The greenhouse supervisor is a full-time employee of the
corporation, and as such, works a normal 9-5, Monday-Friday
routine. He is ultimately responsible for all operations
involving any plant life. He instructs the clients and
counselors in the care and maintenance of the plant life and
maintains records of all equipment and supplies. Further
more, he is also responsible for interacting with the clients
on a counselor-type basis, however, only in regard to the
operation of the gardens and the greenhouses.
Retail Store Operator
Similar to the greenhouse supervisor, he, too, is an
employee of the corporation and as such works a normal 40
hour week. He is in control of all aspects of the store—
from dealing with customers and the clients, to inventory and
ordering of all required supplies of the store. Again, since
he will be dealing with the clients on a daily basis, he will
be responsible for training the clients in all aspects of
operational procedures of the store including customer rela
tions and money management.^
53
ENDNOTES
^Telephone Interview with Michael P. Klemmer, 10 October
54
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
Clients
Personal space-
In this space the client will sleep, keep his personal
belongings, dress, access the washroom, and spend time
relaxing by himself.
Spatial Qualities-
The space should afford visual access to the outside. It
must allow for personalization by the client. It must
suggest territoriality. Basically the space has all the
qualities of a bedroom in a house. The materials used
must convey a message of non-institutionalization.
Clients
Washroom/bathing-
The clients will share recjuired facilities. Here,
lavatory, bathing and toilets will be needed to fulfill
daily hygiene practices.
Spatial Qualities-
Natural light, views to the exterior, encourage
territoriality yet must be visually accessible by the
55
counselor to maintain supervision. Materials must be
durable and water resistant and be of a non-slip quali
ty.
Clients
Lounging/Relaxation space-
Informal meetings among the clients and counselors.
Newspaper reading, light conversation take place here.
This is a place to rest and relax once the day's chores
are completed
Spatial qualities-
Restful, quiet, home-like, varied illumination to set a
relaxing atmosphere, soft, relaxing materials, soft
carpeting, and not overly stimulating patterns.
Clients
Food preparation space-
Here, one counselor and two able-bodied clients will
prepare the meals of the day for the entire compound.
The kitchen must allow for food preparation areas.
56
storage, both hot and cold and dry, allow for the wash
ing of dishes and the cooking of the meals.
Spatial qualities-
Natural light, views to the outside and to the dining
area are all required. Physical access to the exterior
to allow service and to all emergency exit must be
provided. The materials must be conducive to a kitchen
atmosphere and allow for ease of maintenance.
Clients
Food consumption area-
All the clients and the counselors on duty will sit down
together to eat their daily meals. It is encouraged
that they remain at one table—in a family-type atmo
sphere. However, smaller dining spots should be pro
vided for those clients who have difficulty in
completing the task of eating in an orderly fashion.
Spatial qualities-
The space should be quite intimate to encourage interac
tion among the clients and counselors, but not to the
point where confinement or claustrophobic feelings are
communicated. Windows to the east are desirable to
57
provide direct sunlight into the space during the morn
ing meal. Conversely, it is wise to protect against the
setting sun during the evening meal.
Clients
Recreational space-
In this space the clients and the counselors have the
opportunity to relax in a very informal atmosphere.
Activities, such as watching T.V., playing board games,
conversation, arts and crafts, playing pool and ping-
pong, will be available. This space must allow for
interaction among the clients.
Spatial qualities-
The space must be highly flexible to serve the varied
uses. Its atmosphere must convey a message of recre
ation/relaxation. This can be accomplished through the
use of varied materials and textures as well as differ
ent lighting levels. Considerations of acoustics and
the specific activities must be further recognized.
58
Counselors
Personal space-
Because the counselors live the lives of the cli
ents including sleeping at the facility one night a
week, they will need a specific space. They will
require lockers, showers, storage spaces, and
sleeping quarters.
Spatial qualities-
The space must provide visual access to the outside
as well as to the personal spaces of the clients
and the rest of the compound. It must be flexible
enough to accommodate the personalities of the
different counselors who will use it.
Nursery
The nursery is the mainstay of the therapeutic process.
It involves both interior garden areas as well as exterior
areas. The spaces must be accessible to large quantities of
natural light, and water. Temperature fluctuations must be
accounted for as well as ventilation. Although the nursery
becomes the focal point in the design, this by no means
implies that it be centrally located. Spaces for storage.
59
work, bathrooms, office space, and connections to the rest of
the compound must be considered.
Retail Store
Related to the nursery will be the retail store. Here
the clients will work as employees of a typical business.
Stocking, cleaning, selling, maintaining an inventory, or
dering materials and supplies, and customer relations will
occur.
Spatial Qualities-
Spaces for parking of the general public, dis
playing of the related accessories involved in the
caring of plants, storerooms, rest rooms, offices,
workrooms as well as service entrances will be
needed.
60
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
SPACE
personal space
washroom/bathing
opposite sex
food preparation
food consumption
lounge
recreation
counselor personal
space
electrical/utility/
mechanical/
circulation
nursery
retail store
USER
client
c & c
c & c
c & c
c & c
c & c
c & c
counselor
none
all
all
NO.
12
18
up to 6
3+
18
18
18
2
20
20
AREA(SO.FT.^
1,
1
3
1
,542
250
125
200
250
400
800
300
,255
,000
,500
TOTAL 9,622 sq. ft.l
Note: c & c = clients and counselors
61
ENDNOTES
iTelephone interview with Michael P. Klemmer, lo October
62
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Electrical
People are continuously placing greater demands on their
home's electrical systems due to the ever-expanding items
being manufactured to simplify duties around the home. As a
result, the system must be designed to be expandable to
accommodate prospective future demands of the system. In
Table 1, below, some typical wattage ratings required by
appliances are given.
Table 1. Appliance Wattage Ratings^
Appliance Ratings
Air Conditioner 3,000-12,000 Range Top 3,000-12,000 Washer/Dryer 4,000- 5,000 Toaster 1,000- 1,500 Dishwasher 1,000 Hair Dryer 400- 1,600 Water Heater 1,000- 5,000 Television 300- 500 Garbage Disposal 350- 500
Service is supplied by a three-wire system carrying both
120 and 220 watt current. Although artificial lighting
constitutes a relatively small proportion of the electrical
63
demand, it is the most imperative consideration of the elec
trical service due to the fact that today's societal needs
often revolve around night-time activities. Because differ
ent tasks require different illumination levels. Table 2 is
provided to illustrate the foot candles required for certain
domestic chores.
Table 2. Illumination Levels2
Task
Dining Grooming Handicrafts
ordinary seeing
Foot
tasks very difficult seeing critical seeing
Ironing Kitchen duties Laundry Reading and writing Studying Sewing Table games
tasks
Candles Reouired
tasks
15 50
70 150 200 50 150 50 70 70 200 30
Also, the quality of light to create the appropriate
level of illumination is very critical. A soft or diffused
light will help to minimize shadows and a hard, bright light
will create or highlight shadows. Furthermore, the consider
ation of reflective light becomes very important. Table 3
shows tolerable levels in percentage of reflectance of avail
able light.
64
Table 3. Reflective Light Allowances in Percents-'
Surface Minimum Maximum
Ceiling Pale color tints 60 90
Walls Medium shades 35 60
Floors Carpet, tile,
terrazzo 15 35
* The National electric code requires a minimum of 3
watts/sq. ft., thus one circuit for every 450 sq.
ft.
* The electrical system should have the ability to
accommodate a variety of possible unit arrange
ments.
* Service panels must be easily accessible but well
hidden from view.
* The location of site and unit electrical services
should be well hidden.
* The distribution transformer should be well hidden
and segregated from public access, as well as
easily accommodating access by utility workers.
65
* The distance between individual duplexes on each
wall space should be six feet.
* A fire alarm system should be connected with local
central fire alarm systems as well as individual
warning systems. The system should have smoke
detectors along with manual pull stations.
* Switches in bathrooms shall not be accessible from
the tub or the shower for life safety purposes.
Mechanical
The overall HVAC system for a housing facility should be
designed so that each unit has control of their own thermal
and environmental qualities. The design of the system can
vary from each unit having individual HVAC systems or may
consist of a centralized system that distributes to each
unit. The most efficient system should be chosen in terms of
controlling humidity, temperature, and distribution rate of
air for maximum comfort. The systems should be prepared to
condition the air to achieve temperatures between 72°F and
790p with a relative humidity range between 20% and 60%.
Through planning of the exterior and interior of the
structure, reduced loads can be demanded by the system.
Also, through passive solar systems and by utilizing insu
lating materials that help to control heating and cooling,
66
the demand on the HVAC can be reduced. All of these however
must conform to the requirements of the Uniform Building
Code.
Table 4 lists some insulation values to achieve FHA
minimum property standards.
Table 4. FHA Minimum Insulation Standards^
Suggested
Ceiling
Walls
Floors
Basements
Insulating Standards
R Values Actual R Values
19 21
11 13
3 3
3 3
Table 5 lists desired R-values for the given region.
Table 5. Regional R-values for Lubbock, TX^
Area Regional R-Values
Ceiling 26
Walls 19
Floors 13
67
Further criteria for mechanical system are:
* The circulation of air should be done by natural
means when weather permits.
* The system should be protected from natural ele
ments .
* The system should be designed to be efficient in
terms of cost, energy, and materials.
* The system should be designed to maintain room
temperatures of at least 70°F at a distance of
three feet above floor level.
* Natural ventilation by operating exterior openings
must be provided for and the openings should be 5%
of the floor area with a minimum of 1.5 sq. ft.
* Recommended velocities for air delivery are from
500-750 ft/min.
Mechanical ventilation can be provided for in interior
spaces with no outside access. The rate shall be designed as
either supply or exhaust. Table 6 is a guideline for venti
lation design.
68
Table 6. Minimum Air Changes/Hour^
Room
Lobby Corridors Living Room Dining Room Bedroom Kitchen Bathrooms Laundry
Air Changes/Hour
4 via supply 4 via supply 10 via supply 10 via supply 10 via supply 8 via exhaust 5 via exhaust 5 via exhaust
Site
* All site drainage systems must be designed to meet
the needs of regional rainfall.
* Drainage of the site must not interfere with pedes
trian or vehicular passage to, from, or around the
site perimeter.
* Drainage must not disrupt or strain the drainage
patterns of adjoining properties.
* Must abide by set-back requirements of the area and
other possible limitations.
69
General
* The structural systems must conform to the minimum
standards of the Uniform Building Code.7
* The plumbing and sanitary sewer systems shall meet
all requirements of the UBC and the National Plumb
ing Code.S
* All areas must adhere to the ANSI series on handi
capped access so that no areas become inaccessible
or difficult to reach.^
* Emergency exit signs must mark fire exits, fire
escapes, stairwells and corridors.1^
70
ENDNOTES
1st. Marie S. Satenig, Homes for People (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1973), pp. 104-105.
2lbid., p. 103.
3lbid., p. 102
^David M. Eagan, Concepts in Thermal Comfort (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1975), p. 9.
5"Building the Energy Efficient Home in Texas" (Austin: Texas Energy and National Resources Advisory Council, U.S. Department of Energy, 1982), p. VI-1.
^U.S. Department of Housing Standards and Urban Development, "Minimum Property Standards for Multi-Family Housing" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Service, 1983), section 403-3.
7International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code (Whittier, CA: 1985), Chapter 2.
^Ibid., Chapter 38.
^ibid., Chapter 51.
lOlbid., Chapter 33.
71
DETAILED SPACE LISTS
Client
Personal space 12 spaces; one individual full time,
perhaps one to two visitors; approx
imately 128.5 sq. ft. each; total
sq. ft. 1,542
As with all spaces in the facility, all areas must allow
for easy access of wheelchair-bound individuals.
Space is required for a bed, closet and shelving for
personal books and other items.
Views to the outside and access to the rest of the
complex.
A desk/workspace should be provided.
Sufficient space for two chairs—one for the client and
one for a visitor.
72
An area for hand washing should be provided.
Lighting must be provided that is not harsh or distrac-
tive and that can be task oriented.
73
Client
Washroom/bathing 2 spaces; one sex (majority) 250 sq.
ft.; opposite sex (minority) 125 sq.
ft.
Special considerations must be given to handicapped
access, particularly to toilets and bathing facilities.
Lighting must be bright enough to prevent accidents but
not harsh.
Storage must be supplied for towels and bathroom sup
plies.
Electrical outlets must not be near bathing facilities.
Waterproof materials exclusively.
Non-slip and non-skid materials.
All materials to be easily sanitized.
74
Client
Food preparation space 1 space; 3 individuals at one
time; approximately 250 sq.
ft.
Sufficient storage for serving and eating utensils,
cooking utensils, and clean up items must be provided.
Sufficient work top space is required for use by at
least three individuals simultaneously.
A pantry/storage area is required which will limit
humidity and temperature fluctuations.
Sufficient space for appliances and cold food storage
are required along with sinks.
Lighting must be sufficient and task oriented.
Extra electrical outlets along counter tops are neces
sary for small appliances.
Floors must be able to be cleaned to a sanitary condi
tion.
75
Clients
Food consumption area- 1 space; must be able to
accommodate all 18 indi
viduals at one time; 200
sq. ft.
Lighting must be sufficient but not harsh and have
variable controls.
Storage must be available for table setting items.
Floor coverings must be easily cleaned.
76
Clients
Recreational space- 1 space; must be able to
accommodate all 18 indi
viduals at one time; 800
sq. ft.
Storage must be provided for games and movable furniture
and shelving for reading materials.
Natural lighting and good incandescent lighting, vari
able controls and task oriented.
Access to the outside, pleasing views.
Good acoustics to limit noise from excited individuals.
Flexible-use type space to allow for many and varied
changes of furniture with movable panels for separation
of space and for additional noise control.
Tables for game playing, comfortable chairs, sofas, easy
chairs, ping pong tables, pool table, movable furniture
(folding chairs, fold-up tables for occasional use).
77
Lounge space- 1 space; up to 18 individ
uals at one time; 400 sq.
ft.
Sofas, chairs, end tables, coffee tables, lamps, televi
sion, stereo set.
Needs access to the outside, to the food consumption
area, to the recreation area and access to the personal
spaces.
Variable lighting, able to be subdued if desired, or
brighter in areas for reading.
Materials should be soft and varied in texture; patterns
not distractive.
Storage space, shelving to be used for reading materials
and for places for the clients to display personal
effects.
Telephone.
78
Counselor personal space 2 spaces; one individual
full time each with one to
two visitors; 150 sq. ft.
each; 300 sq. ft. total
As with all spaces in the facility, all areas must allow
for easy access of wheelchair-bound individuals.
Views to the outside, access to the rest of the com
plex.
Space is required for a bed, closet and shelving for
personal books and other items.
A desk/workspace should be provided.
Sufficient space for two chairs—one for the client and
one for a visitor.
A complete bathroom is needed in each space.
Lighting must be provided that is not harsh or distrac
tive and that can be task oriented.
79
Must be centrally located as these two spaces act as a
control area.
Telephone in each space.
80
Electrical/Utility/Mechanical/Circulation
1,125 sq. ft.
total;
Control acoustics. Provide materials that are non-
flammatory; easily cleaned.
Large capacity hot water tank with quick recharge.
HVAC units.
Washer/Dryer unit.
Storage space for tools.
Needs to be near food preparation area and should be
accessible to the outside.
81
Nursery 1 space; 1 to 20 occu
pants; 3,000 sq. ft.
Humidity, temperature controls and ventilation.
Must afford large quantities of natural light conducive
to growing plants.
Storage space for plants and chemicals.
Artificial lighting.
Work space for repotting/seeding plants.
Long tables with drainage and running water, storage
spaces.
Restroom.
82
Telephone.
Small office for the supervisor.
Storage room for equipment and tools.
Flooring material must allow for sure footing when wet
and allow for good drainage.
The structure of the building must not restrict the
growing of large trees.
Needs to be connected to the retail store and the out
side gardens and to allow for visitors to tour the
facility.
Watering system throughout and mist system for rooting
plants.
Steam treatment area for preparing growing medium.
83
Retail Store 1 space; up to 20 at one
time; 1,500 sq. ft.
Display area consisting of shelves, tables, cases,
stands, etc.
Good lighting to display merchandise.
Sales counter with register and storage.
Office for retail sales manager for record keeping, etc,
with desk, table, file cabinet, chair, phone; all stan
dard small office equipment.
Sufficient space to allow for browsing by customers.
Natural and artificial lighting with allowances for
lighting system to highlight merchandise.
Storage room for inventory and making minor repairs to
merchandise.
84
Restroom.
Have access to the customer parking lot and the nurs-
ery.
Service entrance with loading dock, located close to the
storeroom and the nursery.
Signage.1
85
ENDNOTES
iTelephone interview with Michael P. Klemmer, lo October
86
COST ANALYSIS
The cost analysis was compiled through the use of the
1989 edition of the Means Sguare Foot Costs.
Areas: Residential (R)
Commercial (C)
Greenhouse (G)
5,122 sq. ft.l
1,500 sq. ft.2
3,000 sq. ft.3
BUILDING SYSTEM COST/SO. FT.
Foundation
Footings and
foundations 1.05
Excavation and backfill 0.36
2.42
0.80
0.62
0.07
2. Sub-Structure
Slab on grade 1.13 2.25 3.78
Super Structure
Elevated Floors
Roof
Stairs
Columns and Beams
1.13
0.87
0.22
2.83 3.78
4.21
87
4. Exterior Closure
Walls 1.36
Doors 0.24
Windows and glazed walls 0.85
2.47
1.20
1.89 10.64
Roofing
Roof coverings 0.68
Insulation 0.57
Openings and specialties 0.16
1.56
0.36
0.50
6. Interior Construction
Partitions
Doors
Wall Finishes
Floor Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
2.17
3.44
1.77
3.38
1.50
0.36
0.36
0.14
1.32
2.14
7. Conveying
Elevator/lift 4.64
8. Mechanical
Plumbing
Fire Protection
Heating
Cooling
HVAC
6.52
1.73
2.90
3.01
^ «.
1.19
1.27
—
—
4.24
0.62
0.47
3.10
3.30
—
88
9. Electrical
Service distribution
Lighting and power
Special electrical
0.63
3.15
0.68
1.11
4.24
1.79
0.68
2.89
0.16
Subtotal 44.14 34.44 34.32
Total Building Costs:
(Areas x square foot = cost)
Residential
$226,085
Commercial Greenhouse
$ 51,660 $102,960
Total Cost: $380,705.00
Site Work Cost/sq. ft.
Total Area 9,622
Excavation 0.99
Parking and Drives 4.37
Landscaping and Lighting 2.18
7.54 $72,549.88
89
Subtotal Site Work $ 72.54Q.fl«
Total Construction Costs: $453 254.88
Architect's Fees (11%) $ 49,858.04
Fixed Equipment § 7.3% of area 27,791.47
Moveable Equipment § 6.6% of area 25.126.53
Total Construction Costs: $556,030.92
90
ENDNOTES
Iw D. Mahoney, ed. , Means Scni;.r-e Fool- rr.0 0 10th ed (Kingston, MA: R.S. Means Co., 1989), p. ii8 '
2lbid., p. 190.
3lbid., p. 210.
91
CASE STUDIES
Case Studv No. l
Project Title: Marin County Community Mental Health Center1
Location : Greenbrae, Calf.
Architect : Kaplan and McLaughlin
Completion : 1975
Mission Statement
To design a public center that operates short-term, in
patient care as well as provide for out-patient mental health
consultation.
Project Scope
As seen in the site plan of Figure 21, the building is
situated on the grounds of the hospital and surrounded by a
residential community. Basically, the design consists of one
large structure that concentrates on providing large,
barrier-free spaces to allow the congregation and integration
for large groups of patients.
92
Architectural Considerations
The designers believe that circulation is the key ele
ment to promoting interaction among the patients and as such
have located all the major spaces for interaction along the
circulation corridors (see Figure 22). The architects chose
to use an extensive amount of clearstories to provide natural
daylighting; hoping to make the large congregational spaces
more dynamic and thereby helping the patients aware of the
changes of day to night (see Figures 23 & 24). Because
contemporary mental health architecture warrants the creation
of a stimulating environment, and should reflect the nature
of life outside the center, the designers felt that the scale
of the complex must appear small and unintimidating; as a
result, the wall, floor and ceiling planes appear to come
together much quicker because of the utilization of distin
guishable patterns, colors, and materials.
Summary
pros -relationship is sensitive to the site by orga
nizing the building along the contours of the
ground.
-enables the patients to interact with exterior
spaces by locating them close to the large major
spaces.
93
-extensive use of daylight, graphics, ramps, and
handicap hardware help in the patients use of, and
orientation in the building.
cons -no consideration for personalization of the spaces
by the patients is the major downfall,
-all lighting is a non-variable system and con
trolled by the staff.
-seating arrangements deny the sense of personal
choice.
-the continuous playing of music throughout the
entire center abates the users of any personal
privacy and preference.
-although the intention was to promote basic living
skills and independence, the freedom of choice by
the users have, in virtually every instance, has
been eliminated.
94
Figure 21. Marin County Site Plan.
. V ? /V" =**"•
urrt* UvtL S^-'^.
Figure 22. Marin County Floor Plans,
95
Figure 23. Marin County.
Figure 24. Marin County; view of community spaces.
96
Case Studv No. 2
Project Title: Norwood Mental Health Center2
Location : Marshfield, Wis.
Architect : Hougen-Good-Pfaller
Completion : 1978
Mission Statement
This design is to serve the public through in-patient,
day-patients, and out-patient treatment programs and to
provide treatment rooms for occupational and physical thera
py, along with spaces for public classrooms and auditoriums.
Project Scope
The design consists of the multi-layering of floors to
depict the functional changes within the building, while
being sensitive to the site and to the surrounding buildings,
which, in turn, hopes to promote visual and physical interac
tion between the patients on the interior and socialization
with the community on the exterior (see Figure 25 for the
site layout).
Architectural Considerations
According to the area code requirements, all patients
rooms must open directly into an eight-foot wide corridor
97
which, in turns, serves to function as the major emergency
exit. As a result, the corridor serves to be the generator
of the design. As seen in Figure 26, all private rooms are
spaced along this corridor while the larger, public spaces
are provided at the ends of the corridor. To encourage
interaction with the community, the building is oriented
toward the street thereby making it easily accessible for
vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Summary
pros -to encourage the interaction between the center
and the community is desirable.
-defined passageways to the outside help to orient
the patients and allows for easy access to these
spaces.
-by the stepping of the building, the design allows
for visual cues of function as well as providing a
base for visual stimulation.
-the open design provides the patients with choices
for socialization and group interaction.
cons -the corridor as a generator tends to limit the
overall design to a function of linearity.
98
-the extensive use of open spaces does not help to
promote visual and acoustical privacy,
-activity areas are not as readily defined on the
interior as hoped by the designers through the
stepping of the building because of the lack barri
ers.
99
Norwood Mental Health Center; site plan.
.<xy ^ / ^ ^ ' v> C>N /A GeiiJifics r' •
V - ^ X Central ' - ^ 1 L U
i . J . I . . : . . . . .j: ^o, y _ . 3 ^//>/
Adminislrative stall
J
•?
':;3; Norwood Mental Health Center; major floor plan.
100
Case Studv No. 3
Project Title: Resthaven Community Mental Health Center^
Location : Los Angeles, California
Architect : Kaplan and McLaughlin
Completion : 1967
Mission Statement
This is a privately-funded center that is geared toward
retraining patients for their return back into the communi
ty.
Project Scope
The design consists of a small cluster of buildings
situated around a common exterior space (see Figure 27 for
site plan). The major thrust of the design is influenced by
circulation and orientation based on the needs of the pa
tients to travel from one space to another with recognition
(see Figures 28-31).
Architectural Considerations
Because the design is generated around the perceptions
of mental health patients rather than the needs of the admin
istration and staff, the spaces are situated in a hierarchy
of progression that helps to reinforce to the patients their
101
progress made in the retraining program. This differentia
tion of space is further exemplified by the separation of
residential and day care, on the lower levels, to the physi
cal and group therapy areas, on the upper levels.
Summary
pros
cons
-physical and psychological separation of spaces to
make areas more identifiable.
-minimal massing of units and the integration of
interior and exterior spaces (see Figure 32) .
-provides ramps and steps that aid in the circula
tion of patients and staff.
-furniture placement suggests territoriality,
-avoids repetition of a modular system to stimulate
patients.
-material selection is of highly reflectance quali
ty that tends to confuse the patients' orienta
tion.
-does not allow for personalization of private
spaces by patients
102
Figure 27. Site plan of Resthaven.
Figure 28. Resthaven; view of the Central Court,
103
Figure 29. Resthaven; elevation.
^^]W—
Figure 30. Resthaven; site section.
104
W I M
MECM STOB
" l I 1 ^ *—* O'^FI I KIT I r l I- OF I rt ; CHARTS I ] , , 1
L I V I N G 1 )
LEVEL D
Figure 31. Resthaven; typical floor plan.
OFFICES
PHYSICAL THERAPY
•JJ
B£[S> \0
. * • i «-
Figure 32. Resthaven; floor plan.
w
105
Case Studv No. 4
Project Title: Logumgaard Residence for Women^
Location : Logumgaard, Denmark
Architect : Jens Mailing Pedersen
Completion : 1968
Mission Statement
To provide places for twenty moderately retarded women
to live and work in a "home-like" atmosphere.
Project Scope
The design consists of four independent living units
situated around a rose garden located within the grounds of
the Logumgaard Institution. Each unit has approximately
1,350 square feet of living space with facilities for living,
dining, food preparation, sleeping and bathing. See Figure
3 3 for floor plan and Figure 34 for a view of the garden.
Architectural Considerations
To create a home-like environment for the institutional
residents, the designers chose to make a cluster of four
small units away from the main complex. By doing so, this
afforded the scale of each unit to be reduced to one of a
basic residence, as opposed to a single monolithic structure.
106
This idea was furthermore enhanced by the material selection,
such as brick walls, tile roofs, and natural wood on the
ceilings and floors and vast operable windows that admit
ample quantities of sunlight and fresh air which all open
upon the centralized rose garden. A home-like atmosphere was
created.
In the personal, single rooms, each resident is provided
with day beds, desks, wardrobes, and spots for personal
furnishings, although these are quite small, this does pro
vide a sense of privacy and security to the patients without
a sense of isolation. See Figures 35 and 36 for views of the
interior.
Summary
pros
cons
-the clustering allows for the patients to maintain
a sense of identity and privacy
-the varied use of materials helps to de-institu
tionalize the center.
-the integration of exterior and interior spaces
both visually and physically creates a dynamic and
meaningful relationship of man and nature,
-the personal spaces are too repetitive and con
strained and do not allow much for personaliza
tion.
107
-the separate units tend to divide patients into
isolated groups thus not affording the patients a
great opportunity to socialize.
108
Figure 33. Logumgaard; floor plan.
34. Logumgaard; view of the garden
109
^ * * *
:
•
•
k
f • - ^ ^ ^ _.>ijff
^^^HlH^^^^Hi.
H H ^^^^^^^^^^^H
1 1
Figure 35. Logumgaard; view of single room.
Figure 36. Logumgaard; view of living room.
110
ENDNOTES
1"Marin County Mental Health Center," Architectural Record. July 1975, pp. 116-118.
2"Evaluation of Mental Health Center," AIA Journal. February, 1978, pp. 38-41.
3"Community Center," Architectural Record. February 1967, pp. 160-161.
" Michael Bedman, Architecture for the Handicapped in Denmark. Sweden, and Holland (Richmond: University of Virginia, 1974), pp. 24-25.
Ill
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbe, Donald. Lubbock & the South Plains. Chatsworth CA: Windsor Pub., 1989. '
Bechtel, Robert B. Enclosing Behavior. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 1977.
Bedman, Michael. Architecture for the Handicapped in Denmark. Sweden, and Holland. Richmond: University of Virginia, 1974.
Bromberg, Walter. The Mind of Man. New York: Harper and Brothers Pub., 1937.
"Community Center," Architectural Record. February 1967.
Egan, David M. Concepts in Thermal Comfort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1975.
"Evaluation of Mental Health Center," AIA Journal. February, 1978.
Harms, Ernest. Origins of Modern Psychiatry. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Pub., 1967.
Heimsath, Clovis. Behavioral Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977.
International Conference of Building Officials. Uniform Building Code. Whittier, CA: 1985.
Kanner, Leo. A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Pub., 1964.
Klemmer, Michael P. Telephone interview, 10 October 1989.
Lang, Jon. Creating Architectural Theory. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987.
Laurie, Alex. Commercial Flower Forcing. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Lubbock Chamber of Commerce. "Lubbock." Lubbock, TX: Chamber of Commerce, 1986.
Mahoney, W.D., ed. Means Scmare Foot Costs. 10th ed. Kingston, MA: R.S. Means, Co., 1989.
112
"Marin County Mental Health Center," Architectural RennrH July 1975. '
"Mental Illness." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1988 ed.
Moore, Walter B. "Lubbock." World Book Encyclopedia. 1979 ed.
Murphy, Gardner, and Joseph Kovach. Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. 3rd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1972.
Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci. New York: Rizzoli Press, 1979.
Packard, Robert T., ed. Architectural Graphic Standards. 8th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Pencille, J.A. "Wind and Dust Study for Lubbock, Texas." NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS57-70. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1973.
Quantrill, Malcolm. The Environmental Memory. New York: Schocken, 1987.
Satenig, St. Marie S. Homes for People. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1973.
Sperry, Neil. Complete Guide to Texas Gardening. Dallas, TX: Taylor Pub., 1982.
Stannard-Friel, Don. Harassment Therapy: A Case Study of Psychiatric Violence. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1981.
Texas Energy and National Resources Advisory Council, U.S. Department of Energy. "Building the Energy Efficient Home in Texas." Austin, TX: 1982.
U.S. Department of Housing Standards and Urban Development. "Minimum Property Standards for Multi-Family Housing." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Service, 1973.
Wahlfeldt, Bette G. All About Green Houses. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, Inc., 1981.
Wirth. Planning. Programming and Design for the Community Mental Health Care. Pittsburg: Maurice Falk Medical Fund, 1968.
DOOJMENTATION
Throughout the course of the designphase I found the complexity ofthe
residential facility to be the most challenging of the programmatic
requirements, as a consequence, it was decided to concentrate my design
ability on the residential facility and therefore omit from the program the
needs of the greenhouses and the small retail areas.
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