بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم

29-Nov-14

SEMINAR ON CONTEMPORARY FIQH 2012

Organized by

Department of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh

International Islamic University

Malaysia (IIUM) Paper Title

Venue

ADM LT 4

18th -19th December 2012

Abu Talib Mohammad Monawer

Dr. Akhratzaite Abd Aziz

INTRODUCTION:

• Problem:

– Confusion over the legality of AIMAD

– Classical scholars discussed the AIMAD and particularized ijÉrah together

– AIMAD is applied widely

• Objective:

– Removing the confusion & settlement of Unanimous agreement on it in the minds

– Discussing the basic rules of AIMAD

29-Nov-14

Outline

• INTRODUCTION:

• FORWARD IJÓRAH, ITS MEANING AND LEGALITY – Definition of al-IjÉrah al-MawÎËfah fÊ al-Dhimmah (AIMAD)

– Legality of Forward IjÉrah in General

– Legality of Forward IjÉrah in Particular

– Jurisprudential Adaptation (takyÊf fiqhÊ)

• PARAMETERS OF FORWARD IJÓRAH – Classification of Forward IjÉrah

– Relation of Forward IjÉrah to Other Classifications of IjÉrah

– Pillars of Forward IjÉrah:

– General Rules of Forward IjÉrah in Islamic Jurisprudence

– Particular Rules of Forward IjÉrah Respective to its ArkÉn

• CONCLUSION

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Keywords

• Particular (معينة)

• Stipulated (موصوفة)

• Liability (ذمة)

• AIMAD (al-IjÉrah and al-IjÉrah al-MawÎËfah fÊ al-Dhimmah)

• Particularized lease/ ijÉrah ( المعينة اإلجارة )

• Forward lease/ ijÉrah ( الذمة في الموصوفة اإلجارة )

• Sumpter/ Pack animal (دابة)

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Definition of al-IjÉrah

×anafÊ: بعوض المنفعة على عقد (المبسوط)

MÉlikÊ: بعوض معلومة مدة مباحة شيء منافع تمليك هي

( الدسوقي حاشية )

ShÉfiÑÊ: للبذل قابلة معلومة مقصودة منفعة على عقد

معلوم بعوض واإلباحة ( الخطيب على البجيرمي )

×ambalÊ: مدة معلومة مباحة منفعة على عقد اإلجارة

معلوم عمل أو الذمة في موصوفة أو معينة عين من معلومة

معلوم بعوض ( اإلرادات منتهى )

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Discussion on the Definitions:

Conditions are mentioned: e.g. Subject

matter is to be permissible, purposeful,

determined, for specific period, deliverable

and owned by mu´ajjir,

Consideration is to be determined, valuable,

deliverable and owned by musta´jir

The Preponderant (RÉjiÍ) Definition:

RamallÊ: بشروط بعوض منفعة تمليك ( المحتاج نهاية )

29-Nov-14

Definition of AIMAD

• Early FuqahÉ did not pay special attention

They did not discuss AIMAD individually in

an independent topic.

Therefore, they did not any give precise

definition

29-Nov-14

Definitions of Contemporary Scholars

AbË Guddah: المؤجر فيها يلتزم التي هي الذمة في الموصوفة اإلجارة

التام وصفها يتم منفعة بتقديم السلم بصفات سواء بشأنها، النزاع ينتفي بحيث

كالخياطة شخص منفعة أو موصوفة، سيارة كإيجار عين منفعة محلها كان

تضاف بل العقد، عند للمنفعة مالكا المؤجر يكون أن فيها شرطا وليس والتعليم

.اإلجارة إليه أضيفت الذي الموعد في تملكها على قادرا ليكون للمستقبل

Al-Qurah DÉgÊ: الذمة في موصوفة منفعة العقد محل يكون ما وهي ،

الجهالة به تنتفى وصفا

AÍmad NaÎÎar: " بيع منافع مستقبلية بثمن حال " أو هي "سلم في المنافع

سواء كانت منافع أعيان أو منافع أعمال ,أو هي "إجارة الذمة " ألن المنفعة

المستوفاة متعلقة بذمة المؤجر وليست متعينة ,أو ”اإلجارة الواردة على منفعة

مضمونة“ ألن المنفعة فيها يضمن المؤجر تقديمها في كل الحاالت وهي متعلقة

.IjÉrah Forward اإلنجليزية باللغة عليها ويطلق بذمته

29-Nov-14

Discussion on the Definitions It ‘s just a description

Jins is not appropriate, condition is mentioned

Not complete definition, not jami, and mani, FusËl are not sufficient, can be terms

The Preponderant Definition AIMAD بشروط بعوض الذمة في موصوفة منفعة تمليك

Explanation of the Definition ,includes object transfer or usufruct transfer: ijÉrah, sale, gift :تمليك

charity, marriage, commission, muÌÉrabah, sharecropping, etc

,excludes transferring ownership of objects: bayÑ, hibah charity :منفعةetc

الذمة في موصوفة : excludes usufruct of particular objects: ijÉrah muÑayyinah

,excludes gifting usufruct, bequeathing it, partnership, lending :بعوضetc

means the usufruct is not ordinary ones, but has some conditions :بشروط

29-Nov-14

Legality of AIMAD in General

AIMAD is permissible according to four Schools.

General evidences:

Evidence of ijÉrah: The Qur´Én, the Sunnah, and ijamÉÑ and

qiyÉs

Evidence of salam: The Qur´Én, the Sunnah, and ijamÉÑ and

istiÍsÉn

Avoiding of general qiyÉs i.e. prohibition of selling something

which is not owned and holding the istiÍsÉn derived from the

evidences of Qur´Én, the Sunnah, and ijamÉÑ.

Approach: did not differentiate, key words: pack animal,

employee, tailor, builder, etc. not any special statement

regarding permissibility or impermissibility

Not substantiated by individual evidences, most of the rules

are similar 29-Nov-14

Legality of AIMAD in Particular

MÉlikÊ, ShÉfiÑÊ, and ×ambalÊ: scholars has clear concept about their opinion

×anafÊ: confusion about their opinion

• Justification of ×anafÊ’s View: Al-SamarqandÊ, al-KÉsÉnÊ, ibn MÉzah, ibn ‘ÓbidÊn, al-FatÉwÉ al-

Hindiyyah, Majallat al-AÍkÉm al-ÑAdaliyyah and Murshid al- ×ayrÉn

Al-SamarqandÊ states: “As for the damage of leased item (subject matter), if it is a particular object and it damages, the transaction becomes null and void. And if it is not a particular object, such as the ijÉrah which is executed on sumpter stipulated by specifications for carrying or riding, and it perishes after delivery to musta´jir, mua´jjir must replace it by another one to carry the luggage and he has no right to revoke it because the musta´jir is not unable to fulfill what is the contract requires. The requirement is to carry his luggage to such place”

29-Nov-14

Al-KÉsÉnÊ: “If the ijÉrah occurs to pack-animal

stipulated by specifications and the pack-animal is

delivered to musta´jir and it dies after the mua´jjir

received it, ijÉrah will not be void. Mua´jjir must

replace it by another one for musta´jir because the

contract is not occurred to the animal which died

particularly. This is because the contract is

executed on the usufruct with future obligation

when the pack-animal is not particularized.”

29-Nov-14

Majallah: clause no. 538, 540, 541, 466, etc. “If a

bargain has been struck to carry a certain place and the animal

becomes fatigued and stops on the way, the owner of the

animal is bound to charge such load on to another animal and

carry it to the place in question. (540).

Murshid: clause no. 580, 582, 598, 616, etc. “…if the

musta´jir hires a riding animal not in particular (to carry his

luggage to a specific place) he has right to demand another

animal.” (598).

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Attribution of Prohibition to ×anafÊ School and its Refutation

Not accurate, mentioned clause no. 449 of Majallah and clause no. 580 of Murshid and one principle

• Majallah : “The subject matter of the contract of hire must be specified. Consequently, if one of two shops is let on hire, without the particular shop is question being specified, and the lessee being given an option as to which one he will take, such contract is invalid.”

• Murshid: “consent of both contracting parties, particularization of subject matter, knowledge of usufruct in the way that does not lead to the conflict… are made conditions for the legality of forward ijÉrah.”

• Principle: Property is not assigned in liability - prohibition of usufruct of in obligation stipulated by specifications, their own conclusion, khilÉf al-qiyÉs and istiÍsÉn

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Expressions of the FuqahÉ regarding AMAD

الفقهاء جمهور تعبيرات:

موصوفة، دابة :أمثلة الذمة، إجارة الذمة، على واردة بذمة، منفعة على :الشافعي البهوتي•

بناء أو خياطة الغير التزام

حمل، خياطة، :أمثلة موصوف، أو معين شيء في الذمة، في منفعة على :الحنبلي مفلح ابن•

أثاث

الحج، القراءة، الخط، تعليم الخياطة، البناء، :أمثلة الذمة، على اإلجارة :الشافعي المنهاجي•

دابة :أمثلة الذمة في وقع ما ذمته، في شيء بعيه، عمل :الحنبلي قدامة ابن•

المضمونة اإلجارة :المالكي الجالب أبن•

الحنفية تعبيرات:

ذمته، في ما الذمة، في منافع على أعيانها، بغير :الكاساني•

دابة، :أمثلة عينه، بغير بعينه، شيئا :السمرقندي•

بغيرها دابة بعينها، الدابة :المحتار رد الهندية، الفتاوى البرهاني، والمحيط الحيران مرشد•29-Nov-14

Cont…

×anafÊ’ School as well as the other schools did not differentiate between muÑayyanah and AIMAD in independent chapters

Does not regard the qiyÉs i.e. ‘leasing inexistent item’ derived from the principle: ‘selling inexistent item in ijÉrah’

Allowed ajÊr mushtarak which incluse unspecified task

Allowed ijÉrah mudafah lil mustaqbal

Hanafi School is wider and more flexible than mu‘ayyanah: consideration does not become wÉjib by the sole contract, rather after a period of time, allowed stipulation after contract.

Statement of al-MinhÉjÊ indicates agreement

29-Nov-14

Views of Contemporary Scholars’ on ×anafÊ Standpoint

SallÉm MadkËr: He mentions agreement of four schools on forward

ijÉrah . Then he proceeds saying: “×anafÊ scholars say, ijÉrah of

particular pack animal stipulated in liability is allowed. For instance,

when you hire from somebody a camel described not itself -i.e. not

determining the camel itself- from such place to such place; it is allowed

in their viewpoint.”

×Émid MÊrah: “The ruling on Issuance of ÎukËk for the usufruct of

objects stipulated in obligation depends mainly on the resolution of the

fuqahÉ with regard to ijÉrah of the usufruct of objects stipulated in

obligation; which the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence i.e. ×anafÊ,

MÉlikÊ, ShafiÑÊ, and ×ambalÊ are generally agreed on.” 29-Nov-14

YËsuf al-ShubaylÊ: “All scholars generally opine that ijÉrah is

permitted either the subject matter is a particular item

(particularized) or described in liability (forward). Attribution of

prohibition of forward ijÉrah to the scholars of ×anafÊ School is

inaccurate rather the views mentioned in their classical books prove

its legality”.

SÉmÊ al-Suwaylim: while commenting on ×anafÊ’s allowance,

he says: “There is no deferment of leasing object in this ijÉrah (i.e.

forward ijÉrah) rather there is guaranty to change the object if it

perishes.” Munzir QaÍaf states: “Four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence

agreed on the permissibility of forward ijÉrah; and they do not look

at the existence of the object as a condition at the time the contract

is concluded because it is similar to salam in terms of obligation; on

basis of attachment of leasing a specific object to the future date.

29-Nov-14

Jurisprudential Adaptation (takyÊf fiqhÊ) of AIMAD

Salam: MÉlikÊ, ShÉfiÑÊ, and ×ambalÊ

IjÉrah: ×anafÊ

• Implication:

– Substantiation: evidences of salam (majority) or

ijÉrah (Hanafi)

– Spot payment (Majotiry) or deferred payment

(Hanafi) (salam/salaf, ijÉrah)

29-Nov-14

Classification of AIMAD

1. AIMAD by Stipulating Consideration: e.g. in

kind/specified and visible money/ measurable

and estimative

2. AIMAD by Stipulating Personal Service: e.g.

public employee such as tailor, builder etc.

3. AIMAD by Stipulating Object: raiding animal

and other means of transportation

29-Nov-14

AIMAD & the Other Classifications of IjÉrah

AIMAD & Operational (تشغيلية) and Financial (تمليكية)

IjÉrah

AIMAD & Joint IjÉrah (مشتركة)

AIMAD & IjÉrah Effective in Future ( للمستقبل مضافة )

AIMAD & Suspended IjÉrah (معلقة)

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Pillars of AIMAD

1. ØÊghah (word of offer and acceptance)

2. MaÑqËd Ñalayh (subject matter: usufruct &

rental)

3. ÑÓqidÉn (contracting parties: lessor & lessee)

29-Nov-14

General Rules of AIMAD in Islamic Jurisprudence

The condition of AIMAD is to survey all the characteristics of salam. (al-NawawÊ, ibn Muflih & al-BahËtÊ)

1. Spot payment of consideration {not permitted: defer (تأجيلها), exchange ( عنها استبدال ), remittance ( بها حوالة ), rebate ( عليها حوالة ), discharge (إبراء)} (disagreement among majority and hanafi= comtemporary, AAIOFI)

2. Contract is attached to liability of mua´ajjir (whatever means, third party)

3. Permissibility of down payment (عربون) from musta´jir - accepted by Islamic Fiqh Academy (based on permissibility)

4. Permissibility of security deposit (رهن) from mua´ajjir

5. Option for musta´jir to execute on delay or to cancel (for default)

6. Use of rent is permissible for personal matters

29-Nov-14

Particular Rules of AIMAD Respective to its ArkÉn

Rules of AIMAD by Stipulating Considerations: – Consideration must be known by specifying its quantity and

qualities

– The consideration is allowed to be non-monetary (wheat, oil, etc.)

Rules of AIMAD by Stipulating Personal Service: – Stipulation of both task (عمل) and the time (مدة) is not allowed

– Task must be precisely described by the qualities of a salam

– Contractor should be only the human having legal capability

Rules of AIMAD by Stipulating Object – AIMAD is not void by the damage of leasing object

– No option to annul a forward ijÉrah contract due to a defect

– Lessor must provide services that are accessories and supplementary to the usufruct

– AIMAD in not allowed for real estate

– Attachment of AIMAD to future date is permissible

29-Nov-14

CONCLUSION

AIMAD is unanimously agreed by four schools

It has authenticity in the classical books albeit it was not discussed in individually

Attribution of prohibition to ×anafÊ School is not accurate

Because of confusion it appears late in Islamic banking industry

AIMAD has more guarantee than particularized ijÉrah

29-Nov-14

Suggestions

o The detailed controversial issues of AIMAD should be reconciled through academic discussion or research

o Further research on hybrid financial modes wherein AIMAD is used in order to investigate their validity

o Forum on “Towards Reconciliation of Disputes and Unanimous Agreement of Classical Scholars on AIMAD” in order to support the practitioners for innovation of some products as well as to promote those products on the agreed view.

o To formulate and standardize the terms concerning AIMAD through negotiation by both academicians and practitioners (propose)

o AIMAD as a term

29-Nov-14

THANK YOU 29-Nov-14

شكراTERIMA

KASIH Q & A