An Annotated Bibliography

of TimeNET References

Vjosa Zallci and Armin ZimmermannSystems and Software Engineering GroupTechnische Universitat Ilmenau, Germany

Technical Report, June 2017

1 Introduction

TimeNET is a software tool for the modeling and analysis of stochastic Petrinets with non-exponentially distributed firing times. It provides a graphicaluser interfaces to create various kinds of Petri nets models including GSPNs,eDSPNs, stochastic colored Petri nets, and Markov chains. The models canbe evaluated for their performance and reliability with numerical analysismethods as well as simulation.

The goal of this report is an annotated bibliography of TimeNET-relatedpapers. It does not cover publications by the group of contributors andauthors of TimeNET, which can be found in the TimeNET web page as wellas the individual home pages. This document should serve as an overviewof examples and areas in which users have published successful applicationsof the tool, or in which the tool is compared with others or its modules arebeing used as part of other tools. The document is based on a literaturesearch covering mainly IEEE Xplore and the ACM Digital Library, afterwhich a classification scheme for topics has been set up. Each section listspapers for a certain area with a reference and some notes on the contents.

If there are missing papers or newer related publications that have notyet been included at the time of writing, please contact Armin Zimmermannat armin.zimmermann@tu-ilmenau.de for future updates of this document.

2 Application Areas

The bibliography uses the following topics as sorting criterion, although itshould be noted that for many papers there is no clear characterization pos-sible: Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, Parallel and distributed Systems,Robotics and Automation, Discrete-Event Systems, Security, Reliability andDependability, Software and Systems Engineering, Communication Systemand Networks, Computer Performance, and Manufacturing.

1

2.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Systems

This section lists the papers that belong to Quantitative Evaluation of Sys-tems.

[19] Carnevali, L., Ridi, L., and Vicario, E. Sirio: A Frameworkfor Simulation and Symbolic State Space Analysis of non-MarkovianModels. In Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST), 2011 EighthInternational Conference on (Sept 2011), pp. 153–154

[104] Reijsbergen, D., de Boer, P.-T., Scheinhardt, W., and Haverkort,B. Automated Rare Event Simulation for Stochastic Petri Nets. InProceedings of the 10th International Conference on Quantitative Eval-uation of Systems (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013), QEST’13, Springer-Verlag,pp. 372–388

Aim: This paper describes an automated approach for apply-ing rare event simulation to stochastic Petri net (SPN) mod-els of highly reliable systems. A formal algorithm is presentedthat obtains the required information from the high-level SPN-description, without generating the full state space.

[47] Gilberto, E., and Donatelli, S. DSPN-Tool: A New DSPN andGSPN Solver for GreatSPN. In Quantitative Evaluation of Systems(QEST), 2010 Seventh International Conference on the (Sept 2010),pp. 79–80

Aim: This paper presents a demo tool that introduces the newDSPN solver that was developed, and which has been inserted inGreatSPN. With the occasion also a new GSPN solver has beenadded, which allows for more flexibility in the net definition, andan easier integration with other tools.

[71] Kelling, C. TimeNET-Sim-a parallel simulator for stochastic Petrinets. In Simulation Symposium, 1995., Proceedings of the 28th Annual(Apr 1995), pp. 250–258

Aim: The paper focuses on a reliable statistical analysis and theapplication of variance reduction techniques in a parallel, dis-tributed simulation framework. It examines the application ofvariance reduction with control variates and shows an approachfor their automatic selection in Petri net models.

[117] Sassoli, L., and Vicario, E. Close form derivation of state-densityfunctions over DBM domains in the analysis of non-Markovian mod-els. In Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, 2007. QEST 2007. FourthInternational Conference on the (Sept 2007), pp. 59–68

2

Aim: In this paper, the theory of stochastic classes is extendedwhich provides a close form calculus for the derivation of the statedensity function under the assumption that all transitions havean expolynomial distribution.

[85] Ludtke, D., Tutsch, D., and Kuhm, M. Quantile Estimationfor Performance Measures in Network Simulations with CINSim. InQuantitative Evaluation of Systems, 2007. QEST 2007. Fourth Inter-national Conference on the (Sept 2007), pp. 111–112

Aim: This paper presents the simulator CINSim. It was devel-oped to investigate interconnection network architectures for awide application range, like networks-on-chip or parallel comput-ers. CINSim allows the simulation of arbitrary network topolo-gies, various traffic distributions in time and space as well asdynamic reconfiguration of the network under investigation.

2.2 Parallel and distributed Systems

This section lists the papers that belong to Parallel and distributed Systems.

[120] Shareef, A., and Zhu, Y. Energy Modeling of Wireless SensorNodes Based on Petri Nets. In Parallel Processing (ICPP), 2010 39thInternational Conference on (Sept 2010), pp. 101–110

Aim: This paper develops a detailed probabilistic model basedon Petri nets to evaluate the energy consumption of a wirelesssensor node. The model factors critical components of a sensornode, including processors with emerging energy-saving features,wireless communication components, and an open or closed work-load generator.

[127] Tutsch, D., and Hommel, G. Performance of buffered multistageinterconnection networks in case of packet multicasting. In Advancesin Parallel and Distributed Computing, 1997. Proceedings (Mar 1997),pp. 50–57

Aim: An algorithm is presented to calculate the destination dis-tribution in all network stages for arbitrary destination patternsof incoming uniform packet traffic. Thus, the automatic genera-tion of timed Petri net models is possible for arbitrary destinationpatterns of the packets.

3

[138] Wolter, K., and Hommel, G. Hybrid modelling with second orderfluid stochastic Petri nets. In Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Sys-tems, 1997. Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on (Apr 1997), pp. 239–243

Aim: Stochastic Petri nets have been extended for the modelingof hybrid systems by adding fluid places, that are filled and emp-tied continuously at a random (normally distributed) rate. Theflow rates as well as the discrete transition rates may depend onthe content a fluid place holds.

[73] Kelling, C., Henz, J., and Hommel, G. Design of a communicationscheme for a distributed controller architecture using stochastic Petrinets. In Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems, 1995. Proceedingsof the Third Workshop on (Apr 1995), pp. 147–154

Aim: This paper describes a modeling project which was estab-lished to support the design of a distributed controller system.An anthropomorphic robot hand is the target system. Stochas-tic Petri net models for different communication schemes weredeveloped in order to predict the performance of the consideredsystems.

[100] Pezoa, J., Hayat, M., Wang, Z., and Dhakal, S. Optimal TaskReallocation in Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Systems withAge-Dependent Delay Statistics. In Parallel Processing (ICPP), 201039th International Conference on (Sept 2010), pp. 111–120

Aim: This paper presents a general framework for optimal taskreallocation in heterogeneous distributed-computing systems andoffers a rigorous analytical model for the stochastic executiontime of a workload.

[74] Kelling, C., and Hommel, G. Rare event simulation with an adap-tive ldquo;RESTART rdquo; method in a Petri net modeling environ-ment. In Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems, 1996. Proceed-ings of the 4th International Workshop on (Apr 1996), pp. 229–234

Aim: The paper describes a fast simulation approach for rareevents implemented in a Petri net tool. The technique is basedon the recently developed RESTART method, which is applicablefor rare events in a wide range of simulation models and hasthe potential to drastically reduce the simulation overhead. Thepaper presents selection and refinement techniques for thresholds,which are the most important input parameters of RESTART.

4

2.3 Robotics and Automation

This section lists the papers that belong to Robotics and Automation

[27] Costelha, H., and Lima, P. Modelling, Analysis and Executionof Multi-robot Tasks Using Petri Nets. In Proceedings of the 7thInternational Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multia-gent Systems - Volume 3 (Richland, SC, 2008), AAMAS ’08, Interna-tional Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems,pp. 1187–1190

Aim: This paper introduces Petri net (PN) based models of co-operative robotic tasks, namely those involving the coordi- nationof two or more robots, thus requiring the exchange of synchro-nization messages, either using explicit (e.g., wire- less) or implicit(e.g., vision-based observation of teammates) communication.

[76] Kim, G., Chung, W., and Kim, M. A Selection Framework of Multi-ple Navigation Primitives Using Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets. InRobotics and Automation, 2005. ICRA 2005. Proceedings of the 2005IEEE International Conference on (April 2005), pp. 3790–3795

Aim: This paper proposes a selection framework of multiple nav-igation primitives for a service robot using Generalized Stochas-tic Petri Nets (GSPNs). By adopting probabilistic approach, ourframework helps the robot to select the most desirable naviga-tion primitive in run time through the performance estimationaccording to environmental conditions.

[147] Ziparo, V. A., Iocchi, L., Lima, P. U., Nardi, D., and Pala-mara, P. F. Petri Net Plans. Autonomous Agents and Multi-AgentSystems 23, 3 (Nov. 2011), 344–383

Aim: In this paper, Petri Net Plans (PNPs) are presented, alanguage based on Petri Nets (PNs), which allows for intuitiveand effective robot and multi-robot behavior design.

[141] Yee, S.-T., and Ventura, J. Phase-type approximation of stochas-tic Petri nets for analysis of manufacturing systems. Robotics andAutomation, IEEE Transactions on 16, 3 (Jun 2000), 318–322

Aim: In this paper, a novel analysis approach, based on phase-type approximation, is proposed to provide transient and steady-state probabilities and determine performance measures of thesenon-Markovian SPN.

5

2.4 Discrete Event Systems

This section lists the papers that belong to Discrete Event Systems.

[87] Magnin, M., Molinaro, P., and Roux, O. Decidability, expressiv-ity and state-space computation of stopwatch Petri nets with discrete-time semantics. In Discrete Event Systems, 2006 8th InternationalWorkshop on (July 2006), pp. 33–38

Aim: This paper addresses the general class of bounded Petrinets with stopwatches (SwPNs), which is an extension of T-time Petri nets (TPNs) where time is associated with transitions.Stopwatches can be reset, stopped and started.

[75] Khalili, A., Abdollahi Azgomi, M., and Jalaly Bidgoly, A.SimGine: A Simulation Engine for Stochastic Discrete-event SystemsBased on SDES Description. Simulation 89, 4 (Apr. 2013), 539–555

Aim: In this paper, SimGine is introduced, a multi-formalismsimulation engine for stochastic discrete-event systems based onSDES, which is a unified abstract description for stochastic discrete-event systems.

[90] Merseguer, J., and Bernardi, S. Dependability Analysis of DESBased on MARTE and UML State Machines Models. Discrete EventDynamic Systems 22, 2 (June 2012), 163–178

Aim: In this paper, an approach for the automatic transfor-mation of UML-DAM models into Deterministic and StochasticPetri nets and the subsequent dependability analysis is proposed.

[65] Horvath, A., Puliafito, A., Scarpa, M., Telek, M., and Tomar-chio, O. Design and implementation of a WEB-based non-Markovianstochastic Petri net tool. In Advances in computer and informationsciences ’98. Proceedings of the 13th symposium on Computer and in-formation sciences (ISCIS’98). Belek-Antalya, Turkey, October 26–28,1998. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1998, pp. 101–109

Aim: This paper describes the design and the implementation ofa new modeling tool for the analysis of non-Markovian stochasticPetri nets (SPN). This tool, called WebSPN, provides a discretetime approximation of the stochastic behaviour of the markingprocess which results in the possibility to analyze a wider class ofPN models with prd, prs and pri concurrently enabled generallydistributed transitions.

6

[82] Liu, B., and Robbi, A. TiPNet: A Graphical Tool for Timed PetriNets. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on PetriNets and Performance Models (Washington, DC, USA, 1995), PNPM’95, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 210–

Aim: The objective of this effort is to develop a computer toolfor drawing, editing and simulating timed Petri nets using objectoriented programming (OOP). The developed C++ based TimedPetri Net Simulation Tool, TiPNet, simulates discrete systemswith both deterministic and stochastic transitions and immediatetransitions.

2.5 Security, Reliability and Dependability

This section lists the papers that belong to the area Security and Reliability.

[69] Kanso, A., Toeroe, M., and Khendek, F. Automating ServiceAvailability Analysis: An Application to a Highly Available Media-Streaming Service. In Software Security and Reliability-Companion(SERE-C), 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on (June 2013),pp. 94–101

Aim: This paper discusses a method that automates the avail-ability analysis of middleware managed services based on thestandard behaviour of the middleware, while taking into consid-eration the various system dependencies. TimeNET tool is usedto interpret and determine the availability.

[12] Bondavalli, A., Chiaradonna, S., Di Giandomenico, F., andMura, I. Dependability modeling and evaluation of multiple-phasedsystems using DEEM. Reliability, IEEE Transactions on 53, 4 (Dec2004), 509–522

Aim: This paper describes the modeling methodology and thesolution procedure implemented in DEEM, a dependability mod-eling and evaluation tool specifically tailored for Multiple PhasedSystems. DEEM relies upon Deterministic and Stochastic PetriNets as the modeling formalism, and on Markov RegenerativeProcesses for the model solution.

[33] Fernandes, S., and Maciel, P. Reliability evaluation for depend-able embedded system specifications: an approach based on DSPN. InFormal Methods and Models for Co-Design, 2003. MEMOCODE ’03.Proceedings. First ACM and IEEE International Conference on (June2003), pp. 172–179

7

Aim: This paper proposes high level models for fault-tolerantmechanisms, in special TMR and recovery block, based on de-terministic and stochastic Petri net (DSPN). By means of theproposed models it is possible to perform preliminary reliabil-ity analysis and the obtained results might be considered in aco-design methodology.

[121] Singh, L., Vinod, G., and Tripathi, A. Modeling and Predictionof Performability of Safety Critical Computer Based Systems UsingPetri Nets. In Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW),2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on (Nov 2012), pp. 85–94

Aim: This paper addresses the dynamic modeling of Test Facil-ity of a safety critical system used in Nuclear Power plant.Specialattention has been paid to the modeling part of a communicationmodule of this system in between the two computer based sub-systems that are running on different platform, VxWorks andLinux, using a mathematical formalism, Petri Net. This paperalso describes the use of TimeNET tool.

[4] Andrade, E. C., Alves, M., Matos, R., Silva, B., and Maciel,P. OpenMADS: An Open Source Tool for Modeling and Analysis ofDistributed Systems. In Proceedings of the 32Nd International Con-ference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security - Volume 8153(New York, NY, USA, 2013), SAFECOMP 2013, Springer-Verlag NewYork, Inc., pp. 277–284

Aim: This paper presents OpenMADS, an open source tool formodeling and analysis of distributed systems. OpenMADS gen-erates comprehensive availability models by using the input ofSysML specifications and MARTE annotations, which are auto-matically translated into deterministic and stochastic Petri nets.

[41] Garsva, E. Computer System Survivability Modelling by UsingStochastic Activity Network. In Proceedings of the 25th InternationalConference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security (Berlin, Hei-delberg, 2006), SAFECOMP’06, Springer-Verlag, pp. 71–84

Aim: This paper presents the effort to model the computer sys-tem security using Stochastic Activity Network (SAN). SAN is aflexible and highly adaptable branch of Stochastic Petri Nets andhas a well-developed software tool, Mobius.

[131] Varvarigou, T., and Ahuja, S. MOFA: a model for fault andavailability in complex services. Reliability, IEEE Transactions on 46,2 (Jun 1997), 222–232

8

Aim: This paper provides a realistic reliability model for com-plex services; the model can be used to study the asset allocationproblem in degradable complex services. This paper uses a simplemodel to describe the failure characteristics of the system parts.

[40] Gallasch, G. E., and Billington, J. A study of the convergence ofsteady state probabilities in a closed fork-join network. In Automatedtechnology for verification and analysis. 8th International Symposium,ATVA 2010 (Singapore, 2010), Berlin: Springer

Aim: The study presented in this paper is motivated by theneed to calculate performance measures for computer controlled(agile) manufacturing systems. TimeNET is used to calculate thestationary token distribution of the GSPN for a wide range of therates as N increases.

[119] Shan, G., Wang, G., Dai, Y., and Wang, Y. Performance anal-ysis of the vehicular 1553B bus system using Stochastic Petri Net.In Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering(QR2MSE), 2013 International Conference on (July 2013), pp. 405–408

Aim: Based on Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) theory, a formalizedmodel of vehicular 1553B bus system is constructed. The per-formance indices of the vehicular 1553B bus system are obtainedthrough simulation experiment.

[110] Salfner, F., and Wolter, K. A queuing model for service avail-ability of systems with rejuvenation. In Software Reliability Engineer-ing Workshops, 2008. ISSRE Wksp 2008. IEEE International Confer-ence on (Nov 2008), pp. 1–5

Aim: In this paper, a queueing model for service availabilityformulated as a Petri net is presented. A metric for service avail-ability is defined and show how it can be estimated from themodel. Assuming that a failure avoidance mechanism is present,the distribution of time-to-failure is analyzed.

[111] Salfner, F., and Wolter, K. Replication vs. Failure Prevention- How to Boost Service Availability? In Software Reliability Engineer-ing, 2008. ISSRE 2008. 19th International Symposium on (Nov 2008),pp. 289–290

Aim: The Experiment Schema Extension (Ex-SE) provides ameans of specifying performance studies (model runs and output).

9

PN-Ex is an extended instantiation of the Ex-SE for Petri nets.This paper presents an experimental framework for PIPE2. Acase study demonstrates the use of the Experimenter.

[7] Ballarini, P., Bernardi, S., and Donatelli, S. Validation andevaluation of a software solution for fault tolerant distributed syn-chronization. In Dependable Systems and Networks, 2002. DSN 2002.Proceedings. International Conference on (2002), pp. 773–782

• Aim: This paper presents a case study on the combined use ofdifferent tools and techniques for the validation and evaluation,from, the early stages of the design, of a fault tolerant softwaremechanism named distributed synchronization. The quantitativeanalysis has been performed using the SWN solvers of the Great-SPN tool.

[3] Amparore, E., and Donatelli, S. Model checking CSLTA withDeterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets. In Dependable Systems andNetworks (DSN), 2010 IEEE/IFIP International Conference on (June2010), pp. 605–614

Aim: This paper explores a model checking algorithm for CSLTAbased on the translation into a Deterministic and Stochastic PetriNet (DSPN).

[89] Melo, M., Maciel, P., Araujo, J., Matos, R., and Araujo, C.Availability study on cloud computing environments: Live migrationas a rejuvenation mechanism. In Dependable Systems and Networks(DSN), 2013 43rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on(June 2013), pp. 1–6

Aim: This paper presents a comprehensive availability modelto evaluate the utilization of the live migration mechanism toenable VMM rejuvenation with minimum service interruption.Live migrations are performed observing a time-based trigger.

[116] Sanders, W. Integrated frameworks for multi-level and multi-formalismmodeling. In Petri Nets and Performance Models, 1999. Proceedings.The 8th International Workshop on (1999), pp. 2–9

Aim: This paper briefly reviews the progress that has beenmade in the development of performance/dependability evalu-ation tools, and argues that the next important step is the cre-ation of modeling frameworks and software environments that

10

support multi-level, multi-formalism modeling and multiple solu-tion methods within a single integrated framework.

[102] Portugal, P., and da Silva Carvalho, A. An approach based onstochastic Petri nets for dependability evaluation of PROFIBUS-DPnetworks. In Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004. 30thAnnual Conference of IEEE (Nov 2004), vol. 3, pp. 2371–2376 Vol. 3

Aim: The paper presents a framework to evaluate dependabilityof PROFIBUS-DP networks. A hierarchical modeling approachis proposed, which considers both the effects of permanent andtransient faults. Stochastic Petri nets are used as the modellingtechnique to obtain dependability models, with emphasis in theuse of analytical/numerical methods to provide model’s solutions.In scenarios where its difficult to apply this approach, compactsimulation models are derived.

[133] Villen-Altamirano, J. Importance Functions for RESTART Sim-ulation of Highly-Dependable Systems. Simulation 83, 12 (Dec. 2007),821–828

Aim: This paper provides a simple importance function thatcan be useful for RESTART simulation of models of many highlydependable systems. Some examples from the literature illustratethe application of this importance function.

2.6 Software and Systems Engineering

This section lists the papers that belong to Software and Systems Engineer-ing.

[13] Bondavalli, A., Majzik, I., and Mura, I. Automatic dependabil-ity analysis for supporting design decisions in UML. In High-AssuranceSystems Engineering, 1999. Proceedings. 4th IEEE International Sym-posium on (1999), pp. 64–71

Aim: In this paper, an application example is being presented ofone of the activities performed in the European ESPRIT projectHIDE, aiming at the creation of an integrated environment wheredesign toolsets based on UML are augmented with modeling andanalysis tools for the automatic validation of the system underdesign. An automatic transformation from UML diagrams toTimed Petri Nets for model based dependability evaluation isapplied.

11

[114] Salfner, F., and Wolter, K. Analysis of Service Availabilityfor Time-triggered Rejuvenation Policies. J. Syst. Softw. 83, 9 (Sept.2010), 1579–1590

Aim: This paper investigates the effect of three time-triggeredsystem rejuvenation policies on service availability using a queu-ing model. The model is formulated as an extended stochasticPetri net using a variety of distributions for times between statechanges.

[98] Peleska, J., and Buth, B. Formal Methods for the InternationalSpace Station ISS. In Correct System Design, Recent Insight and Ad-vances, (to Hans Langmaack on the Occasion of His Retirement fromHis Professorship at the University of Kiel) (London, UK, UK, 1999),Springer-Verlag, pp. 363–389

Aim: This paper summarises and evaluates the results and ex-periences obtained from a verification, simulation and test suitefor a faulttolerant computer system designed and developed byDaimlerChrysler Aerospace for the International Space StationISS. Generalised Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPN) have been usedwith the tools DSPN-Express and TimeNet to perform a statis-tical throughput analysis by means of simulation.

[103] Ravindran, B., Welch, L. R., and Kelling, C. Building Dis-tributed Scalable Dependable Real-time Systems. In Proceedings ofthe 1997 International Conference on Engineering of Computer-basedSystems (Washington, DC, USA, 1997), ECBS’97, IEEE ComputerSociety, pp. 452–459

Aim: This paper describes an on-going effort in constructing aplatform for developing distributed, embedded, real-time controlsystems which have high dependability and scalability require-ments.

[72] Kelling, C. A Framework for Rare Event Simulation of StochasticPetri Nets Using &Ldquo;RESTART&Rdquo;. In Proceedings of the28th Conference on Winter Simulation (Washington, DC, USA, 1996),WSC ’96, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 317–324

Aim: This paper describes an algorithmic approach for fast sim-ulation of rare events applied in a Petri net modeling environ-ment. The technique is based on the RESTART method, whichis applicable for rare events in a wide range of simulation mod-els, and has the potential to reduce the simulation overhead ex-tremely.

12

[61] Heindl, A., and German, R. A Fourth-Order Algorithm with Au-tomatic Stepsize Control for the Transient Analysis of DSPNs. IEEETrans. Softw. Eng. 25, 2 (Mar. 1999), 194–206

Aim: This paper presents on efficient and numerically reliablemethod for the transient analysis of DSPNs. An analysis al-gorithm based on the method of supplementary variables is re-designed in order to improve its efficiency (with respect to bothCPU-time and memory space) and its numerical quality (controlof numerical errors) and to remove earlier restrictions (concerningthe initial enabling of deterministic transitions).

[9] Billington, J., and Gallasch, G. E. Closed Form Approxima-tions for Steady State Probabilities of a Controlled Fork-join Network.In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Formal Engi-neering Methods and Software Engineering (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010),ICFEM’10, Springer-Verlag, pp. 420–435

Aim: Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPN) are used to model this sys-tem where N is the initial marking of a control place. TimeNETis used to calculate the stationary token distribution of the GSPNas N increases, revealing convergence of the steady state proba-bilities.

Aim: This paper aims at a discussion in the direction of identify-ing possible advanced approaches to the validation of dependablesystems.

[83] Llado, C. M., and Harrison, P. G. A PMIF with petri net buildingblocks. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 36, 5 (Sept. 2011), 103–108

Aim: Performance model interchange formats (PMIFs) supportthe portability of models and sharing of solutions amongst dif-ferent tools. XML-based interchange formats have been definedfor the interchange of queueing network and Petri net models,amongst others, but there is still scope to extend their applicationto multiple formalisms, in particular beyond queueing networks.

[78] Kostin, A. E. A reachability algorithm for general Petri nets based ontransition invariants. In Mathematical foundations of computer science2006. 31st Int. Symposium, MFCS 2006 (Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 2006),Berlin: Springer

Aim: A new reachability algorithm for general Petri nets is pro-posed. Given a Petri net with an initial and a target markings, a

13

so called complemented Petri net is created first that consists ofthe given Petri net and an additional, complementary transition.

[6] Arroyo, G., Sucar, L., and Villavicendo, A. Temporal reasoningunder uncertainty for industrial diagnosis. In ISAI/IFIS 1996. Mexico-USA Collaboration in Intelligent Systems Technologies. Proceedings(Nov 1996), pp. 333–339

Aim: In this paper, an approach is developed for represent-ing temporal systems under uncertainty called state and eventtime net. The state and event time net can be used to recog-nise the significance of events and state variables with respectto current plant conditions and predict the hitter propagation ofdisturbances.

[137] Wei, S., Bai-gen, C., Jian, W., Yan, W., and Chen-xi, G.Research of System Modeling and Verification Method Combine withUML Formalization Analysis and Colored Petri Net. In IntelligentInformation Technology Application, 2009. IITA 2009. Third Interna-tional Symposium on (Nov 2009), vol. 3, pp. 488–491

Aim: This paper proposes a modeling and verification methodbased on UML and colored Petri net. On the basis of analysisof advantages and disadvantages of UML modeling, colored Petrinet is used as formal specification of UML modeling, which im-proves scalability of formal method and make up for the deficiencyof UML, as lack of analysis of model and verification method.

[26] Ciardo, G., German, R., and Lindemann, C. A characterizationof the stochastic process underlying a stochastic Petri net. SoftwareEngineering, IEEE Transactions on 20, 7 (Jul 1994), 506–515

Aim: The paper explores a hierarchy of SPN classes where mod-eling power is reduced in exchange for an increasingly efficientsolution. Generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN’s), determin-istic and stochastic Petri nets (DSPN’s), semi-Markovian stochas-tic Petri nets (SM-SPN’s), timed Petri nets (TPN’s), and gener-alized timed Petri nets (GTPN’s) are particular entries in ourhierarchy.

[11] Bobbio, A., Puliafito, A., and Tekel, M. A Modeling Frameworkto Implement Preemption Policies in Non-Markovian SPNs. IEEETrans. Softw. Eng. 26, 1 (Jan. 2000), 36–54

14

Aim: In this paper, it is considert, in particular, the class ofstochastic Petri nets whose marking process can be mapped intoa Markov regenerative process.

[14] Bucci, G., Fedeli, A., Sassoli, L., and Vicario, E. Timed statespace analysis of real-time preemptive systems. Software Engineering,IEEE Transactions on 30, 2 (Feb 2004), 97–111

Aim: A modeling notation is introduced which extends timePetri nets with an additional mechanism of resource assignmentmaking the progress of timed transitions be dependent on theavailability of a set of preemptable resources.

[67] Jarraya, Y., Soeanu, A., Debbabi, M., and Hassaine, F. Au-tomatic Verification and Performance Analysis of Time-ConstrainedSysML Activity Diagrams. In Engineering of Computer-Based Sys-tems, 2007. ECBS ’07. 14th Annual IEEE International Conferenceand Workshops on the (March 2007), pp. 515–522

Aim: In this paper a new approach is presented for the auto-matic verification and performance analysis of SysML activitydiagrams. A mapping procedure of SysML activity diagrams totheir corresponding DTMC is described, and use PRISM modelchecker for the assessment and evaluation of performance char-acteristics.

[68] Julvez, J., Mahulea, C., and Vazquez, C. Analysis and simula-tion of manufacturing systems using SimHPN toolbox. In AutomationScience and Engineering (CASE), 2011 IEEE Conference on (Aug2011), pp. 432–437

Aim: This paper is an extension of our previous work where onlycontinuous Petri nets have been considered. In the current ex-tension infinite server semantics is considered for the continuouspart and exponential and/or deterministic firing delays for thediscrete part.

[136] Wang, M., Zhang, C., Yi, X., Li, L., and Liu, J. Modelingand performance evaluation of a high speed serial bus. In Electronicsand Optoelectronics (ICEOE), 2011 International Conference on (July2011), vol. 4, pp. V4–91–V4–95

Aim: The paper aims at developing the model of data trans-mission in a single node with Deterministic and Stochastic PetriNets (DSPN).

15

[86] Lukaszewski, R., and Winiecki, W. Petri Nets in Measuring Sys-tems Design. In Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Con-ference, 2006. IMTC 2006. Proceedings of the IEEE (April 2006),pp. 1564–1569

Aim: The paper presents research on a modelling of design mea-suring systems (MS) with time limited dataflow. A new methodof describing MS model based on Petri nets and CPN tools envi-ronment is proposed in the article. The article provides an overalldescription of informal and formal methods, which can be usedwhile designing systems.

[145] Zhao, H., Song, D., and Dong, Y. Design and Implementation ofAADL Model Safety Assessment Tool. In Quality Software (QSIC),2012 12th International Conference on (Aug 2012), pp. 251–257

Aim: This paper focuses on safety model of embedded sys-tem architecture using AADL (Architecture Analysis and DesignLanguage). It achieves both the foundation of fault model an-nex to specify safety requirements and the transformation fromAADL safety model to DSPN (Deterministic Stochastic PetriNet) model.

[31] Einer, S., Fechner, B., and Keller, J. Petri Net Analysis ofNon-Redundant and Redundant Execution Schemes. In Architectureof Computing Systems (ARCS), 2009 22nd International Conferenceon (March 2009), pp. 1–4

Aim: This work investigates the influence of different instructionfetch algorithms on the performance of an SMT processor bymodeling it with Petri nets. Over the intrinsic results of a detailedprocessor simulation, our approach offers a generic evaluation.

2.7 Communication Systems and Networks

This section lists the papers that belong to Communication Systems andNetworks.

[8] Balsamo, S., and Marin, A. Separable equilibrium distributions forsystems with unreliable wireless links. In Wireless Days (WD), 2010IFIP (Oct 2010), pp. 1–5

Aim: This work exploits recent advances in this field, e.g., theReversed Compound Agent Theorem, to efficiently evaluate theperformance of systems with unreliable wireless links. Simula-tions have been performed with TimeNET.

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[59] Gupta, V., Dharmaraja, S., and Gong, M. Analytical modelingof TCP flow in wireless lans. Mathematical and Computer Modelling53, 5-6 (2011), 684–693

Aim: This paper presents an analytical model developed usingthe stochastic reward net (SRN) modeling technique for the TCPflow behavior in WLANs. The purpose of developing an analyt-ical model is the evaluation of stationary TCP flow behavior.The paper focuses on the TCP variant called TCP Reno whichis implemented by most operating systems.

[135] Wang, D.-C., Chen, I.-R., Chu, C.-P., and Yen, I.-L. ReplicatedObject Management with Periodic Maintenance in Mobile WirelessSystems. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 28, 1 (Jan. 2004), 17–33

Aim: This paper analyses periodic maintenance strategies formanaging replicated objects in mobile wireless environments. Itdevelops a performance model based on Petri nets that considersthe missing-read cost, write-propagation cost and the periodicmaintenance cost with the objective to identify optimal periodicmaintenance intervals to minimise the overall cost.

[37] Gaeta, R., Sereno, M., and Manini, D. Stochastic Petri NetsModels for the Performance Analysis of TCP Connections Support-ing Finite Data Transfer. In Proceedings of the Second InternationalWorkshop on Quality of Service in Multiservice IP Networks (London,UK, UK, 2003), QoS-IP 2003, Springer-Verlag, pp. 372–391

Aim: The paper describes how the completion time distributionfor short TCP connections can be computed using DeterministicStochastic Petri Net (DSPN) models of TCP protocol.

[148] Zreikat, A. I., Yerima, S., and Al-Begain, K. PerformanceEvaluation and Resource Management of Hierarchical MACRO-/MICROCellular Networks Using MOSEL-2. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 44, 2 (Jan.2008), 153–179

Aim: The paper presents a performance evaluation and resourcemanagement of hierarchical MACRO-/MICRO cellular networksusing the new Modeling and Evaluation Language (MOSEL-2).MOSEL-2 with new constructs has the ability to find the perfor-mance and reliability modeling and evaluation of systems with ex-ponential and non-exponential distributions. A MACRO/MICROcell structure is solved numerically and mathematically in thispaper to handle the handoff calls.

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[84] Ludtke, D., and Tutsch, D. The Modeling Power of CINSim:Performance Evaluation of Interconnection Networks. Comput. Netw.53, 8 (June 2009), 1274–1288

Aim: CINSim is a simulator for modeling a great variety of in-terconnection networks that are composed of switches, buffers,sources, and destinations. This includes regular networks as wellas irregular ones. Steady-state simulation can be applied as wellas terminating simulation to observe transient behavior of inter-connection networks.

[70] Kanso, A., Toeroe, M., and Khendek, F. Configuration-BasedService Availability Analysis for Middleware Managed Applications.In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on System Anal-ysis and Modeling: Theory and Practice (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013),SAM’12, Springer-Verlag, pp. 229–248

Aim: High availability is a key ingredient in the design of mis-sion critical and revenue generating software applications. Withthe release of the Service Availability Forum specifications, theavailability of these applications can be managed by standardizedmiddleware. An approach to approximate from the system config-uration the availability of the services provided by a middleware-managed application is presented.

[94] Mykkeltveit, A., and Helvik, B. E. Application of the RESTART/SplittingTechnique to Network Resilience Studies in NS2. In Proceedings of the19th IASTED International Conference on Modelling and Simulation(Anaheim, CA, USA, 2008), MS ’08, ACTA Press, pp. 328–334

Aim: The approach investigated in this paper was to apply theRESTART/Splitting technique to the well-known open sourcesimulator Network Simulator 2 (NS2), which is capable of dealingwith the required network operation and management issues.

[36] Gaeta, R., Gribaudo, M., Manini, D., and Sereno, M. On theUse of Petri Nets for the Computation of Completion Time Distribu-tion for Short TCP Transfers. In Proceedings of the 24th InternationalConference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets (Berlin, Heidel-berg, 2003), ICATPN’03, Springer-Verlag, pp. 181–200

Aim: This paper proposes the Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN) for-malism to model IP networks loaded with traffic resulting from aset of ON-OFF finite TCP-Reno connections.

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[30] Dutta, A., Lyles, B., Schulzrinne, H., and Wang, J. SystemsModeling for IP-Based Handoff Using Timed Petri Nets. In SystemSciences, 2009. HICSS ’09. 42nd Hawaii International Conference on(Jan 2009), pp. 1–10

Aim: This paper contributes to the general theory of optimisedhandoff and addresses the need for a formal model that can char-acterise a mobility event and the associated mobility optimisationmethodologies. It provides a systematic and formal approach toanalysing a mobility event.

[62] Heindl, A., and Telek, M. Output Models of MAP/PH/1(/K)Queues for an Efficient Network Decomposition. Perform. Eval. 49,1-4 (Sept. 2002), 321–339

Aim: The decomposition methodology presented in this paper isbased on Markovian arrival processes (MAPs), whose correlationstructure is determined from the busy-period behavior of the up-stream queues. The resulting compact MAPs in connection withsophisticated moment-matching techniques allow an efficient de-composition of large queueing networks.

[79] Koutrika, G., and Ioannidis, Y. Personalizing Queries Based onNetworks of Composite Preferences. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 35,2 (May 2010), 13:1–13:50

Aim: The article covers how capturing complex, multi-granularpreferences for personalizing database queries and in studyingtheir impact on query results.

[50] Gomez-Martınez, E., and Merseguer, J. Impact of SOAP Imple-mentations in the Performance of a Web Service-based Application. InProceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Frontiers of HighPerformance Computing and Networking (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006),ISPA’06, Springer-Verlag, pp. 884–896

Aim: This paper aims to explore through a case study some ofthe main concerns of web services performance at the middlewarelayer. The acquired background is meant to start to develop amethodology, based on the SPE principles, useful to analyze webservices performance.

[122] Sun, H. Performance Modelling with Deterministic and StochasticPetri Nets; C. Lindemann (Ed.); Wiley, New York, 405 Pages, ISBN0-471-97646-6. Comput. Commun. 22, 10 (June 1999), 980–

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Aim: The paper investigates the potential effects of softwareissues on the safety, reliability and availability of complex em-bedded autonomous systems. One of the key aspects of the re-search concerns the mapping of functional descriptions in form ofintegrated behavior-based control networks to State-Event FaultTree models.

[63] Heiner, M., Richter, R., and Schwarick, M. Snoopy: A Toolto Design and Animate/Simulate Graph-based Formalisms. In Pro-ceedings of the 1st International Conference on Simulation Tools andTechniques for Communications, Networks and Systems & Workshops(ICST, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium, 2008), Simutools ’08, ICST (In-stitute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommuni-cations Engineering), pp. 15:1–15:10

Aim: The paper sketches the fundamental properties and fea-tures of Snoopy, a tool to model and execute (animate, simulate)hierarchical graph-based system descriptions. The tool comesalong with several pre-fabricated graph classes, especially somekind of Petri nets and other related graphs, and facilitates a com-fortable integration of further graph classes due to its genericdesign.

[118] Schmidlin, D. An equivalent network theory for a class of discrete-time networks. In Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEEInternational Conference on ICASSP ’76. (Apr 1976), vol. 1, pp. 509–512

Aim: Presented in this paper is an equivalent network theory forlinear shift-invariant discrete-time networks having simple poles.Expressions are given for the network transmittance matrices interms of a decomposition of the network’s rational system func-tion matrix H(z), and a set of arbitrary parameter matrices.

[146] Zheng, W., and Xu, H. Safety Requirements Parameter Deriva-tion for Maglev Train Propulsion and Protection Systems Based onStochastic Petri Nets. In Measuring Technology and MechatronicsAutomation, 2009. ICMTMA ’09. International Conference on (April2009), vol. 2, pp. 507–510

Aim: This paper presents a formal approach to model the traf-fic operational processes on a Maglev train example based onStochastic Petri nets.

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[52] Groza, A., Iancu, B., and Marginean, A. A Multi-agent Ap-proach Towards Cooperative Overtaking in Vehicular Networks. InProceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Intelligence,Mining and Semantics (WIMS14) (New York, NY, USA, 2014), WIMS’14, ACM, pp. 48:1–48:6

Aim: This paper deals with the integration of agent technologyin the emerging field of vehicular networks.

[54] Gu, B., and Chen, I.-R. Performance Analysis of Location-awareMobile Service Proxies for Reducing Network Cost in Personal Com-munication Systems. Mob. Netw. Appl. 10, 4 (Aug. 2005), 453–463

Aim: This paper analyzes mobile service management schemesbased on location-aware proxies with the objective to reduce thenetwork signaling and communication cost in future personalcommunication systems (PCS). It is demonstrated via Petri netmodels that the proposed proxy-based mobile service manage-ment schemes outperform non-proxy-based schemes over a widerange of identified conditions.

[18] Carnevali, L., Giuntini, J., and Vicario, E. A Symbolic Ap-proach to Quantitative Analysis of Preemptive Real-time Systems withnon-Markovian Temporal Parameters. In Proceedings of the 5th Inter-national ICST Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologiesand Tools (ICST, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium, 2011), VALUETOOLS’11, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics andTelecommunications Engineering), pp. 111–120

Aim: The approach resorts to an imprecise analysis that extendsdistributions over the tightest DBM zones enclosing polyhedraldomains, and approximates them with Bernstein Polynomials toobtain a global (non-piecewise) analytic representation.

[101] Podpora, J., Reznik, L., and Von Pless, G. Intelligent Real-Time Adaptation for Power Efficiency in Sensor Networks. SensorsJournal, IEEE 8, 12 (Dec 2008), 2066–2073

Aim: This paper presents an intelligent, dynamic power conser-vation scheme for sensor networks in which the sensor networkoperation is adaptive to both changes in the objects under mea-surement and the network itself.

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[20] Casale, G., Gribaudo, M., and Serazzi, G. Tools for PerformanceEvaluation of Computer Systems: Historical Evolution and Perspec-tives. In Proceedings of the 2010 IFIP WG 6.3/7.3 International Con-ference on Performance Evaluation of Computer and CommunicationSystems: Milestones and Future Challenges (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011),PERFORM’10, Springer-Verlag, pp. 24–37

Aim: The paper offers a short overview of historical evolutionof the field with an emphasis on popular performance modelingtechniques such as queuing networks and Petri nets.

[144] Yusheng, Y., Chunxi, Z., and Haitao, Q. Modeling and per-formance evaluation of IEEE-1394b isochronous data transfer withDSPN. In Advanced Computer Control (ICACC), 2010 2nd Inter-national Conference on (March 2010), vol. 5, pp. 152–156

Aim: This paper aims at giving an efficient way for IEEE-1394bisochronous data transfer performance evaluation. The proposedmodel was evaluated by simulation with TimeNet 4.0. The influ-ences of several system parameters are illustrated.

[45] German, R., and Mitzlaff, J. Transient Analysis of Determinis-tic and Stochastic Petri Nets with TimeNET. In Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools forComputer Performance Evaluation: Quantitative Evaluation of Com-puting and Communication Systems (London, UK, UK, 1995), MMB’95, Springer-Verlag, pp. 209–223

Aim: This paper descibes the transient analysis component fordeterministic and stochastic Petri nets which has recently beenadded to the software package TimeNET. T

[10] Blume, H., Sydow, T., and Noll, T. G. A Case Study for theApplication of Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets in the SoCCommunication Domain. J. VLSI Signal Process. Syst. 43, 2-3 (June2006), 223–233

Aim: This paper presents an approach utilizing deterministicand stochastic Petri nets (DSPN) to analyze on-chip communi-cation.

[15] Buchholz, P. A New Approach Combining Simulation and Random-ization for the Analysis of Large Continuous Time Markov Chains.ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul. 8, 2 (Apr. 1998), 194–222

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Aim: A new analysis method for continuous time Markov chainsis introduced. The method combines, in some sense, simulationand numerical techniques for the analysis of large Markov chains.The basis of the new method is the description of a continuous-time Markov chain as a set of communicating processes.

[2] Alves, Jr., G., Maciel, P., and Lima, R. Modeling and Evalua-tion of Supply Chains with GSPN Components. In Proceedings of the2Nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodolo-gies and Tools (ICST, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium, 2007), ValueTools’07, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics andTelecommunications Engineering), pp. 31:1–31:10

Aim: This paper proposes the use of predefined Petri nets com-ponents to model and evaluate this activity. Aiming supportinga modeling process based on library’s components, a modelingtool was implemented. This tool was integrated with TimeNET,a well known Petri net tool, aiming computing model’s metrics.

[143] Yukun, M., Yanhui, L., Chunyan, A., and Shouyi, Y. ModelingAdmission Control in OFDMA System Using Petri Nets. In WirelessCommunications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008. WiCOM’08. 4th International Conference on (Oct 2008), pp. 1–4

Aim: The paper builds and analyzes a Petri net model of admis-sion control in OFDMA system. The simulation results demon-strate our theoretical analysis and indicate that the PN model iseffectively to analyze the process of admission in OFDMA system.

[77] King, J., and Reznik, L. Topology Selection for Signal ChangeDetection in Sensor Networks: RBF vs MLP. In Neural Networks,2006. IJCNN ’06. International Joint Conference on (2006), pp. 2529–2535

Aim: This paper documents the results of experimental simula-tions designed to compare the performance of multilayer percep-tron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) based sensor signalchange detection systems. The results of these experiments quan-titatively show the advantages and disadvantages of Radial Basisneural activation for both the function prediction and functioncorrelation neural networks tested.

[1] Akram, H., Pascal, B., and Thierry, G. Controlled StochasticPetri Net Model for End-to-end Network QoS Provisioning in Middleware-based Multimedia and Real-time Systems. In Proceedings of the 44th

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Annual Simulation Symposium (San Diego, CA, USA, 2011), ANSS’11, Society for Computer Simulation International, pp. 111–118

Aim: The paper shows how controlled behavior of QoS-awaresystems can be developed based on stochastic Petri Nets. Af-terwards, it is shown how to obtain, using such an interpretedformal model, powerful numerical analysis for the managementof the network QoS.

[142] Yukun, M., Xiangang, Z., Zhisong, H., Zhou, Y., and Liqiang,Y. Stochastic service models of multi-service in OFDMA system.In Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet),2011 International Conference on (April 2011), pp. 5264–5267

Aim: To research the call admission control in mobile commu-nication system, a suitable stochastic service model is essential.This paper builds and analyzes the Petri net models of call ad-mission control in multi-service OFDMA system.

[129] Tutsch, D., and Sokol, J. Petri net based performance evaluationof USAIA’s bandwidth partitioning for the wireless cell level. In PetriNets and Performance Models, 2001. Proceedings. 9th InternationalWorkshop on (2001), pp. 49–58

Aim: This paper examines the performance of the wireless celllevel of the USAIA architecture with means of a Petri net model.

[128] Tutsch, D., Luedtke, D., and Kuehm, M. Investigating DynamicReconfiguration of Network Architectures with CINSim. In Measuring,Modelling and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems(MMB), 2006 13th GI/ITG Conference (March 2006), pp. 1–4

Aim: This paper presents the simulator CINSim. It was particu-larly developed to investigate network behavior during a dynamicreconfiguration.

[108] Reznik, L., Von Pless, G., and Al Karim, T. Distributed NeuralNetworks for Signal Change Detection: On the Way to Cognition inSensor Networks. Sensors Journal, IEEE 11, 3 (March 2011), 791–798

Aim: The Experiment Schema Extension (Ex-SE) provides ameans of specifying performance studies (model runs and output).PN-Ex is an extended instantiation of the Ex-SE for Petri nets.This paper presents an experimental framework for PIPE2. Acase study demonstrates the use of the Experimenter.

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[106] Reznik, L., Von Pless, G., and Al Karim, T. Embedding in-telligent sensor signal change detection into sensor network protocols.In Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2005. IEEESECON 2005. 2005 Second Annual IEEE Communications SocietyConference on (Sept 2005), pp. 207–217

Aim: The paper develops intelligent protocols, enhancing effi-ciency, reliability and security based on detection of sensor signalchanges, and describes their possible implementation on the lowerlevel in sensor networks.

[140] Wuechner, P., Meer, H. D., Barner, J., and Bolch, G. A briefIntroduction to MOSEL-2. In Measuring, Modelling and Evaluation ofComputer and Communication Systems (MMB), 2006 13th GI/ITGConference (March 2006), pp. 1–4

Aim: The versatile Modeling, Specification and Evaluation Lan-guage is the core element of the MOSEL-2 tool. The descriptionlanguages is implemented in form of an evaluation environmentthat comprises translators to the modeling languages of severalthird-party performance evaluation tools that evaluate the spec-ified model.

[107] Reznik, L., Von Pless, G., and Al Karim, T. Signal changedetection in sensor networks with artificial neural network structure.In Computational Intelligence for Homeland Security and PersonalSafety, 2005. CIHSPS 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Interna-tional Conference on (March 2005), pp. 44–51

Aim: The paper describes a design and implementation of anovel intelligent sensor network protocol enhancing reliability andsecurity by detecting a change in sensor signals.

[46] Ghazel, M. Using Stochastic Petri Nets for Level-Crossing CollisionRisk Assessment. Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transac-tions on 10, 4 (Dec 2009), 668–677

Aim: The paper proposes a global model involving both railand road traffic in the LC area. The TimeNET tool is used as asimulator that allows the monitoring of risky situations.

[35] Fernandes, S., Silva, W., Silva, M., Rosa, N., Maciel, P.,and Sadok, D. On the generalised stochastic Petri net modeling ofmessage-oriented middleware systems. In Performance, Computing,and Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on (2004),pp. 783–788

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Aim: This paper presents how to model and carry out the per-formance analysis of message-oriented middleware (MOM) usinggeneralised stochastic Petri Net (GSPN) models. The resultsobtained from the Petri net analysis are compared against onesmeasured in a commercial MOM.

[56] Guimaraes, A., and Martins Maciel, P. Supporting infrastruc-ture optimization of converged networks. In Communications (LATIN-COM), 2011 IEEE Latin-American Conference on (Oct 2011), pp. 1–6

Aim: Our work aims to provide system performance and depend-ability models for supporting infrastructure optimization aimingat business oriented metrics. Stochastic Petri Net are used as anenabling modeling approach for analytical evaluation of complexscenarios.

[57] Guimaraes, A., Oliveira, H., Barros, R., and Maciel, P. Avail-ability analysis of redundant computer networks: A strategy basedon reliability importance. In Communication Software and Networks(ICCSN), 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on (May 2011),pp. 328–332

Aim: The paper investigates the dependability modeling of com-puter networks with redundancy mechanism. It uses StochasticPetri Net as an enabling modeling approach for analytical evalu-ation of complex scenarios.

[32] Escheikh, M., and Barkaoui, K. Opportunistic MAC layer designwith Stochastic Petri Nets for multimedia Ad Hoc Networks. In Com-puters and Communications, 2009. ISCC 2009. IEEE Symposium on(July 2009), pp. 23–29

Aim: The focus of this paper is the IEEE 802.11e MAC layermodeling under slow time varying Rayleigh fading channel viaboth layered and multi-layered design approaches and throughnon Markovian Stochastic Petri Nets (NMSPN). The paper presentsextensions to SPN IEEE 802.11 compact model reported.

[53] Grunske, L., and Han, J. A Comparative Study into Architecture-Based Safety Evaluation Methodologies Using AADL’s Error Annexand Failure Propagation Models. In High Assurance Systems Engineer-ing Symposium, 2008. HASE 2008. 11th IEEE (Dec 2008), pp. 283–292

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Aim: This paper reviews the key concepts that are introduced bythe error annex, and compares it to the existing safety evaluationtechniques regarding its ability in providing modeling, processand tool support.

[97] Oliveira, D., Araujo, J., Matos, R., and Maciel, P. Availabilityand Energy Consumption Analysis of Mobile Cloud Environments.In Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2013 IEEE InternationalConference on (Oct 2013), pp. 4086–4091

Aim: This paper provides an availability and energy consump-tion study using hierarchical heterogeneous modeling.

[29] Dutta, A., Lyles, B., and Schulzrinne, H. A formal approach tomobility modeling. In Communication Systems and Networks (COM-SNETS), 2011 Third International Conference on (Jan 2011), pp. 1–10

• Aim: This paper introduces a model of the handover process thatidentifies the intrinsic operations of a handover event and allowsto predict performance for both an un-optimized handover and forspecific optimization methodologies under resource constraints.

[126] Tutsch, D., and Holl-Biniasz, R. Performance evaluation usingmeasure dependent transitions in Petri nets. In Modeling, Analysis,and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, 1997.MASCOTS ’97., Proceedings Fifth International Symposium on (Jan1997), pp. 235–240

Aim: In this paper, a general method to adapt the transitionparameters of timed Petri nets that show a cyclic behavior ispresented. The cyclic time intervals can be of constant length ordiffer.

[115] Salgueiro, E., Cunha, P., Maciel, P., Monteiro, J., andSalgueiro, R. Defining bandwidth constraints with cooperativegames. In Ultra Modern Telecommunications Workshops, 2009. ICUMT’09. International Conference on (Oct 2009), pp. 1–8

Aim: This paper proposes the use of cooperative game modelsto arbitrate bandwidth constraints in bandwidth constraint mod-els. This work adopts cooperative games as a mathematical toolfor arbitrating bandwidth constraints, considering differentiatedservice classes and network load information.

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[92] Ming, W., Chunxi, Z., and Xiaosu, Y. Performance evaluation ofIEEE 1394b serial bus with Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets.Communications, China 10, 2 (Feb 2013), 121–133

Aim: IEEE 1394b is a high-speed data bus that is widely usedin local area networks and consumer electronics. To best utilizethis data bus, its performance must be understood. To evalu-ate its performance for both isochronous and asynchronous datatransfers, model the IEEE 1394b bus is modeled using Deter-ministic and Stochastic Petri Nets (DSPNs), and simulations areconducted using TimeNET.

2.8 Computer Performance

This section lists the papers that belong to Computer Performance.

[93] Moorsel, A. P. A. v., and Huang, Y. Reusable Software Com-ponents for Performability Tools and Their Utilization for Web-BasedConfigurable Tools. In Proceedings of the 10th International Confer-ence on Computer Performance Evaluation: Modelling Techniques andTools (London, UK, UK, 1998), TOOLS ’98, Springer-Verlag, pp. 37–50

Aim: This paper discusses software reusability strategies for per-formance and reliability modeling tools.

[60] Harrison, P. G., and Llado, C. M. Hierarchically ConstructedPetri-nets and Product-forms. In Proceedings of the 5th InternationalICST Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools(ICST, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium, 2011), VALUETOOLS ’11, ICST(Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommu-nications Engineering), pp. 101–110

Aim: In this paper a hierarchical method is proposed for con-structing a large class of Petri nets, which preserves efficientproduct-form solutions when they exist. This scalable approachgreatly improves the efficiency of finding steady state probabili-ties in a wide range of SPNs, making much larger SPNs feasible.

[28] Donatelli, S., and Ferro, L. Validation of GSPN and SWN Mod-els Through the PROD Tool. In Proceedings of the 12th InternationalConference on Computer Performance Evaluation, Modelling Tech-niques and Tools (London, UK, UK, 2002), TOOLS ’02, Springer-Verlag, pp. 131–140

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Aim: This paper presents an extension of the GreatSPN tool forGeneralized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN) and Stochastic well-formed nets (SWN) solution that allows a check of state spaceproperties.

[51] Gribaudo, M., and Gaeta, R. Efficient Steady-state Analysis ofSecond-order Fluid Stochastic Petri Nets. Perform. Eval. 63, 9 (Oct.2006), 1032–1047

Aim: This paper presents an efficient solution technique for thesteady-state analysis of the second-order stochastic fluid modelunderlying a second-order fluid stochastic Petri net (FSPN) withconstant flow and transition rates, and a single bounded fluidplace.

[22] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Chen, T. Y. Computation of Con-trol Related States of Middle k-th Order System (with a NonsharingResource Place) of Petri Nets. In Computer, Consumer and Control(IS3C), 2014 International Symposium on (June 2014), pp. 244–247

Aim: This paper progresses one step further on enumeratingreachable (forbidden, live, and deadlock) states for middle evenk-th order systems (one non-sharing resource place in the middleposition of the right-side process) with a formula depending onparameter k for a subclass of nets with k sharing resources.

[99] Penttinen, O.-M., Pyssysalo, T., and Ojala, L. Performanceanalysis of adaptive video on demand using stochastic Petri nets. InSystem Sciences, 1997, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Hawaii Interna-tional Conference on (Jan 1997), vol. 5, pp. 119–124 vol.5

Aim: This paper studies the performance of an adaptive video-on-demand (VOD) system. VOD system is modelled using stochas-tic Petri nets and use discrete event simulation to determine theperformance of the system, i.e. the number of requests acceptedby the video server compared to the number of requests offered.

[112] Salfner, F., and Wolter, K. Service Availability of Systems withFailure Prevention. In Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference,2008. APSCC ’08. IEEE (Dec 2008), pp. 1219–1224

Aim: The objective of this paper is to provide a first analysis ofthe effectiveness of simple server replication vs. failure preventionin non-high-availability applications.

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[23] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Lin, T. F. Closed Form Formula Con-struction to Enumerate Control Related States of Middle-Left K-ThOrder S3PR System of Petri Nets. In Computational Science andComputational Intelligence (CSCI), 2014 International Conference on(March 2014), vol. 1, pp. 404–409

Aim: This paper progresses one step further on enumeratingreachable (forbidden, live, and deadlock) states for Middle-Leftk-th order systems (one non-sharing resource place in the middleposition of the left-side process) with a formula depending onparameter k for a subclass of nets with k sharing resources.

[49] Gomez-Martınez, E., and Merseguer, J. ArgoSPE: Model-basedSoftware Performance Engineering. In Proceedings of the 27th Inter-national Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets andOther Models of Concurrency (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006), ICATPN’06,Springer-Verlag, pp. 401–410

Aim: This paper introduces ArgoSPE, a tool for the perfor-mance evaluation of software systems in the first stages of thelife-cycle. ArgoSPE implements a performance evaluation pro-cess that builds on the principles of the software performanceengineering (SPE).

[124] Teixeira, M., Ribeiro, R., Oliveira, C., and Massa, R. AQuality-driven Approach for Resources Planning in Service-OrientedArchitectures. Expert Syst. Appl. 42, 12 (July 2015), 5366–5379

Aim: This paper shows that the behavior of a SOA system canbe modeled by Petri Nets and, from the model, QoS levels (per-formance and availability) can be estimated. In this way, theanalysis can be conducted without necessarily implementing thereal system, which tends to be valuable in the design phase ofSOA.

[125] Tuffin, B., and Trivedi, K. S. Implementation of ImportanceSplitting Techniques in Stochastic Petri Net Package. In Proceed-ings of the 11th International Conference on Computer PerformanceEvaluation: Modelling Techniques and Tools (London, UK, UK, 2000),TOOLS ’00, Springer-Verlag, pp. 216–229

Aim: The paper describes the application of evaluation meth-ods to (both fluid and discrete) Petri nets, their implementa-tion in SPNP and gives some illustrations of the speed-up. TheRESTART technique has already been applied in TimeNET, while

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here both RESTART and splitting are implemented, and appliedthem to a general class of Petri nets including fluid ones.

[17] Campos, J., and Merseguer, J. On the Integration of UML andPetri Nets in Software Development. In Proceedings of the 27th In-ternational Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets andOther Models of Concurrency (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006), ICATPN’06,Springer-Verlag, pp. 19–36

Aim: This paper summarizes in a semiformal and illustrativeway our proposal for a suitable software performance engineeringprocess.

[64] Horvath, A., Puliafito, A., Scarpa, M., and Telek, M. Analy-sis and evaluation of non-Markovian stochastic Petri nets. In Computerperformance evaluation. Modelling techniques and tools. 11th interna-tional conference, TOOLS 2000, Schaumburg, IL, USA, March 27–31,2000. Proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2000, pp. 171–187

Aim: The main results of this paper are on the one hand therelationship between Algebraic High Level Nets and a restrictedclass of Algebraic Higher Order Nets given by folding and unfold-ing and on the other hand the concept of run time modification,which allows to modify existing models of flexible business pro-cesses in a formal way.

[43] German, R. Markov regenerative stochastic Petri nets with generalexecution policies: Supplementary variable analysis and a prototypetool. Perform. Eval. 39, 1-4 (2000), 165–188

Aim: Stochastic Petri nets (SPNs) with general firing time dis-tributions are considered. A stationary analysis method coveringall possible combinations is presented by means of supplemen-tary variables. The method is implemented in a prototype toolSPNica which is based on Mathematica. The use of the generalexecution policies is illustrated by a WWW server model.

[44] German, R., Logothetis, D., and Trivedi, K. S. Transient Anal-ysis of Markov Regenerative Stochastic Petri Nets: A Comparison ofApproaches. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop onPetri Nets and Performance Models (Washington, DC, USA, 1995),PNPM ’95, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 103–

Aim: This work presents and compares two different approachesfor the transient solution of Markov regenerative stochastic Petri

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Nets: the method based on Markov regenerative theory and themethod of supplementary variables. In both cases the equationsthat govern the marking process of the non-Markovian stochasticPetri net are presented and then solved either in time-domain orusing a Laplace-Stieltjes transformation.

[81] Lilith, N., Billington, J., and Freiheit, J. Approximate Closed-form Aggregation of a Fork-join Structure in Generalised StochasticPetri Nets. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Per-formance Evaluation Methodolgies and Tools (New York, NY, USA,2006), valuetools ’06, ACM

Aim: In this paper an aggregation technique for generalisedstochastic Petri nets (GSPNs) possessing synchronised parallelstructures is presented.

[109] Rodriguez, R., Julvez, J., and Merseguer, J. PeabraiN: APIPE Extension for Performance Estimation and Resource Optimisa-tion. In Application of Concurrency to System Design (ACSD), 201212th International Conference on (June 2012), pp. 142–147

Aim: This paper presents Pea brain, a collection of PIPE tool-compliant modules for performance estimation and resource opti-misation based on bounds computation for Stochastic Petri Nets.

[105] Reinecke, P., Wolter, K., and Zapotoczky, J. PerformanceAnalysis of Dynamic Priority Shifting. In Proceedings of the 5th Euro-pean Performance Engineering Workshop on Computer PerformanceEngineering (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008), EPEW ’08, Springer-Verlag,pp. 181–196

Aim: In this paper, a shifting framework is presented, study itsproperties and develop a Petri net model for a shifting algorithm.The model is analyzed in order to identify situations where shift-ing of priorities is beneficial.

[42] German, R. Iterative Analysis of Markov Regenerative Models. InProceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Per-formance Evaluation: Modelling Techniques and Tools (London, UK,UK, 2000), TOOLS ’00, Springer-Verlag, pp. 156–170

Aim: In this paper, a new algorithm is suggested which avoidscomputing these matrices explicitly. The algorithm is formulatedin terms of stochastic Petri nets.

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[24] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Liou, C. C. Enumeration of reachable,forbidden, live, and deadlock states of bottom k-th order system (witha left side non-sharing resource place) of Petri nets. In Networking,Sensing and Control (ICNSC), 2014 IEEE 11th International Confer-ence on (April 2014), pp. 572–577

Aim: This paper progresses one step further on enumeratingreachable (forbidden, live and deadlock) states for top k-th ordersystems (one non-sharing resource place in the bottom positionof the left-side process, below denoted as Bottom-Left ) with aformula depending on parameter k for a subclass of nets with ksharing resources.

[25] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Wu, S. C. Closed form formula construc-tion to enumerate control related states of K-th order S3PR system(with a Top Left side non-sharing resource place) of Petri nets. In Net-working, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), 2014 IEEE 11th InternationalConference on (April 2014), pp. 132–137

Aim: This paper progresses one step further on enumeratingreachable (forbidden, live and deadlock) states for top k-th ordersystems (one non-sharing resource place in the top position ofthe left-side process, below denoted as Top-Left ) with a formuladepending on parameter k for a subclass of nets with k sharingresources.

[113] Salfner, F., and Wolter, K. A Petri Net Model for ServiceAvailability in Redundant Computing Systems. In Winter SimulationConference (2009), WSC ’09, Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 819–826

Aim: This paper analyses a coloured stochastic Petri net modelof a redundant fault-tolerant system. As the measure of inter-est a dependability metric, i.e., service availability, is evaluated.Service availability is defined as the number of successfully com-pleted jobs relative to the total number of arrived jobs.

[139] Wolter, K., and Reinecke, P. Performance and Security Trade-off. In Proceedings of the Formal Methods for Quantitative Aspects ofProgramming Languages, and 10th International Conference on Schoolon Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication andSoftware Systems (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010), SFM’10, Springer-Verlag,pp. 135–167

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Aim: To illustrate general aspects of the security-performancetradeoff the paper sets up a simple Generalised Stochastic PetriNet (GSPN) model that allows to study both, performance andsecurity and especially the tradeoff between both. Metrics suchas cost and an abstract combined performance and security mea-sure are formulated that explicitly express the tradeoff and it isshown that system parameters can be found that optimise thosemetrics. These parameters are optimal for neither performancenor security, but for the combination of both.

[91] Merseguer, J., Campos, J., and Mena, E. A Performance En-gineering Case Study: Software Retrieval System. In PerformanceEngineering, State of the Art and Current Trends (London, UK, UK,2001), Springer-Verlag, pp. 317–332

Aim: This document presents a case study in performance engi-neering. The case study consists of a Software Retrieval Systembased on agents. The system is modelled in a pragmatic wayusing the Unified Modeling Language and in a formal way usingstochastic Petri Nets.

[80] Lian-cheng, C., Zheng-Fang, Z., Xiao-ju, X., Fang-ming, W.,and Wei-zhen, S. Real Time Performance Analysis of CAN BusBased on TimeNET. In Innovative Computing Information and Con-trol, 2008. ICICIC ’08. 3rd International Conference on (June 2008),pp. 191–191

Aim: Based on the analysis of the Data Link layer of CANbus protocol, a deterministic stochastic Petri nets model of MACsub-layer in CAN bus protocol is built , aiming at the real-timeperformance analysis.

[132] Vazquez, C., Recalde, L., and Silva, M. Stochastic continuous-state approximation of Markovian Petri net systems. In Decisionand Control, 2008. CDC 2008. 47th IEEE Conference on (Dec 2008),pp. 901–906

Aim: The main contribution of this work is the addition of Gaus-sian noise in order to obtain a better (but stochastic) approxima-tion when synchronizations are important.

[48] Gomez-Martınez, E., Ilarri, S., and Merseguer, J. Perfor-mance Analysis of Mobile Agents Tracking. In Proceedings of the6th International Workshop on Software and Performance (New York,NY, USA, 2007), WOSP ’07, ACM, pp. 181–188

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Aim: This paper applies SPE techniques to model and an- anal-ysis how a mobile agent tracking approach addresses the highlydynamic movement problem in a distributed computing environ-ment.

[88] Melia, M., Llado, C. M., Smith, C. U., and Puigjaner, R.Experimentation and Output Interchange for Petri Net Models. InProceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Software and Per-formance (New York, NY, USA, 2008), WOSP ’08, ACM, pp. 133–138

Aim: This paper presents a specific, extended instantiation ofthe Ex-SE for Petri nets (PN-Ex). The viability of the approachis demonstrated with a case study carried out using PIPE2 (Plat-form Independent Petri net Editor 2) with an experimental frame-work.

2.9 Manufacturing

This section lists the papers in the area of manufacturing.

[66] Janneck, J., and Naedele, M. Modeling a die bonder with Petrinets: a case study. Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactionson 11, 3 (Aug 1998), 404–409

Aim: The CodeSign object-oriented, temporal Petri net formal-ism with its associated tool is a modeling and simulation environ-ment to meet those requirements. A case study conducted in anindustrial setting is described that demonstrates the applicabil-ity of the CodeSign approach to the modeling of semiconductormanufacturing equipment with step-wise refinement.

[5] Arcoverde, A., Maciel, P., and Lima, R. Performance evalua-tion of manufacturing systems using GSPN with energy consumptionand human resource allocation annotations. In Systems, Man and Cy-bernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2007),pp. 2894–2900

Aim: In order to improve the performance evaluation of suchsystems, this paper proposes a GSPN with energy consumptionand human resources allocation annotations.

[130] Twele, L., Schlingloff, H., and Szczerbicka, H. Performabil-ity analysis of an avionics-interface. In Systems, Man, and Cybernet-ics, 1998. 1998 IEEE International Conference on (Oct 1998), vol. 1,pp. 499–504 vol.1

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Aim: This paper reports on a case study in the quantitativeanalysis of safety-critical systems. Our approach is to create ageneralized stochastic Petri net (GSPN) model of the system anduse it for the analysis of the system.

[16] Bundell, G. Aspects of the safety analysis of an on-board automatictrain operation supervisor. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2009.SMC 2009. IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2009), pp. 3223–3230

Aim: This paper focuses on the safety analysis of a train con-trol supervisor for ATO using timed Petri nets as the modellingapproach.

[95] Oliveira, C., Lima, R., Andre, T., and Reijers, H. A. Model-ing and Analyzing Resource-constrained Business Processes. In Pro-ceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Manand Cybernetics (Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009), SMC’09, IEEE Press,pp. 2824–2830

Aim: This paper proposes an approach based on generalizedstochastic Petri nets (GSPNs). On the basis of this evaluation,it is observed that the newly proposed approach provides resultsthat are at least as good as those from the most accepted al-ternatives and holds a number of additional advantages, suchas modeling simplicity, improved precision, and model reuse forqualitative analyses.

[123] Teixeira, M., Lima, R., Oliveira, C., and Maciel, P. A stochas-tic model for performance evaluation and bottleneck discovering onSOA-based systems. In Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2010IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2010), pp. 358–365

Aim: This paper proposes a simulation modeling approach basedon stochastic Petri nets to estimate the performance of SOA-applications. Using the proposed model is possible to predictresource consumption and service levels degradation in scenarioswith different compositions and workloads, even before develop-ing the application.

[134] von Mevius, M., and Pibernik, R. Process management in supplychains - a new Petri-net based approach. In System Sciences, 2004.Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on(Jan 2004), pp. 10 pp.–

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Aim: In this paper, an innovative approach to SCPM is pre-sented, based on a new type of high level Petri nets, so calledXML-nets. With the proposed XML-nets, the capabilities ofSCPM can be significantly enhanced in comparison to existingmethods.

[55] Guimara?es, A., Maciel, P., and Matias, R. Quantitative anal-ysis of performability in voice and data networks. In Systems Manand Cybernetics (SMC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on (Oct2010), pp. 761–768

Aim: In this paper an investigate the performance and depend-ability modeling of voice and data services in computer networks.Stochastic Petri Nets are used as an enabling modeling approachfor analytical evaluation of complex scenarios.

[39] Galdino, S., Maciel, P., and Rosa, N. Interval generalized stochas-tic petri net models in dependability evaluation. In Systems, Manand Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (Oct2007), pp. 2502–2507

Aim: This paper describes the interval generalized stochasticPetri net (IGSPN) as an interval extension to the GSPN model.

[21] Chao, D., and Yu, T. H. Enumeration of reachable (forbidden,live, and deadlock) states of top k-th order system (with a non-sharingresource place) of Petri nets. In Industrial Electronics Society, IECON2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE (Nov 2013), pp. 3517–3523

Aim: This paper progresses one step further on enumeratingreachable (forbidden, live, and deadlock) states for top k-th ordersystems (one non-sharing resource place in the top position of theright-side process) with a formula depending on parameter k fora subclass of nets with k sharing resources.

[96] Oliveira, C., Lima, R., Reijers, H., and Ribeiro, J. QuantitativeAnalysis of Resource-Constrained Business Processes. Systems, Manand Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactionson 42, 3 (May 2012), 669–684

Aim: To address the need for evaluation techniques for complexbusiness processes, also known as workflows, this paper proposesan approach based on generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs).

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[38] Galdino, S., and Maciel, P. Availability with input uncertaintiesusing an interval-based approach. In Systems Man and Cybernetics(SMC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2010), pp. 298–303

Aim: In this paper, a reliable mechanism is presented to helpimprove evaluation robustness when significant uncertainties ex-ist.

[58] Guimares, A., and Maciel, P. Infrastructure modeling of convergednetworks for business-oriented metrics evaluation. In Systems, Man,and Cybernetics (SMC), 2012 IEEE International Conference on (Oct2012), pp. 1274–1279

Aim: Our work aims to provide system performance and depend-ability models for supporting optimization of infrastructure de-sign aiming at business oriented metrics. In addition, a method-ology is also adopted to support both the modeling and the eval-uation process.

[34] Fernandes, S., and Maciel, P. Parameterized GSPN Model andExtended Dependability Block Diagram for Reliability Evaluation ofEmbedded Systems. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. SMC’06. IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2006), vol. 4, pp. 3046–3051

Aim: This study focuses on the specification and evaluation ofparameterized generalized and stochastic Petri net (GSPN) mod-els for reliability and safety estimates of embedded systems. Theembedded system to be modeled is specified using the extendeddependability block diagram (EDBD), a high-level system speci-fication model, which is composed of several and diverse blocks:functional, decision, standby spare, multiple and subsystem.

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[17] Campos, J., and Merseguer, J. On the Integration of UML andPetri Nets in Software Development. In Proceedings of the 27th In-ternational Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets andOther Models of Concurrency (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006), ICATPN’06,Springer-Verlag, pp. 19–36.

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[19] Carnevali, L., Ridi, L., and Vicario, E. Sirio: A Frameworkfor Simulation and Symbolic State Space Analysis of non-MarkovianModels. In Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST), 2011 EighthInternational Conference on (Sept 2011), pp. 153–154.

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[21] Chao, D., and Yu, T. H. Enumeration of reachable (forbidden,live, and deadlock) states of top k-th order system (with a non-sharingresource place) of Petri nets. In Industrial Electronics Society, IECON2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE (Nov 2013), pp. 3517–3523.

[22] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Chen, T. Y. Computation of Con-trol Related States of Middle k-th Order System (with a NonsharingResource Place) of Petri Nets. In Computer, Consumer and Control(IS3C), 2014 International Symposium on (June 2014), pp. 244–247.

[23] Chao, D., Yu, T. H., and Lin, T. F. Closed Form Formula Con-struction to Enumerate Control Related States of Middle-Left K-ThOrder S3PR System of Petri Nets. In Computational Science andComputational Intelligence (CSCI), 2014 International Conference on(March 2014), vol. 1, pp. 404–409.

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[26] Ciardo, G., German, R., and Lindemann, C. A characterizationof the stochastic process underlying a stochastic Petri net. SoftwareEngineering, IEEE Transactions on 20, 7 (Jul 1994), 506–515.

[27] Costelha, H., and Lima, P. Modelling, Analysis and Executionof Multi-robot Tasks Using Petri Nets. In Proceedings of the 7thInternational Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multia-gent Systems - Volume 3 (Richland, SC, 2008), AAMAS ’08, Interna-tional Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems,pp. 1187–1190.

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[28] Donatelli, S., and Ferro, L. Validation of GSPN and SWN Mod-els Through the PROD Tool. In Proceedings of the 12th InternationalConference on Computer Performance Evaluation, Modelling Tech-niques and Tools (London, UK, UK, 2002), TOOLS ’02, Springer-Verlag, pp. 131–140.

[29] Dutta, A., Lyles, B., and Schulzrinne, H. A formal approach tomobility modeling. In Communication Systems and Networks (COM-SNETS), 2011 Third International Conference on (Jan 2011), pp. 1–10.

[30] Dutta, A., Lyles, B., Schulzrinne, H., and Wang, J. SystemsModeling for IP-Based Handoff Using Timed Petri Nets. In SystemSciences, 2009. HICSS ’09. 42nd Hawaii International Conference on(Jan 2009), pp. 1–10.

[31] Einer, S., Fechner, B., and Keller, J. Petri Net Analysis ofNon-Redundant and Redundant Execution Schemes. In Architectureof Computing Systems (ARCS), 2009 22nd International Conferenceon (March 2009), pp. 1–4.

[32] Escheikh, M., and Barkaoui, K. Opportunistic MAC layer designwith Stochastic Petri Nets for multimedia Ad Hoc Networks. In Com-puters and Communications, 2009. ISCC 2009. IEEE Symposium on(July 2009), pp. 23–29.

[33] Fernandes, S., and Maciel, P. Reliability evaluation for depend-able embedded system specifications: an approach based on DSPN. InFormal Methods and Models for Co-Design, 2003. MEMOCODE ’03.Proceedings. First ACM and IEEE International Conference on (June2003), pp. 172–179.

[34] Fernandes, S., and Maciel, P. Parameterized GSPN Model andExtended Dependability Block Diagram for Reliability Evaluation ofEmbedded Systems. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. SMC’06. IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2006), vol. 4, pp. 3046–3051.

[35] Fernandes, S., Silva, W., Silva, M., Rosa, N., Maciel, P.,and Sadok, D. On the generalised stochastic Petri net modeling ofmessage-oriented middleware systems. In Performance, Computing,and Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on (2004),pp. 783–788.

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[37] Gaeta, R., Sereno, M., and Manini, D. Stochastic Petri NetsModels for the Performance Analysis of TCP Connections Support-ing Finite Data Transfer. In Proceedings of the Second InternationalWorkshop on Quality of Service in Multiservice IP Networks (London,UK, UK, 2003), QoS-IP 2003, Springer-Verlag, pp. 372–391.

[38] Galdino, S., and Maciel, P. Availability with input uncertaintiesusing an interval-based approach. In Systems Man and Cybernetics(SMC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on (Oct 2010), pp. 298–303.

[39] Galdino, S., Maciel, P., and Rosa, N. Interval generalizedstochastic petri net models in dependability evaluation. In Systems,Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on(Oct 2007), pp. 2502–2507.

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[41] Garsva, E. Computer System Survivability Modelling by UsingStochastic Activity Network. In Proceedings of the 25th InternationalConference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security (Berlin, Hei-delberg, 2006), SAFECOMP’06, Springer-Verlag, pp. 71–84.

[42] German, R. Iterative Analysis of Markov Regenerative Models. InProceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Per-formance Evaluation: Modelling Techniques and Tools (London, UK,UK, 2000), TOOLS ’00, Springer-Verlag, pp. 156–170.

[43] German, R. Markov regenerative stochastic Petri nets with generalexecution policies: Supplementary variable analysis and a prototypetool. Perform. Eval. 39, 1-4 (2000), 165–188.

[44] German, R., Logothetis, D., and Trivedi, K. S. TransientAnalysis of Markov Regenerative Stochastic Petri Nets: A Comparisonof Approaches. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop onPetri Nets and Performance Models (Washington, DC, USA, 1995),PNPM ’95, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 103–.

[45] German, R., and Mitzlaff, J. Transient Analysis of Determinis-tic and Stochastic Petri Nets with TimeNET. In Proceedings of the8th International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for

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[46] Ghazel, M. Using Stochastic Petri Nets for Level-Crossing CollisionRisk Assessment. Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transac-tions on 10, 4 (Dec 2009), 668–677.

[47] Gilberto, E., and Donatelli, S. DSPN-Tool: A New DSPN andGSPN Solver for GreatSPN. In Quantitative Evaluation of Systems(QEST), 2010 Seventh International Conference on the (Sept 2010),pp. 79–80.

[48] Gomez-Martınez, E., Ilarri, S., and Merseguer, J. Perfor-mance Analysis of Mobile Agents Tracking. In Proceedings of the6th International Workshop on Software and Performance (New York,NY, USA, 2007), WOSP ’07, ACM, pp. 181–188.

[49] Gomez-Martınez, E., and Merseguer, J. ArgoSPE: Model-basedSoftware Performance Engineering. In Proceedings of the 27th Inter-national Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets andOther Models of Concurrency (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006), ICATPN’06,Springer-Verlag, pp. 401–410.

[50] Gomez-Martınez, E., and Merseguer, J. Impact of SOAP Imple-mentations in the Performance of a Web Service-based Application. InProceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Frontiers of HighPerformance Computing and Networking (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006),ISPA’06, Springer-Verlag, pp. 884–896.

[51] Gribaudo, M., and Gaeta, R. Efficient Steady-state Analysis ofSecond-order Fluid Stochastic Petri Nets. Perform. Eval. 63, 9 (Oct.2006), 1032–1047.

[52] Groza, A., Iancu, B., and Marginean, A. A Multi-agent Ap-proach Towards Cooperative Overtaking in Vehicular Networks. InProceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Intelligence,Mining and Semantics (WIMS14) (New York, NY, USA, 2014), WIMS’14, ACM, pp. 48:1–48:6.

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