an analysis of verbal expressions on criticism on …/an-analysis-of-verbal...this final report will...

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AN ANALYSIS OF VERBAL EXPRESSIONS ON CRITICISM ON OBAMA’S

ECONOMIC POLICIES DRAWN IN THE FORM OF CARTOONS

ACCESSED IN DARYL CAGLE’S POLITICAL CARTOONS .COM

RELATED TO THE THEORY OF SPEECH ACT

(A Study of Pragmatics)

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For S1-Degree in English Department

By:

LAILA SARAH PUPITA SARI C1307524

NON-REGULAR PROGRAM -ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2010

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By:

Laila Sarah Pupita Sari

C1307524

Approved to examined before the Board of Examines Faculty and Fine Art,

Sebelas Maret University Surakarta

Thesis Consultant:

Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum NIP 195009011986011001

The Head of English Department

Drs. Budi Waskito, M.Pd. NIP 195211081983031001

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By:

Laila Sarah Pupita Sari

C1307524

Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examines Faculty and Fine Art,

Sebelas Maret University Surakarta

Position Name Signature

Chairman

Drs. Budi Waskito, M.Pd

Secretary Ida Kusuma, SS, MA

First Examiner Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum

Second Examiner Dr. Djatmika, MA

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Dean,

Drs. Sudarno, MA

195303141985061001

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Laila Sarah Puspita Sari

NIM : C1307524

Stated wholeheartedly that this thesis entitled AN ANALYSIS OF VERBAL

EXPRESSIONS ON CRITICISM ON OBAMA’S ECONOMIC POLICIES

DRAWN IN THE FORM OF CARTOONS ACCESSED IN DARYL CAGLE’S

POLITICAL CARTOONS .COM RELATED TO THE THEORY OF SPEECH

ACT(A Study of Pragmatics) is originally made by the researcher. It is not

plagiarism or other’s piece of work. The things related to other people’s work are

written in quotation and included within the bibliography.

If it is then in the future proved that this pronouncement is incorrect, the

researcher is ready to take the responsibility including the withdrawal of academic

title.

Surakarta,

The researcher,

Laila Sarah Puspita Sari

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MOTTO

“You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream” C.S Lewis

“Don’t stop becoming a good person though others treat you bad”

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DEDICATION

Allah Almighty…

My beloved Mom and Dad,

My Friends,

and My Self.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This final report will not be completed without the endless blessing of God.

Therefore, I would like to give her greatest gratitude to, the one and only one, Allah

SWT for all the miraculous times I had during the process of the writing report.

Thank you for giving me all the experiences, lessons that finally I could accomplish

this report and also the light that guides the path to cross the threshold of the college

of life.

Next, I would like to dedicate this final report to my beloved parents, sisters,

and “my angel” for the support and love all the time.

I would like to give the best gratitude to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A.

2. The Head of English Department, Drs. Budi Waskito, M.Pd

3. The thesis consultant, Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum. A big thank you for your

time, kindness, and of course, your patience in assisting me to finish my thesis.

4. All of the lecturers of English Department Sebelas Maret University. Thank you

for knowledge you have shared.

5. The administration officers and all the staffs in English Department for their

assistance.

6. My beloved friends, for their friendship, support, and great time together, you are

the best.

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In addition, I would like to thank all of those who are not mentioned but have

contribution during this report writing process.

Without all their help, love, and motivation, I am sure I will not be able to

finish this final report successfully. I hope this final report will be useful for everyone

who reads this report.

Surakarta, February 2010

Laila Sarah Puspita Sari

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE i

APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR ii

APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINER iii

PRONOUNCEMENT iv

MOTTO v

DEDICATION vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

ABSTRACT xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background 1

B. Problem Statement 10

C. Research Objectives 10

D. Research Benefits 11

E. Research Methodology 12

F. Thesis Organization 12

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Pragmatics 14

2.2 Speech Act 16

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2.3 Layers of Indirect Speech Act 18

2.4 Utterance Meaning 19

2.5 Illocutionary Force 20

2.6 Metaphor 21

2.7 Vehicle vs Tenor of Metaphor 24

2.8 Cartoon as A Form of Discourse 24

2.9 Related Study 25

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Research Methodology 29

B. The Source of Data 30

C. Sample and Sampling Technique 31

D. The Instrument of the Research 31

E. Technique of Collecting Data 31

F. Technique of Analyzing Data 32

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION, AND FINDINGS

A. Analysis 34

B. Discussion 72

C. Findings 75

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion 109

B. Suggestion 110

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 112

APPENDICES

ABSTRAKSI

2010. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Kulitatif. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada teori Tindak Tutur dalam Pragmatik. Data diambil dari website politik Daryl Cagle.com, yang diterbitkan mulai tanggal 10 sampai 25 Februari 2009. Ada 24 data kartun verbal, yang dikategorikan mempunyai hubungan dengan kebijakan ekonomi Obama. Teknik sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Sampel Total dan 24 data tersebut di analisa berdasarkan beberapa kriteria, yaitu data yang mengandung aspek Metafora dan Tindak Tutur (langsung dan tidak langsung). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: Menggali isi kebijakan ekonomi Obama yang digambarkan dalama bentuk kartun, menampilkan strategi kartunis dalam mengkritisi Obama berkaitan dengan teori Tindak Tutur, mengetahui cara bagaimana strategi-strategi tersebut diaplikasikan. Ada 4 langkah dalam melakukan penelitian ini. Langkah pertama adalah mengumpulkan data, mengklasifikasikan data, menganalisa data, dan yang terakhir adalah menarik kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: didapatkan beberapa kategori mengenai Obama berkaitan dengan masalah ekonomi (1) pembatasana upah, (2) Ketidaksetujuan terhadap kebijakan, (3) Resesi ekonomi, (4) masalah-masalah umum, (5) revitalisasi ekonomi. Yang paling sedikit adalah pembatasan upah, sedangkan porsi terbesar adalah revitalisasi ekonomi. Kebanyakan dari kartun tersebut menggunakan pernyataan tidak langsung disebabkan adanya tradisi kesopanan yang berlaku. Penggunaan Metafora sangat penting sebagai pendukung kartunis untuk menyampaikan pesan. Metafora mencakup pengiriman pesan melalui system symbol, sebuah symbol yang mengacu pada satu hal (alat) yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan hal yang lain (tujuan). Kata kunci: Pragmatik, Tindak Tutur, Editorial kartun, Metafora. ABSTRACT 2010. This research is descriptive qualitative one. In this research, the focus is on Speech Act of Pragmatics. The data are taken from Daryl Cagle’s Political Website.Com, which are published from 10 to 25 February 2009. It is found 24 data of verbal cartoon, which are categorized as to have relation to Obama’s economic policies issues. The sampling technique

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used in this research is total sampling and all of the twenty four cartoons are analyzed based on some criteria, those are, the verbal expressions of criticism on Obama’s economic policies issues, which contain of metaphor, and speech act (direct and indirect). This research’s objectives are: to explore the criticism on Obama’s economic policies issues drawn in the form of cartoons, to reveal the strategy applied by the cartoonists to criticize Obama related to the speech act theory, to find out the way how the strategies are applied. There are four steps in doing the research. The first step is collecting data, next is classifying data, the third is analyzing data, and the last is drawing the conclusion. The results of this research are; it is found some categories the criticism on Obama related to the economic problem (1) salary limitation, (2) policies disagreement, (3) economic recession, (4) general problems, (5) economic revitalization. The fewest number which is found in this research is salary limitation, while the largest portion is economic revitalization. Most of the cartoons are expressed indirectly by the cartoonist because of ethical culture of politeness that they hold. Then, the role of metaphor is important to support the intended message that the cartoonist wants to deliver. Metaphor involves the transfer of properties across symbol systems, a symbol which refers to one thing (vehicle) used to represent another (tenor).

Keywords:Pragmatics, Speech Act, editorial cartoon, metaphor

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Communication has been a way for people to share idea and opinion

which can be delivered through spoken and written. According to Berelson and

Steiner in Ilmu Komunikasi: Suatu Pengantar by Mulyana, Communication is the

information transmission of idea, feeling, skill, etc by using symbols, words,

picture, graphic, etc. Those processes of transmission called communication

(Mulyana, 2007:62). The spoken communication has existed since long time ago

when the first human was born in this world. The second one, written

communication existed when humans had the ability to write. By using the

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written form, the record of agenda, story, and history can be lasting forever and it

is one of the benefit of written communication compared to the spoken one.

Nowadays communication holds an important role in maintaining

human’s relationship. The better communication is the better relationship will be.

As an example, when two countries can deliver the good communication between

them, it will impact on the good relationship. It may happen because both

countries have principles and contribute to make good relationship by delivering

good communication. However, maintaining good relationship, by delivering

good communication, is not an easy problem. To deliver good communication

needs a good understanding between speaker and hearer. To achieve good

understanding, choosing good, and understandable, language becomes the most

important thing to achieve good relationship. Then, what is language? A human

language is a signaling system. As its material, it uses vocal sounds. Basically, a

language is something which is spoken: the written language is secondary and

derivative (Barber, 1993: 2). It is language, more obviously than anything else,

that distinguishes human kind from the rest of animal world (Barber, 1993:1).

Language is used for doing things. People use it in every conversation for

transacting business, planning meals and vacations, debating politics, gossiping

(Clark, 1996:3). From some definitions above, it shows that language is the only

way to do the communication with others. Choosing the good language will

impact on the good relationship.

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Basically, people communicate with others use two methods, verbal and

non verbal communication. Verbal communication is one way for people to

communicate face-to-face, expressing our feeling and willingness. Some of the

key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and

language (Mulyana, 238). This verbal communication can be found through direct

communication or face to face communication and also mass media, electronic or

non electronic. Contrast with another one, non-verbal language means saying

something by not saying the words. We say a great deal to each other about who

we are and how we experience each other and the rest of the word through

symbolic means. The symbolic communication mode is essentially passive, and

messages emitted in this way are very easily

misinterpreted(http://www.cps.usfca.edu/ob/studenthandbooks/321handbook/verb

al.htm). One of the examples of nonverbal communication is gesture. However

we can use both of them, verbal and non verbal communication when we say

something, for instance, we often say no by making a shake of the head.

Mass media is one of the examples of verbal communication used by

people as alternate to communicate. The mass media has become one of the

principle, meaning through which we gain access to a large part of our

information about the world as well as to much of our entertainment (Singh et.al,

2004:56). From the statement above, what we have in mind is that the mass media

have contributed the knowledge we got day by day. Through the mass media,

people can share opinion, idea, and criticism about something. We use the media

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for many different purposes; for information, for entertainment and for education,

through a range of programs for schools as well as university broadcasts (Singh

et.al, 2004: 56). We have already had many kinds of written communication,

media, old fashioned and new fashioned. Old fashioned is including letter,

newspaper, magazine, printed journal, encyclopedia, book, and soon. They can be

contrasted with the fashioned media which is known as Internet. Although there

are many different media, all of them use the easy understanding of language

because it will be useless if the media, which experiences the development time

by time, can not convey the message to the reader well. The mass media can

establish opinion in our mind about something, for example government policies.

A policy which is “packaged” bad, it will be considered as bad policy. Actually,

the mass media is the most important thing in establishing society’s opinion about

something.

In mass media, political problems are not only published in article form

but also in the cartoon form. Cartoon is another way to express the political

problems happened in a certain era. This type of cartoon called editorial cartoon.

An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic

strip containing a political or social message that usually relates to current events

or personalities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoon). Caricature is one

effective form of visual communications in delivering social criticisms. In good

caricatures there are combined elements of intelligence, sharpness and critical

thinking as well as expressiveness in response to public living. These social

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criticisms are packaged in humorous style. Through cartoon, the cartoonist tries to

share their idea and feeling to be communicable for the reader.

According to Wijana, cartoon can be divided into two types, verbal

cartoon and nonverbal cartoon. Verbal cartoon employs words, phrase, sentences

discourse beside the humorous picture (Wijana, 2003:4). On the other hand,

nonverbal cartoon only employ the picture without words. The picture is only the

important side to make people laugh and understand what the cartoonist wants to

say about. In this research the researcher only use the verbal cartoon because only

the verbal cartoons provide linguistic data. Considering that cartoon uses specific

kind of discourse in the communication, the cartoonist must be able to deliver the

implicate message to the readers. Then, the reader should be able to understand

the meaning behind of the cartoon, which wants to be delivered by the cartoonist.

The readers also need to know the pragmatic principles since the reader need to

understand the message that the cartoonist tries to communicate through the

cartoon and the expression of the characters that usually appears in satirical ways.

It is necessary to reveal the direct and indirect of speech act of the cartoon,

moreover the metaphor that is considered as the supporting point to know more

about the context.

Then the study of speech act has the important role to understand not only

the direct but also the indirect expression because sometimes the speaker does not

give the clear explanation what he or she is talking about. For instance:

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Limbaugh: I hope he fails.

Some characters are involved in the cartoon above, first, Obama who is

patching the big air balloon. The next character is Limbaugh with the smaller

balloons, and the last is some people in the air balloon inscribed Economy and

also American flag in the place some people’s standing for.

First character, Obama, is trying to patch the air balloon which carries a

lot of American people. It is visible that American people life really depends on

Obama. He wants to save those people in order to keep the air balloon not to fall

down. The air balloon here represents the economy problem happening in U.S

and giving impact on people throughout the country. In this cartoon the cartoonist

wants to criticize Limbaugh statement in his talk show. The dominant character of

this cartoon is Limbaugh, who expresses “I hope he fails” to Obama when he is

trying to patch the air balloon. Limbaugh is an American radio host and

conservative political commentator. His nationally syndicated talk show, The

Rush Limbaugh Show, airs throughout the United States on Premiere Radio

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Networks. He has been credited with reviving AM radio in the United States, and

considered to have been a “national precinct captain” for the Republican Party’s

Congressional victory in 1994. The National Review magazine, in a 1993 cover

story, called him "The Leader of Conservative Principles" during the Clinton

administration.

As the fact that Limbaugh is a Republican and also a conservative political

commentator in a talk show, he expresses the words “I hope Obama fails” in one

of his speech in Obama’s Inauguration related to Obama’s stimulus plan to

overcome the economy problem. The cartoonist uses the verbal expression, “I

hope he fails” directly to criticize Limbaugh’s comment for Obama. The

expressed utterance has the locutionary act as an Expressive meaning because the

expression itself is related to the Limbaugh’s feeling. The statement given, “I

hope he fails” by Limbaugh is related to Obama’s plan in order to revitalize the

economy. The cartoonist describes a condition in which Limbaugh disagrees with

all the plans proposed by Obama related to the revitalization of economy. Unlike

Limbaugh who is a conservative, Obama, who is Democrat, has his own policies

to overcome the problems in the USA, called stimulus package or stimulus bill

which is concentrated on the macro economic, while Republican tends to

concentrate on the micro economic. Obama with his vice president, Joe Biden,

have plans; immediate action to create good jobs in America; immediate relief for

struggling families; direct, immediate assistance for homeowners, not a bailout

for irresponsible mortgage lenders; a rapid, aggressive response to our financial

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crisis. The program proposed by Obama does not make Limbaugh convince that

government in charge of all these things. In Obama’s inauguration, publication

asks him to give 400 words on his hopes for the Obama Administration.

Limbaugh responses that it is impossible to implement the Obama’s plan of USA

about the absorption of as much of the private sector by the U.S. government as

possible, from the banking business, to the mortgage industry, the automobile

business, to health care. Limbaugh proposes that USA will not work with those

policies.

Relating to the economy condition in U.S, the verbal expression uttered by

the executive is floating the Maxim of Quality. The executive is too greedy in

demanding high salary more than $ 500,000. He also does not understand the bad

condition which to be faced by all of the people throughout the country. He only

thinks why Obama’s policy sacrifices the upper class like him.

Then, identifying metaphor is also important to interpret the message

inside the cartoon. Basically, metaphor is a way of comparing two different

concepts (Singh et.al, 2004:45). By identifying the metaphor inside the cartoon,

people can relate it with the Speech Act to understand what the cartoonist wants

to say about. For example:

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In the cartoon there is an elephant wearing cutaway and tie with USA flag

color motif. The character of elephant represents Democratic Party that has

influence to the USA government. Therefore, by identifying the metaphor, it will

help people to understand the message delivered by the cartoonist.

This study emphasizes on the direct and indirect of speech act analysis of

cartoons in a website named Political/Cartoons.com. This website is owned by

Daryl Cagle, and published in internet. The address of the website is

http://www.politicalcartoons.com/. This website is interesting to be observed for

the reason that PoliticalCartoons.com is a website that publishes political or

editorial cartoons from many cartoonists around the world. This website provides

the cartoons which concern on the recent political situation. Moreover, most of

the cartoons being published in PoliticalCartoons.com have been previously

published in newspapers.

The other reason that is used as the consideration of choosing the website

to be observed is the fact that the website is visited by the huge numbers of

visitors. Due to the statement of the owner of the website, the website is visited

by for about 100 up to 300 visitors for a week. Since the cartoons being published

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in PoliticalCartoons.com are updated everyday, the visitors of the website are able

to keep track of the changing in the political situation from time to time.

This research focuses on Obama’s government who governs the USA as

the president. Barack Hussein Obama II, born August 4, 1961, is the 44th and

current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the

office. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January

2005 until November 2008, when he resigned following his election to the

presidency (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama). As the candidate of

Democratic, Obama nominated in 2008 presidential campaign, becomes the first

African American President in the American history. Obama supported by most

American people hoping the change for United State of America into the better

condition, especially for economic recession. His efforts to change the USA

condition sometimes arise controversial among the society, and this condition

becomes a problem which would be delivered by the cartoonist in the form of

cartoon.

From the reasons stated above, the researcher decided to conduct a study

towards the cartoons in Daryl Cagle’s website named PoliticalCartoons.com and

investigate more on the speech act aspects of the cartoons.

B. Problem Statement

1. What are criticisms on Obama drawn in the form of cartoon?

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2. How are the strategies used by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the

speech act?

3. Why are the strategies applied in criticizing Obama?

C. Research Objectives

1. To explore the criticism on Obama drawn in the form of cartoon

2. To reveal the strategy used by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the

speech act

3. To find out the way the strategies are applied in criticizing Obama in the form

of cartoon

D. Research Limitation

Not all cartoons will be taken into consideration in order to make the research of

Speech Act not too broad. Therefore the research is needed to limit as follows:

1. Editorial cartoon, which is published in Daryl Cagle’s Website has two forms

of cartoon, verbal and nonverbal. This research focuses on verbal cartoon.

2. The cartoons, which are found, have different issues related to critics on the

characters in USA government, and this research focuses critics on Obama.

3. This research is limited on cartoons, which are focused on verbal cartoon of

critics on Obama’s economic policies issues.

E. Research Benefits

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1. For the Readers

By doing this research, it is intended that the readers especially the learner

who are learning Pragmatics get the better understanding both the theory of

Speech Act and the analysis. These learners can directly apply the theory to

the objects to be analyzed.

2. For the Lecturers

It is intended that this research can be additional material as the application of

the theory which is being learned. The object of this research can be the

variation of the material of learning.

3. For the other researchers

It is intended to stimulate other researchers to conduct the better and the

deeper research on the application of the theory of Speech act. This research is

only the starting point in order to be continued by other researchers.

F. Research Methodology

This is a descriptive qualitative research. It aims to solve the problems by

collecting data, classifying data, analyzing data and drawing the conclusion.

Verbal expression of the political cartoons accessed on Daryl Cagle’s Political

Cartoons.Com used as the population. The researcher uses total sampling

technique in this research. The sample of the research is all expressions of the

characters containing Speech Act. Further explanation of methodology is clarified

in Chapter III.

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G. Thesis Organization

This thesis is organized by some chapters and items as follow:

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION consisting of research background, problem

statement, research objectives, research limitation, research

benefits, research methodology and thesis organization.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW consisting Pragmatics, Speech Act,

Metaphor and Cartoon as a Discourse.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY consisting of Types of

Research, Source of Data, Sample and Sampling Technique,

Instrument of the Research, Technique of Collecting Data, and

Technique of Analyzing Data.

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION, AND FINDING consisting of

Introduction, Data Analysis, Discussion, and finding.

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Pragmatics

Yule (1996, p.4) defined Pragmatics as the study of the relationships

between linguistics forms and the users of those forms. Meaning that,

Linguistic norms, theory, idea are studied and analyzed in the relationship

with users of the language based on some particular principles. Pragmatics

also means language game in which language is manipulated to convey the

intended message to the hearer. Manipulating, in this sense, means how to use

language not in the ordinary way but in a specific way because of some

reasons of motives for doing so and how it is possible to occur whenever the

hearer successfully understand in grasping the intended message. Pragmatics

deals a lot with the indirectness expression in which it arouses the hearer to do

something better to understand what the speaker actually wants to say based

on some variables. According to Cook in Adisutrisno (2008, p.63), variables,

in this case include:

a. the addresser à the person who delivers the message

b. the addressee à the person to whom the message is addressed

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c. the channel à the medium through which the message travels;

sound waves, marks on paper, telephone wires,

word processor screens.

d. the message form à the particular grammatical and lexical choices of

the message

e. the topic à the information carried in the topic

f. the code à the language or dialect

g. the setting à the social or physical context

All the variables participate in creating the language game in the daily

conversation. For example, when someone asks an old man to do something,

he/she intends to use the indirect expression of “Excuse me, can you give that

book to me?” this question does not mere ask the ability to give the book to

him/her, but it emphasizes on the indirectness for politeness. This language

phenomenon is discussed in one of the branches of Linguistics called

pragmatics because pragmatics deals a lot with the indirectness of expression.

Indirectness needs the bigger attention and ability to unfold what is

kept behind the indirectness expression and it forces people to make

correlation ship between the indirect expression the context of speech which

has been discussed above. The context itself becomes the main reason to

express the indirect expression because the different addressee will cause the

different expression either direct or indirect speech. Indirectness is not only

the problem of saying something indirectly, but also how it is possible to

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convey it successfully to the hearer and how the speaker sure that it will so.

As the learners of pragmatics, we should know all aspects to understand in the

daily conversation from the side of the speaker and the hearer.

2.2 Speech Act

Searle (1969, p.16) defined that Speech act as the basic or minimal

units of linguistic communication. It means that by saying something,

someone may asks, order, request, promise something which is stated

indirectly. It can be said that the tem of speech act covers actions such as

requesting, commanding, questioning, and informing. See the following

examples:

Sentence Forms Function

Did you kiss me? Interrogative Question

Kiss me (please) Imperative Command

You kissed me Declarative Statement

From these examples, it may be drawn that speech act is speech for

acting something, either directly or indirectly stated. As what the tile of

Austin’s book, How to do thing with Words, it gives the description about

what speech act is. This title has the implied meaning that by stating

something to the hearer it can be meant something, such as requesting,

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commanding, questioning, and informing. Yule (1996, p.133) introduced two

shorts of speech act, they are:

a. Direct Speech Act

When the form of question is Did he?, Can you?, Will you?, these

are included in direct speech act which ask someone else to do, give, or

inform something that we want. The direct speech act will not get the big

portion of the discussion of speech act because what the direct speech act

discusses is the usual expression of requesting, commanding, questioning,

or informing which are the most of them are used in the daily

conversation.

b. Indirect Speech Act

The understanding of indirect speech act is opposed to the direct

one, in indirect speech act, what we want to try to convey is impliedly and

indirectly stated, and the effect of our statement can be seen through the

hearer’s act. For the example taken from Yule (1996, p.133), “Can you

pass the salt?”. This question does not have the same meaning with “Can

you ride bicycle?” because the first question does not about the hearer’s

ability. Whenever this question deeper observed, it can be drawn a

conclusion that this is not a question. In fact, the hearer will not think that

it is a question but precisely it is a request although the question says

something related to indirect speech act, what the speaker expect expects

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is the hearer’s act, not the answer of the speaker’s question. See the

following example:

A: “Excuse me, do you know where the Ambassador Hotel is?”

B: “Oh I know where it is.” (and walks away)

B’s answer is considered as a silly answer because he/she cannot

interpret A’s question well although B knows well what the meaning of

“do you know” is. What A wants to convey is that he/she needs the

information about the location of the Ambassador Hotel, instead of giving

respond to this indirect question of request, B treats the question as if it

were the direct question which means testing B’s knowledge.

The primary distinction between direct and indirect speech act is that

direct speech act do something directly and the indirect speech act asks the

hearer to do something indirectly. Yule (1996, p.133) stated that crucial

distinction in the use of these two types of speech act is base on the fact that

indirect command or request is simply considered more gentle or more polite

in our society than direct command. Exactly why they are considered more

polite is based on some complex social assumption.

2.3 Layers of Indirect Speech Act

Austin in Leech (1977, p.50) stated that in uttering a sentence is

generally involved in three different acts:

a. Locutionary Act

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Locutionary act means the act of uttering a sentence with a certain

meaning. For example, the utterance of “I will turn your light off” stated

by a mother to her son. The central issue of the locutionary act is the

sentence itself, not the others. The locutionary act of the indirect speech

act always has the others layers, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.

b. Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act means the speaker may have intended hid

utterance to constitute an act of praise, criticism, agreement, and asking

somebody else to do something. The utterance of “I will turn your light

off” stated by a mother to her son may imply a request asking the son to

go sleep now. Illocutionary act also means the implied request for another

man in which call it as illocutionary force.

c. Perlocutionary Act

Perlocutionary act means the speaker may have uttered the

sentence he did utter to achieve a certain consequent response from the

hearer, for example to frighten him, to amuse him, to get him to do

something. The utterance of “I will turn your light off” stated by a mother

to her son, expects the reaction of the son to sleep.

2.4 Utterance Meaning

Adisutrisna (2008, p.63) stated that when a sentence is spoken in a

particular context by a certain speaker and is directed to the hearer, the

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sentence is called an utterance. Utterance meaning is also called Pragmatic

meaning that means the meaning of a sentence when it is used in

communication by a speaker and hearer. Searle in Levinson (1983, p.240)

stated that there are five basic kinds of action that one can perform in

speaking:

1. Representatives: commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed

proposition (paradigm cases: asserting, concluding, etc.)

2. Directives: attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something

(paradigm cases: requesting, questioning)

3. Commissives: commit the speaker to some future course of action

(paradigm cases: promising, threatening, offering)

4. Expressives: express a psychological state (paradigm cases: thangking,

apologizing, welcoming, congratulating)

5. Declaratives: effect the immediate changes in the institutional state of

affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions

(paradigm cases: declaring war, christening, firing from employment)

2.5 Illocutionary Force

Austin stated in How to Do Things with Words, an utterance involves

not only the simple “locutionary’ act of producing a grammatical sentence,

but also an “illocutionary force’ of effectiveness either as an affirmation

(www.wikipediailloctionaryforce.com). Thomas proposes, in pragmatics we

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use the term force to refer to the speaker’s communicative intention. Austin in

Thomas, “Meaning and Interaction”, introduced Force is the second

component of speaker meaning (1995, 18). In other words, the illocutionary

force is the speaker’s intention in producing that utterance. An illocutionary

act is an instance of a culturally-defined speech act type, characterized by a

particular illocutionary force; for example, promising, advising, warning…If

the speaker asks How’s the salad doing? Is it ready yet? As a way of

(“politely”) enquiring about the salad, his/her intent may be in fact to make

the waiter bring the salad. Thus the illocutionary force of the utterance is not

an inquiry about the progress of salad construction, but a demand that the

salad be brought. Another example is taken from Thomas (1995, 18), Is that

your car? Interpreting this sentence, there is no ambiguities of sense and

reference, which the word “that” indicates your car and “your” refers to you.

Identifying the utterance meaning, there is no difficulty, it is clear that the

speaker is asking whether that is your car or not. However, identifying the

second level of utterance is needed because if it is observed the background of

the expression that your car is blocking the speaker’s car, the speaker

demands you to move your car.

2.6 Metaphor

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Basically, metaphor is a way of comparing two different concepts

(Singh et.al, 2004:45). Metaphor is viewed as a semantic process. In order to

comprehend it, Miller in Levinson (1983:148) proposed two Semantic

theories of metaphor, Comparison and Interaction Theory.

a. The Comparison Theory

Metaphors are similes with suppressed or deleted predications of

similarities.

The comparison theories arise from Aristotle’s classical theory of

metaphorical meaning. Within this framework metaphor is defined as

implicit or indirect comparison. There are reductive and non-reductive

simile theories of metaphor. The reductive theories reduce metaphor to

simile and then conflate simile and literal comparison. They involve the

following:

i. simile and metaphor play the same linguistic role: they make

comparison.

ii. Any metaphor can be paraphrased as an identity or predication.

iii. For any metaphor of the form “A is B” there is a function from that

metaphor to a simile.

iv. The simile can be explained in literal terms.

This example is taken from Guttenplan and another example taken to

make a comparison, it focuses on the case of Romeo saying:

Juliet is the sun

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Juliet like the sun

The metaphor or even a literal interpretation of a sentence of the form “A

is a B” entails A’s inclusion in the set of B’s, while in the case of the

simile (“A is like a B”) it does not. The “like” weakens the semantic

commitment of the original sentence, which means that the addition of the

“like” is not trivial. Another example which is taken from Levinson

(1983), Iago is an eel. Thus, it is semantically equivalent to Iago is like an

eel. In the other hand, simile is not the same as literal comparison, because

neither the inferences the latter nor the justification it requires involve

figurative discourse in any way (“a bicycle is like a tricycle”).

b. The Interaction Theory

Metaphors are special uses of linguistic expressions where one

‘metaphorical’ expression (or focus) is embedded in another ‘literal’

expression (or frame), such that the meaning of the focus interacts with

and changes the meaning of the frame, and vice versa. One particular

version of the interaction theory can be formalized (or at least given some

precision) using the framework of semantic features as utilized by, for

example, Katz & Fodor in Levinson (1983) or componential analysts. For

example, the stone died. (non-living are added). It is taken from Levinson

(1983). The noun stone may have certain sets of semantic features

associated with it,

Physical object

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Natural

Non-living

Mineral

Concreted

And the verb die might be represented as a set of features related in

particular ways, as indicated:

Process with result, namely, that some living entity x ceases to be living.

2.7 Vehicle vs Tenor of Metaphor

In Ulmann (2007: 265), the philosophy of Rhetoric (1936) by I.A.

Richards, reports that metaphor is in two parts; the tenor and the vehicle. The

tenor is the subject to which attribute are ascribed. The vehicle is the subject

whose attributes are borrowed. According to that theory, the metaphor is

employed in all data because the cartoonist uses the pictures as the symbols

which have the strong relation to the fact. Those pictures bring the meaning

of the recent issues on the condition of America and also its new president

Obama. Here, the picture is the vehicle to describe or convey a particular

message and the message being conveyed is the tenor.

2.9 Related Study

Several studies on Cartoons have been conducted previously. Other

previous study has also been done concerning pragmatics study of speech acts

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and pragmatic analysis of cartoons’ humorist, but studies concerning

pragmatic analysis of speech acts, especially the ones discussing the

locutionary and illocutionary act of cartoons are still limited in numbers.

A research conducted by Wijana (1995) focused on the violation of

pragmatics aspects as a discourse. The study resulted in description of the

flouted: conversational maxim (maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim

of relevance, maxim of manner), politeness principles (tact maxim, generosity

maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and

sympathy maxim), and pragmatic parameters (distance rating, power rating,

and rank rating) in the creation of cartoons’ humor. Also, this study discussed

the use of linguistic aspects in cartoon as a discourse.

Gezgin (2004) conducted a study concerning pragmatic analysis of

cartoons. This study intended to reveal the source and degree of humorosity in

cartoons. It contrasted the interaction of bystander humorosity and agent-

patient humorosity. In elaborating the source and degree of humorosity in

cartoons, three theories of humor were used: the script-based semantic theory

of humor (SSTH); Setup, Incongruity, Resolution (SIR) and the general

theory of verbal humor (GTVH). This study found out that:

1. performatives might be more humor prone as compared to

nonperformatives.

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2. there might be discourse markers of contrast signaling the incongruity

phase, and in the case of cartoons these markers might be communicated

by nonlinguistic ways.

3. some of the speech acted as declaratives might be more humor prone .

4. violation of he maxim could be a necessary but not sufficient condition of

humorosity.

5. the cartoon had respected perlocution directed toward the readers.

Next other related research on cartoons was conducted by Sunarto

(2005). Sunarto focused his study on the editorial cartoon in Jakarta

newspaper on 1950-1957. This study resulted on conclusion that there was a

strong relation between editorial cartoons and media’s support, involving the

political situation and supportive culture. The balance of the political situation

gave editorial cartoons chance to reveal metaphor with an open emotive

attitude. Sunarto concluded that emotive attitude on editorial cartoon

metaphor was highly influenced by interrelations of arts, socio-politic

condition and cultural value of the era.

Another previous study of Pragmatics on cartoons was conducted by

Supriyadi (2008). He was focusing his research on the caricatures by G.M

Sudarta published by Kompas daily. The research aims at describing (1) the

types of speech act and implicature, and the dominating speech act in the texts

of caricatures by G.M Sudarta, (2) the practice of the cooperative principles

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and politeness principles, (3) the language aspects utilized and the coherence

between theme, lingual unit, image and pictures, and (4) the understanding of

the reader and caricaturist on the social function practiced in caricature

discourses.

Different from the above studies, this study analyzes the speech acts

applied in the editorial cartoons. Two of the researchers above, Wijana (1995)

and Sunarto (2005) were using the object of Indonesian cartoons published in

the Jakarta Post while this thesis uses American cartoons published in

DarylCagle.com. It also has a difference with the previous study by Gezgin

(2004) which is more concentrated on humorosity and also has relation with

semantic theory while this thesis reveals political phenomenon and the

Metaphor approach is also used to support the analysis beside direct and

indirect of Speech act is more emphasized.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

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A. Research Methodology

Brown stated on Menulis Tesis dan Disertasi, research is about what we have

known, what we need to know, and what we have known as something what we need

to know (Emilia, 2008:42). This research belongs to a qualitative research which

employs a descriptive method. A descriptive method is a kind of research which

describes the situations and events (Sunarno, 1992, 51). Moleong proposed, applying

the qualititative method meaning that the data collected are in the form of words,

pictures, and not numbers (Moleong, 2002:6). It can be concluded that descriptive

qualitative method is a description of certain phenomenon in which the data are

collected, classified, analyzed and then the conclusion is drawn. In this research, the

researcher tries to reveal certain phenomenon on critics drawn in the form of cartoon

on Daryl Cagle Political Cartoon.Com. Critics expressed by the United State of

America people to criticize the USA government. The cartoons are identified based

on the verbal cartoon implied to the certain phenomenon which also depends on the

metaphor inside the cartoons. The cartoons are analyzed by using Pragmatics

approach of Speech act which focuses on the direct and indirect expression.

B. The Source of Data

The data source of this research are cartoons published from 10 to 25

February 2009 on Daryl Cagle’s Website Political Cartoons.Com. This Website

political cartoon is a website about critics on the American government drawn in the

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form of cartoon. The data of this research are the verbal expression uttered by the

characters containing speech act especially direct and indirect expression, and context

of situation containing metaphor.

There are some reasons why the Daryl Cagle’s Website Political

Cartoon.Com is taken as the data source of the research:

2. This website is appropriate, considering the aim of this research, which

identifies the verbal expression to implicate something of the characters.

3. This website is edited everyday with the new cartoon which reflects the real

condition of the USA. Therefore, it is easier to access the new and different

cartoons.

Then, to support the data, an interview with an American, Sarah Pearsall was

conducted. It is needed to have the supporting data to get the validity of data analysis.

She is an American, who works for American Embassy, an English Language Fellow,

and she is also a lecturer of FSSR, UNS up to June 2010. In this research, she gives

opinion regarding on Obama’s economic policies especially on economic recession

issues. Knowing more about American culture becomes an appropriate consideration

that supports the data.

C. Sample and Sampling Technique

There are 128 cartoons of verbal and nonverbal which are accessed from 10

February 2009 up to 25 February 2009. The following step, the cartons are selected

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into 93 cartoons of verbal and nonverbal, which criticize on Obama in general issues.

Next, they are reduced into forty cartoons which are identified as verbal cartoons.

Then, it is decided that twenty four verbal cartoons, which are observed critics on

Obama’s economic policies issues, are deserved to use as the data. The sampling

technique used in this research is total sampling, and all of the twenty four cartoons

are analyzed based on some criteria, those are, the verbal expressions of critics on

Obma’s economic policies issues, which contain of metaphor, and speech act (direct

and indirect).

D. The Instrument of the Research

In the qualitative research, the researcher is the main instrument since he

conducts the whole research process (Moleong, 1991:121). The supporting

instrument in this research is a computer set which linked to the internet.

E. Technique of Collecting Data

The steps of collecting data in this research are as follows:

1. searching the cartoons in the Daryl Cagle’s Website Political Cartoon

.Com from 10 February 2009 up to 25 February 2009, and it is found 128

cartoons

2. selecting 128 cartoons becomes 93 cartoons which criticizes Obama in

the form of verbal and nonverbal cartoons

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3. selecting 93 cartoons into forty cartoons of critics on Obama in general

issues, which are identified as verbal cartoon

4. classifying the forty verbal cartoons of critics on Obama in general issues

into twenty four verbal cartoons which is related to Obama’s economic

policies issues

F. Technique of Analyzing Data

The technique of analyzing data contains of collecting, classifying, analyzing

the data. The technique the researcher used can be drawn as follows:

In this research, the data are analyzed by:

classifying

Direct Speech Act

Indirect Speech Act, including the metaphor

Analyzing

Economic Issues

Pragmatics Of Speech Act

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a. Classifying the data and reducing the data which are not needed in the

research. They are classified based on the theme, salary limitation, policies

disagreement, economic recession, general problem, and economic

revitalization

b. Analyzing the data based on Pragmatics approach of Speech Act. In this research, the

theory of Austin about layers of Indirect Speech act, including the force beyond the

verbal expression is used to identify the intended message. Then, the theory of Yule

is also used to classify the direct and indirect of the verbal expression.

c. Analyzing the data based on the utterance meaning theory of Searle is used to know

for the reason of using Speech Act.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION, AND FINDINGS

xliv

In this chapter, the data are taken from English speech act used in the American

cartoon of Daryl Cagle.com which is published everyday. In order to make this

presentation easy, it will be divided into two sections; (A) Analysis; (B) Discussion;

and (C) Finding.

A. Analysis

In this study, the analysis is conducted based on (a) the criticized on

Obama related to the economic problem drawn in the form of cartoon, (b) the

strategy applied by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the speech act, and

(c) The reason of applying the strategy. The data are categorized into five, salary

limitation, policies disagreement, economic recession, general problems, and

economic revitalization. Not all cartoons are analyzed; it is taken some cartoons,

which have the same characteristics.

(1) Salary limitation

In this part, there is only a datum, datum 1, which criticizes the salary

limitation. The cartoonist applies the direct of verbal expression in this cartoon

which criticizes the executives of Wall Street in demanding high salary. Let

see the cartoon.

Datum 1

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The executive: “I quit my Wall Street job when President Obama told them

they couldn’t pay me more than $500,000 a year!”

“So find me something better right now!”

Data Description:

Two characters are involved in the cartoon, a man, who is wearing

blue cutaway and red tie. Another one is a woman who is sitting in a room

which is written unemployment.

Data Interpretation:

The man in the picture represents an executive of Wall Street, while

the woman in expressionless represents an official of unemployment public

service. From the verbal expression “I quit my Wall Street job when President

Obama told them they couldn’t pay me more than $500,000 a year! So find me

something better right now!” launched in the cartoon, the cartoonist wants to

criticize sarcastically the executives who demand high salary to Obama’s

government. The executives get $500,000, but without bonuses, they feel it is

not a lot of money.

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The conversation happened in unemployment public service office. In

USA, there is an institution for unemployment. This institution records the

unemployment and helps them to find a job based on the qualification and the

salary they ask for. There is a contradictory occuring among them, the

executive and the official of unemployment public service. He expresses those

words in the wrong situation and place. The unemployment public service is a

place for poor people to find a job and they settle for the low salary.

Since the election of Obama as the President of USA, he convinced all

people that he can bring a change for USA. He promises when he is nominated

by Democrats, he brings an improvement for the economic problems, health

care, Mid East and Foreign policy in USA. Today economic recession has to

be faced by almost countries in the world; including USA. Obama and his vice

president plan some steps to revitalize the USA economy. One of the planning

is a rapid, aggressive response to USA financial crisis, including keeping on

the excessive capital expenditure, executive salary (www.newyorktimes.com ).

Wall Street is the biggest stock exchange in USA. People whose job as an

executive in Wall Street paid $500,000 plus bonuses per year. Then, to

implement the plan, Obama decides to limit the salary of executive not more

than $500,000 per year.

This cartoonist uses a metaphorical figure of an Executive to describe

all the executives in USA who demand high salary for their job. The use of this

metaphor explains that today, in which USA in the condition of crisis and

xlvii

recession, the executives of Wall Street are still pretend to their right to have

salary more than $500,000.

Dealing with the fact that Obama decides to limit the executive’s

salary not more than $500,000 a year, the first verbal expression launched by

the executive, “I quit my Wall Street job when President Obama told them they

couldn’t pay me more than $500,000 a year!”, is expressed directly because

the cartoonist had the pip to the executives of Wall Street. The utterance has

the locutionary act as Declarative because the cartoonist wants to criticize the

executive’s statement that the protest is not proper for the bad economy

condition in which the economy recession is getting worse time to time. The

cartoonist teases the executive because in this condition he asks too much

salary without considering the real economic condition of America in which

the economy recession grows so fast. As the impact of economy recession,

therefore the government limits the salary of the executive not more than $

500,000 to control the expenditure. Towards this expression, the cartoonist

describes that the executive is a selfish person.

The second verbal expression, “So find me something better right

now!” is a kind of Directive meaning of utterance and it is also expressed

directly to tease the executive that his demand to find him a better job that can

pay him more than $500,000 a year is too high and difficult to realize for

American economy condition right now. In this cartoon, the cartoonist uses the

combination of verbal expression and the picture to express his criticism.

xlviii

Supporting with the women’s expressionless, it seems to describe that the

executive’s demand is out of sense because he asks for a job with the high

salary in unemployment public service whereas that place is only for the low

classes.

(2) Policies disagreement

In this discussion, there are seven data of policies disagreement. Two

of them are expressed directly and the rest, five data are expressed indirectly.

The examples are taken from the data analysis which apply direct (datum 2)

and indirect (datum 10 and 17) expressions.

Datum 2

Limbaugh: “I hope he fails.”

Data Description:

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Some characters are involved in the cartoon above, first, Obama who

is patching the big air balloon. The next is Limbaugh with the smaller balloons,

and the last is some people in the air balloon which is inscribed Economy and

also American flag in the place some people’s standing for.

Data Interpretation:

First character, Obama, is trying to patch the air balloon which carries

a lot of American people. It is visible that American people life really depends

on Obama. Obama wants to save those people in order to keep the air balloon

does not fall down. The air balloon here represents the economy problem

happens in U.S and gives impact on people throughout the country. In this

cartoon the cartoonist wants to criticize Limbaugh statement in his talk show.

The dominant character of this cartoon is Limbaugh, who expresses “I hope

he fails” to Obama when he is trying to patch the air balloon. Limbaugh is an

American radio host and conservative political commentator. His nationally

syndicated talk show, The Rush Limbaugh Show, airs throughout the United

States on Premiere Radio Networks. He has been credited with reviving AM

radio in the United States, and considered to have been a “national precinct

captain” for the Republican Party’s Congressional victory in 1994. The

National Review magazine, in a 1993 cover story, called him "The Leader of

Conservative Principles" during the Clinton administration.

l

As the fact that Limbaugh is a Republican and also a conservative

political commentator in a talk show, he expresses the words “I hope Obama

fails” in one of his speech in Obama’s Inauguration related to Obama’s

stimulus plan to overcome the economy problem. The cartoonist uses the

verbal expression, “I hope he fails” directly to criticize Limbaugh’s

comment for Obama. The expressed utterance has the locutionary act as an

Expressive meaning because the expression itself is related to the Limbaugh’s

feeling. The statement given, “I hope he fails” by Limbaugh is related to

Obama’s plan in order to revitalize the economy. The using of metaphorical

figure of Limbaugh supported the message of this cartoon. The bad

relationship among those characters, Obama and Limbaugh is enough to

describe that Limbaugh is in his apposition.

The cartoonist describes a condition in which Limbaugh disagrees

with all the plans proposed by Obama related to the revitalization of economy.

Unlike Limbaugh who is a conservative, Obama, who is Democrat, has his

own policies to overcome the problems in the USA, called stimulus package

or stimulus bill which is concentrated on the macro economic, while

Republican tends to concentrate on the micro economic. Obama with his vice

president, Joe Biden, have plans; immediate action to create good jobs in

America; immediate relief for struggling families; direct, immediate

assistance for homeowners, not a bailout for irresponsible mortgage lenders; a

rapid, aggressive response to our financial crisis. The program proposed by

li

Obama does not make Limbaugh convince that government in charge of all

these things. In Obama’s inauguration, publication asks him to give 400

words on his hopes for the Obama Administration. Limbaugh responses that it

is impossible to implement the Obama’s plan of USA about the absorption of

as much of the private sector by the U.S. government as possible, from the

banking business, to the mortgage industry, the automobile business, to health

care. Limbaugh proposes that USA will not work with those policies.

Datum 10

Obama: “It will create millions of new jobs.”

The man: “We’ll need three to pay our part of its cost.”

Data Description

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The situation happens in a living room in which the homeowners are

sitting in the sofa and watching news in television. In the television there are

Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Geithner. Obama and Hillary are holding a book

inscribed STIMULUS.

Data Interpretation

The characters, which are involved in this cartoon are Obama, Hillary,

and Geithner. The character of Obama expresses, “It will create millions of

new jobs” while holding a book inscribed STIMULUS with Hillary. Obama

and Hillary proposed Stimulus Plan in order to increase new jobs in the

economy recession condition. In other conditions, Geithner seems to stand

besides Hillary, and do nothing. It is impliedly that Geithner as the Treasury

disagrees with the plan. There is also a comment given the audience takes

place in the cartoon, “We’ll need three to pay our part of its cost” impliedly

means that more than 30% of Americans income to pay the tax. In this case

the cartoonist in the American side. He or she criticizes Obama and his teams’

policies about creating a millions of new jobs by demanding tax cuts.

Based on www.wikipedia.com, Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is the

67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of

President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator from New York

from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the

United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

liii

She was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the

2008 election. While Geithner, according to www.wikipedia.com, Timothy

Franz Geithner is the 75th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury,

serving under President Barack Obama. He was previously the president of

the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Stimulus package proposed by Obama, the first plan is to create good

jobs in America. The financial crisis makes unemployment. Quoted from

www.thenewyorktimes.com, the economy has lost 760,000 jobs this year.

Creating some jobs also make the financial crisis is getting worse. To

overcome the dilemma, Obama and Biden make some steps to start the job

creation; A new American Jobs Tax Credit, Obama and Biden will provide a

new temporary tax credit to companies that add jobs in the U.S.; raise the

small business investment through the end of 2009, Obama and Biden will

give small business an additional to make investments and start creating jobs

again by providing temporary business tax incentive through 2009; zero

capital gains rate for investment in small businesses, the existence of small

business can help to create jobs, that’s why Obama and Biden will eliminate

all capital gains taxes on investments made in small and start-up business;

save one million jobs through immediate investments to rebuild America’s

roads and bridges and repair schools; partner with America’s auto makers to

help save jobs and ensure that the next generation of clean vehicles is built in

the United States, Taken from www.cnn.com, Senator Obama pushed for 50

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billion in loan guarantees to help the auto industry retool, develop new battery

technologies and produce the next generation of fuel efficient cars here in

America.

Dealing with the fact given which is stimulus package proposed by

Obama will revitalize the economy recession, the first utterance of, “It will

create millions of new jobs” is in the form of giving statement. Observing

deeper by connecting to the real condition that USA still lost millions of jobs,

it has an intended message to tease Obama through his policy of stimulus

package. This utterance has an illocutinoary act as Commissive. This

utterance is to remind Obama that he has promised to all people that stimulus

bill can create new jobs and fix all the economic problems in USA, and not

levying more taxes. This first utterance is also supported with the delineation

of the character of Geithner. Geithner who does not join Obama and Hillary

Clinton to hold the book inscribed with STIMULUS seems described that

Geithner disagree with the plan. The disagreement of Geithner about the

stimulus plan is related with the tax cut which is levied to the American

people who have a job with certain criteria. Creating new jobs means helping

much unemployment but by demanding high taxes in order to cover the

dismissal capital makes more inflict a financial loss for other people.

Then, looking at the facts about the impact of the stimulus plan which

can create new jobs, the statement uttered by the audience, “We’ll need three

to pay our part of its cost” is expressed directly. This utterance has an

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illocutionary act as Commisive because the cartoonist uses the expression

which can represent the protest of American people elated to the Stimulus

package Obama proposes. The using of metaphorical figure of audience

represents the societies’ response to the economic policies created by Obama

and his team. The audience in the cartoon is the image of the American people

who contra with Obama’s plan. The word of three in the expression represents

the nominal of thirty percent of tax which will be levied to American people.

Some Americans disagree with the plan of tax cut in order to increase the new

jobs. They consider that the government takes their money to help others

people and automatically it will reduce their prosperity.

Datum 17

Elephant: I still hate it…

Data Description:

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Two characters, which are involved in this cartoon are Obama and the

elephant. In this cartoon, Obama is drawn as a small man, who has wings. He

is shooting at the elephant with bow and arrow. While the Elephant is holding

a sheet of paper inscribed STIMULUS BILL, and he seems angry at Obama.

Data Interpretation

In this cartoon, the elephant represents the congress in which the

Democrats is the majority in Senate and House of Representative. It is visible

that Obama is shooting the elephant with bow and arrow. This description

impliedly means that Obama urges the Congress to pass the plan he propose,

Stimulus Bill, as written in the piece of paper the elephant hold on. Obama

itself is drawn in small image, means all his decisions has to be passed by the

Congress. In this case, the cartoonist is on the Obama’s side. He criticizes the

Congress’ action which always rejected Obama’s plan related the economy

revitalization.

In Obama’s 50 first days of 100 first days being the president of

United State, he proposes a plan to revitalizing the economy of America,

called Stimulus Bill or Stimulus Package. Those, more concentrate on the

economy problem including, creating jobs, people’s prosperity, and the

foreign trade. Doing the plans is dilemma for Obama’ team, those plans needs

fund which is taken for the tax payer. This makes the congress reject the

plans. Levying more taxes to the entrepreneur, as the example, will injure

lvii

them. Creating jobs means helping unemployment to get a job, but it needs

fund. If the fund is taken from the tax, it will injure other people. In other

opinion, Obama and his team consider that levying more taxes for creating

new jobs and improving people’s prosperity is needed to help the recovering

of American economy. That is why Obama urges the congress to pass the

stimulus plan as soon as possible.

Dealing with fact about the plan Obama proposes and also his

relationship with congress is enough to explain that congress disagrees with

some plans which are included in stimulus package. This can be revealed

through the expression of the elephant “I still hate it…” which is expressed

indirectly to Obama. Observing this utterance is kind of giving information

that congress hates Obama. By applying the theory of speech act it is known

that the utterance is not giving statement but has another meaning beyond the

utterance. This utterance has an illocutionary act as Expressive because this

utterance involves certain psychological statement. This means that congress

is overextend in signing stimulus plan. This is to reveal the objection of

congress in signing the stimulus bill proposed by Obama. Using the

metaphorical of an angel to refer Obama indicates that the cartoonist still

considers that Obama is an angel for American people that can bring the better

condition of life. Then the metaphorical creature of elephant is to refer the

congress. Moreover the elephant is drawn bigger than Obama means congress

is the most powerful in USA which has authority to pass the policy. The

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character of congress is drawn angry at Obama and also added with points

marks after the utterance, “I still hate it…” it reflects that the congress

considers that the Obama’s plans which is to revitalize the economy through

some points in order to improve the people’s prosperity, makes another way

to injury other people and causes the economy worsen.

(3) Economic Recession

All of the data show that five cartoons in this discussion apply the

indirect expression. As take two examples, which have the same

characteristics, datum 3 and datum 24.

Datum 3

Obama’s secretary: “President Obama? Your first appointment is waiting…”

Data Description

The situation taken in the office involves two characters of the

cartoon. First, a very big octopus which muches up the office, and another one

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is a woman. It is visible that the big octopus enlaces the woman when she is

trying to say something with a person in another room.

Data Interpretation

In this cartoon, the very big octopus represents the economy problem

in U.S. It is characterized that it enlaces the woman, Obama’s secretary when

she says something to Obama “President Obama? Your first appointment is

waiting…” she expresses those words in forcible condition. The first

appointment implies that the economy becomes the most serious problem.

The very big economy problem has to be faced by American people moreover

the secretary cannot continue her words to Obama. In this cartoon, the

cartoonist wants to remind Obama that he has to find the problem solving of

economic recession.

Economic recessions have occurred all throughout the history of

modern economics. The National Bureau of Economic Research defines

economic recession as a significant decline in the economic activity spreads

across the economy, lasting more than a few months. Right now, the United

States is not the only country to suffer from economy recession. Any country

that has even a similar modern economic structure has suffered to some

degree from economic recession. The collapse of the housing market really set

this one off on a bad note, and it, coupled with bank collapses in the U.S. and

Europe, have caused consumer confidence and credit availability to plummet

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to new lows. Hopefully, things will turn around. But for now, the modern

economic cycle again comes around to purge itself of the problems put on it

by humanity, and unfortunately, that purge is known to us as recession.

Economic recession has become the first problem in Obama’s plan list to be

solved. He, with his vice, plans some steps to overcome the problem as soon

as possible.

Dealing with the observed fact that United States faced a big problem,

economy recession, the cartoonist uses a metaphorical creature of big octopus

to describe how big the problem. Octopus is animal which has long tentacles.

These tentacles are very useful for them to protect themselves from predator.

It also can be a weapon to against their enemy. In this cartoon, the cartoonist

describes that the octopus is making a trouble by his tentacles. He also

describes the messy situation made by the octopus to emphasize how difficult

and clutter American condition as the impact of economy recession is.

The description of the picture is used by the cartoonist to support the

verbal expression of “President Obama? Your first appointment is waiting…”

which is delivered indirectly and tend to have an intended message. The

utterances expressed by the character of secretary have two possible in

meaning. The first utterance of “President Obama?” tends to have an

illocutionary act as Expressive meaning of utterance although the expression

is in the form of question. It may have meaning that the secretary wants to ask

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permission to Obama and let him really know about the big problem

American face.

Then the second utterance, “Your first appointment is waiting…” has

an illocutionary act as Commissive because the cartoonist wants to warn

Obama that there is a very serious problem, economy recession that has to be

solved as soon as possible, moreover, the expression is not finished. The

unfinished utterance shows a difficult condition. It means, the economy

recession is a big problem for United States. This utterance also has another

meaning; it can be showing a worry that the problem is very big, difficult, and

complex of economy as soon as possible before it is getting worse time by

time.

Datum 4

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Monster: “Why can’t you perform a makeover miracle on me?”

“ …Didn’t the press call u, the “Messiah?””

Data Description

Two characters are involved in the cartoon; Obama who is standing on

the White House and at the same time keeping the paper inscribed first 100

days. Another character is a green big monster.

Data Interpretation

The green big monster takes the dominant role in this cartoon. It

represents the economy problem which is more and more rising. The character

of the monster expresses “Why can’t you perform a makeover miracle on me?

…Didn’t the press call u, the “Messiah?” to Obama. In this case, the

cartoonist wants to remind Obama that Economy is very serious problem and

has to be solved quickly.

Economy problem is a big problem for USA and also for other

countries. It makes a lot of unemployment, collapses some banks and

business, and disturbs the foreign trading. In his first 100 days, Obama and

Joe Biden have made some list to revitalize the economy, called stimulus

package. The first plan is to create good jobs in America. The financial crisis

makes unemployment. Quoted from www.thenewyorktimes.com, the

economy has lost 760,000 jobs this year. Creating some jobs also makes the

financial crisis is getting worse. To overcome the dilemma, Obama and Biden

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make some steps to start the job creation; A new American Jobs Tax Credit,

Obama and Biden will provide a new temporary tax credit to companies that

add jobs in the U.S.; raise the small business investment through the end of

2009, Obama and Biden will give small business an additional to make

investments and start creating jobs again by providing temporary business tax

incentive through 2009; zero capital gains rate for investment in small

businesses, the existence of small business can help to create jobs, that is why

Obama and Biden will eliminate all capital gains taxes on investments made

in small and start-up business; save one million jobs through immediate

investments to rebuild America’s roads and bridges and repair schools;

partner with America’s auto makers to help save jobs and ensure that the next

generation of clean vehicles is built in the United States, Taken from

www.cnn.com, Senator Obama pushed for 50 billion in loan guarantees to

help the auto industry retool, develop new battery technologies and produce

the next generation of fuel efficient cars, here in America.

The second plan for revitalizing the economy is immediate relief for

struggling families. Even when the overall economy was growing, most

American families were not sharing in this growth. That is why Obama and

Biden create a plan for economic welfare distribution. A tax cut for 95 percent

of workers and their families plus seniors, Obama and Biden propose a

permanent tax cut of $500 for workers, $1,000 for families, and $50,000 for

seniors (www.thenewyorktimes.com) ; extend unemployment insurance

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benefits and temporarily suspend taxes on these benefits, in this plan, Obama

and Biden will temporarily suspend taxes unemployment insurance benefits as

a way of giving more relief to families; penalty-free hardship withdrawals in

2008 and 2009, to help the families pay their bills and their mortgages and

make it through these tough time, Obama and Biden call for legislation that

would allow withdrawals of 15% up to $10,000 from retirement accounts

without penalty; instruct the Treasury to allow seniors to delay required

withdrawals, Obama and Biden call the Treasury to temporarily suspend the

required withdrawals for retirees over age70 ½, and there is still time to help

millions of affected senior if the retirees make required withdrawals late in the

year; funds to counteract high heating costs this winter, Obama and Biden

budget funding to ensure that cold-weather states can protect the impact of

high energy prices for their residents this winter.

The third plan covers direct, immediate assistance for homeowners,

not a bailout for irresponsible mortgage lenders. Obama and Biden’s plan

provides relief to help America’s homeowners pay their mortgages, stay in

their homes, and avoid painful tax increases while protecting taxpayers and

not rewarding the bad behavior and bad actors who got into this mess; instruct

the Secretary of The Treasury And Housing Urban Development (HUD) to

use their existing authority to more aggressively modify the terms of

mortgages, this is to help homeowners as possible at the minimum cost

taxpayers; reform the bankruptcy code to assist homeowners and remove legal

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restriction to encouraging broader mortgage restructuring, Obama and Biden

are calling legislation to close the loophole in the bankruptcy code that allows

bankruptcy judges to modify the terms of mortgages on investment properties

and vacation homes not on primary residence; legalized a 90-day foreclosure

moratorium for homeowners in good faith, financial institutions that

participate in the financial rescue plan should be required to adhere to a

homeowner’s code of conduct, including a 90-day foreclosure moratorium for

any homeowners living in their homes who are making good faith efforts to

pay their mortgages, and this will help create stability until the better solutions

are implemented and give both side a chance to work out an agreement;

provide $25 billion in state fiscal relief to help avoid painful property tax

increases; create a universal mortgage tax credit for homeowners

The last plan for economy revitalization is a rapid, aggressive response

to the financial crisis. Some steps planned by Treasury to overcome the

financial, those are prepared for broader assurances for credit to banks, it must

be prepared to provide additional, temporary assurances to achieve the

effective functioning of financial market; extend asset purchases to unfreeze

other critical sectors, the Treasury should use the authority it has under the

new law to help unfreeze markets for individual mortgages, student loans,

loan for multi-family homes, and credit card loans; the last is make credit

available to small businesses and state or local governments, the Federal

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Reserve and Treasury will take immediate steps to support non-financial

institutions including small businesses, states, and municipalities.

Related to the fact given that in his election, Obama proposes a plan,

called stimulus plan, this is to recover the American economy in his first 100

days. This plan will revitalize economy in every part of American life. In this

cartoon, the cartoonist delivers the verbal expression launched by the monster,

the first utterance is “Why can’t you perform a makeover miracle on me?”

and the second one, “…Didn’t the press call u, the “Messiah?” those are

expressed indirectly. Those utterances tend to have an illocutionary act as

Directives because the cartoonist expresses his incredulity in the form of satire

which is written in a question. Indirect expression is chosen by the cartoonist

as the consideration of ethical culture of politeness. He places himself as

Obama’s people who do not want to judge that Obama cannot fix all the

problems. The cartoonist really knows it needs time to fix but other side he

sees other people disappointed at their president. The metaphorical creature of

crocodile is used to represent economy of USA. Crocodile is the wild animal

and also predator in their surrounding live. They prey animal even another

animal is bigger than them. They also prey human if they feel the human is

threatening their life. Their body can be fourteen foot at length and ten ton of

weight. Supporting with metaphorical creature of crocodile, the cartoonist

describes the economy recession serious danger for United State. It is also

added with the red color of miracle and Messiah, it emphasizes on the

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Obama’s action related to the plan he proposes, why in 100 days there is no

significant change happen in American economy. This incredulity underlying

the cartoonist criticize Obama’s stimulus plan although many people call him

as the messiah, man of God who can help people in suffered and bring them a

change into the better condition. In other side, by counting the beneficial for

America, Obama believes that his stimulus plan will recover the economy. On

the contrary, the cartoonist sees that it is impossible to recover the economy

problem in 100 days by doing the revitalizing significantly.

(4) General problems of USA

There are only two cartoons, which discuss about the general

problems. In these cartoons, the cartoonist talks about the most problems that

become the ‘hot’ news in USA.

Datum 6

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Bellboy: “The honeymoon suite, sir…”

Data Description

The situation happens in one of the rooms in a hotel. Some characters

are involved in this cartoon, first one is Obama who is getting in a room in

which the four women is waiting for him, and the second one is a bell boy

who opens up the door.

Data Interpretation

The cartoonist uses the metaphorical figure of characters to represent

the problem faced by Obama in his first 100 days, economy, health care, Iraq,

and Mid East. The four women in bed represent some problems in the U.S

that needs to be overcome by Obama. The four women as wife are like the

four problems of USA. Obama has to deal with it in his first 100 days of

presidency. The verbal expression uttered by the bellboys, “The honeymoon

suite, sir…” impliedly means to remind Obama that there are some problems

waiting him to fix. In this case, the cartoonist used Ironic figure of speech to

emphasize on duty of Obama as the President of USA.

In his first 100 days, some problems, economy, health care, Iraq, and

the Mid East become the main problems that have to be solved in his plan.

The first plan is to overcome the economy problem. Economic is the biggest

problem in the U.S. It has influenced not only for the U.S it self but also some

countries in the world.

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There are six issues on the economy that Obama and his team will

have to tackle in their fist 100 days at the White House; get recovery package

passed and implemented, in this plan, Obama and the team try to create or

save between three and four million jobs; implement foreclosure prevention

program, this policy is to reduce the number of preventable foreclosure by

helping to reduce mortgage payments for economically stressed but

responsible homeowners; improve bank bailout efforts, it is to stabilize the

financial system by demanding financial institution receiving money to

provide the greater transparency and oversight of every investment treasury

makes with the fund; turn in a budget request, it will map out Obama’s

priorities for how money should be spent over the next five to 10 years;

decide automakers’ fate; meet with world leaders to rethink regulation.

On health care reform, the American people are often offered two

extremes-government-run healthcares with the higher taxes or letting the

insurance companies operate without rules. Therefore Obama and Biden

propose a plan to overcome those problems; make health insurance work for

people and businesses, reduce coast and save a typical American family up to

$2,500, promote public health, and make a commitment to fiscal

responsibility (www.thenewyorktimes.com).

The Iraq War, also known as the Second Persian Gulf War, the

Occupation of Iraq, or Operation Iraqi Freedom, is an ongoing military

campaign which began on March 20, 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a

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multinational force now led by and composed almost entirely of troops from

the United States and United Kingdom. Prior to the war, the governments of

the U.S., U.K, and Spain claimed that Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of

mass destruction (WMD) posed an imminent threat to their security and that

of their coalition allies. With the support of large bipartisan majorities, the US

Congress passed the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States

Armed Forces Against Iraq on October 11, 2002, providing the Bush

Administration with the legal basis for the U.S. invasion under US law. The

resolution asserts the authorization by the Constitution of the United States

and the United States Congress for the President to fight anti-United States

violence. Citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that

it should be the policy of the United States to remove the Hussein regime and

promote a democratic replacement. Today, the U.S. leadership changed,

Obama decides to stop Iraq war. He has three missions; training, advising, and

equipping the Iraqi forces; protecting U.S. civilian and military personnel still

in-country; and engaging in counterterrorist operations.

The last problem for U.S and around the world is the Middle East

problem. There are no peaceful in Middle East. Fighting for the holly land, oil

rush, and also racism become the main point of the Middle East. The people

in Middle East are mostly Moslem, and they hate Jews. It is about Arab and

Israel, and the most pressing problem is Israel attacks Gaza, Palestine. A lot of

people killed during the war, and the people around the world fulminates this

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conflict. At the same time people in America and also around the world hope

Obama to create a solution for peaceful condition in Mid East land.

As stated above, there are at least four problems faced by Obama in

his first 100 days, economy, health care, Iraq, and Mid East. Those problems

are reflected by four women in bed waiting for Obama. Related to the

statement, in this cartoon, the cartoonist delivers verbal expression which is

uttered by the bell boy to Obama when he gets in the room. “The honeymoon

suite, sir…” is expressed indirectly and this utterance has illocutionary act as

Expressive meaning of utterance, because it expresses a psychological state of

the cartoonist to describe welcoming to President Obama winning the

election. However, there is a contradictory condition that wants to deliver by

the cartoonist. The honeymoon is related to the happiness while it does not

happen in a real condition of Obama. In fact, there is no happiness in the

beginning of Obama becomes American President, precisely, he has to face

some problems faced by USA.

In this expression, “The honeymoon suite, sir…”, the utterance of

sir… is a formal addressee of whom is for the person who has the higher

social status than the speaker has. This utterance is indirectly to express and

has the illocutionary act as Expressive meaning of utterance. The cartoonist

wants to give an emphasizing to Obama related his “honeymoon” in his first

days of winning the election. It is kind of a reminding that the cartoonist

wants to deliver. Reminding Obama that becoming a President of United State

lxxii

is not a winning for “having a ball” but for facing and fixing all the problems

American have, not only economy recession, but also health care, Iraq, and

Mid East.

(5) Economic Revitalization

In this last part, it takes the biggest number of the research. There are nine

data, five data apply direct expression, and four data apply indirect

expression. Two data are taken as examples of each category, datum 11 and

12.

Datum 11

A man: “Change?”

lxxiii

Data Description

There is only one character who is involved in the cartoon. A man,

who is standing besides Obama’s picture smiling. Big words of CHANGE

launched under the picture.

Data Interpretation

In this cartoon the man represents partisan of Obama during his

election becomes the president of United State. The words, “Change?”

expressed by the man impliedly stated the dissatisfaction of Obama’s promise

to bring a change for America. The man has voted him as the next President

because Obama promises to bring a real change for people’s prosperity and

recover the economy condition. In this case, the cartoonist is in the man side.

He uses the image of voter to assert the change Obama promises, and there is

no change anymore that the cartoonist feels during Obama’s government.

In his nomination, Obama uses a slogan to out drawn American people

to choose him, Change We Can Believe in. This slogan really influences a lot

of people in buried. They want a change to recover United State; they want a

better life and peace. Therefore, in his election, Obama has listed some plans

to upgrade the economic condition including people’s prosperity and foreign

policy.

Correlating the fact given before in which in his election, Obama uses

a slogan of Change We can Believe in with the utterance of “Change?” is

lxxiv

expressed directly by the Obama’s partisan. This utterance has a locutionary

act in the form of question as Commisive because this utterance expresses a

demand of Obama’s promise to the American people. This utterance is more

important if it is supported by the character of Obama’s partisan. The using of

metaphorical figure of partisan is to represent all Obama’s partisan who

support him in his election but then they are disappointed with no change that

Obama has made. It emphasizes on the expression of dissatisfaction of the

Obama’s partisan on Obama’s promises to recover the economy recession as

soon as possible. The cartoonist uses the expression of “Change?” is to

criticize Obama’s government in which until this time the change does not

exist yet as Obama’s promise to American people.

Datum 12

Obama: “We choose this for the Symbolism”

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Data Description:

There are two characters who are involved in the cartoon; Obama who

is sitting under the street banner inscribed DENVER STIMULUS BILL

SIGNING. Behind Obama, there is a mountain inscribed DEBT. Another

character is a man standing in front of Obama, looking at DEBT as written in

the mountain.

Data Interpretation

As quoted on www.thedenverpost.com, President Obama has signed

into law a $787 billion economic stimulus package in Denver Museum of

Nature and Science. The stimulus package will allow the country to move

forward with new sources of energy and a focus on conservation. In addition

to tax credits for renewable energy facilities, the legislation also includes

billions of dollars for grants to increase energy efficiency and to encourage

scientific research.

Dealing with the fact that Obama signs stimulus package in Denver,

the utterance of “We choose this for the Symbolism” is expressed directly.

This utterance has a locutionary act as Representatives because in this

cartoon, the cartoonist wants to describe the Obama’s decision choosing

Denver as the location of signing the bill. The word of Symbolism is

underlined to give a stress which is impliedly means that Denver is not only

symbolic of the crisis that America's economy is facing, but also the benefits

lxxvi

that American communities can see from this recovery plan. In the Denver

area, which is belonging to Colorado, unemployment has climbed

significantly. This statement is described as a mountain behind of Obama.

Denver will be invested to the others countries that can create jobs for

Americans. However, this economic recovery plan becomes a contradiction

for the Coloradans. In this case, the cartoonist wants to criticize Obama’s

economy policy related to the signing bill in Denver. The cartoonist is in the

Coloradans side because of their disagreement of the policy. He considers that

the investment of Denver is not for creating the new jobs but for paying the

debt as the impact of economy recession. By investing the Denver area which

contains the fuel energy to the other countries, it will limit the Coloradans

income. In this cartoon, the cartoonist wants to express that President Barack

Obama signs the $787 multi-billion stimulus bill to surprising cheering

taxpayers who doesn’t seem to comprehend that they are now on the hook for

this package. This statement has relation with the DEBT inscribed in the

mountain. The cartoonist, who represents as the Coloradans, regards that the

fuel area in Denver should not be invested for the part of economic recovery

plan.

The criticism point given by the cartoonist who is depicting the

disagreement to the policy is contra with the fact. As the fact stated that

Obama signed the stimulus bill have some purposes, investing the Denver

area means that earning income to recover the economic, which also gives

lxxvii

impact in creating jobs for Americans especially Coloradans. Another purpose

is this investment will be directed to the renewable energy that also gives

benefit for the citizens.

The cartoonist represents the people, and those two cartoons also

represent the people’s feeling on Obama’s government. This people’s

disaffection becomes the reason why the direct expression applied by the

cartoonist.

Datum 8

Obama: “Ready for a tune-up, America?”

Data Description

In this cartoon, it is seen that Obama is repairing the tractor.

Data Interpretation

The broken tractor here represents the broken economy in America.

The cartoonist wants to reveal that repairing the tractor means that Obama is

trying to repair the American Economy by his plans, stimulus package.

lxxviii

Tuning-up the engine that Obama refers to literally that engine tuning are the

adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield

optimal performance, to increase an engine's power output, economy, or

durability. A tune-up usually refers to the routine engine service to meet the

manufacturer's specifications. Tune-ups are needed periodically as according

to the manufacturer's recommendations to ensure an automobile runs as

expected. In this cartoon, tune-up means that repairing the economy problem

in U.S. Repairing the economy uses plan of stimulus is trying to be

implemented to all sectors of economy in order to increase the social wealthy

for all people in U.S..

The cartoonist uses the metaphorical inanimate object of broken

tractor to describe the economy condition of USA. Tractor is a device to help

farmer to plow up the soil. If it is broken, the farmer cannot work effective

and efficiently. So does the economy. If it is in crisis, a lot of people will be in

trouble. It needs a revitalization as the same as broken tractors, which needs

a reparation, a tune-up.

The literal meaning of tune-up in correlation with the utterance of

Obama, “Ready for a tune-up, America?” has an illocutioanary act as

Commissive although it is in the form of question because the cartoonist

delivers a reminding for Obama with the economic condition today that needs

revitalization as soon as possible. Tune-up which is meant routine services in

lateral, it is also meant as the economy revitalization. To tune-up the

lxxix

economy, Obama and his team propose stimulus plan to the congress. Making

deal with the congress, they give priority for American people, those are

creating new god jobs, providing relief for struggling families, provides relief

to help America’s homeowners pay their mortgages, and improve and the

economy sectors. The expression also means that implementing all the plans

proposed by Obama needs sacrifices in some parts. The statement of “Ready”

has a message that wants to be delivered by the cartoonist. Performing

stimulus plan may have bad impact for other side. For example, one of the

plans is to create new goods jobs. Creating good jobs, of course, it needs more

budgets from the financial estimate, and those budgets are gotten from the

withholding taxes. This, the character of Obama in the cartoon wants to ask to

the American whether they ready or not to be levied on more taxes for

revitalizing the economy. Here the cartoonist also wants to remind Obama

that tune-up is not enough for the broken tractor. It needs more than tune-up, a

total reparation for the tractor. So does the American Economy. It also needs

more attention to fix, and stimulus package, which focuses on macro

economy, is not enough to revitalize the economic problems.

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Datum 20

A: “Why did he go to the Mile-High city to sign it?”

B: “To have a look at the new debt ceiling…”

Data Description

Observing the cartoon, there are two characters involved. They wear

cutaway and have a conversation in a sidewalk. There is also a notification

inscribed with OBAMA SIGNS STIMULUS BILL IN DENVER.

Data Interpretation

The two characters, which are involved in this cartoon represent the

citizens of Denver. They have a conversation commenting the notification

when they are in the sidewalk, OBAMA SIGNS STIMULUS BILL IN

DENVER. In this case, the cartoonist is in the citizen of Denver. Denver

which is invested is considered will create jobs for Americans. President

Obama has signed into law a $787 billion economic stimulus package in

Denver Museum of Nature and Science. The stimulus package will allow the

lxxxi

country to move forward with new sources of energy and a focus on

conservation. In addition to tax credits for renewable energy facilities, the

legislation also includes billions of dollars for grants to increase energy

efficiency and to encourage scientific research.

Observing the fact that Obama visits Denver is to sign the stimulus

bill, it can be analyzed the cartoonist expression to respond this action. The

cartoonist use the metaphorical figure of citizen in black and white to describe

that all people in Colorado, whether he/she is black or white, they are in

objection with Obama’s policy to recover the American economy by investing

the Denver. Signing the stimulus bill in Denver is one of the plans to create

new jobs, especially for Coloradans. The doubtfulness of the cartoonist raises

the incredulity of Obama’s policy.

The first verbal expression, “Why did he go to the Mile-High city to

sign it?” is uttered indirectly by the man in black. This utterance has an

illocutionary act as Commissive because this utterance is related with action

which is in fact the speaker dislikes with Obama’s coming to Denver.

Although it is in the form of question, the message impliedly stated

Coloradans objection with Obama’s action in signing bill to invest the

Denver. Lexically, debt ceiling is the maximum borrowing power of a

governmental entity. While the second verbal expression, “To have a look at

the new debt ceiling…” is uttered directly to respond another man’s question

by the man in white. This utterance has an illocutionary act as Representatives

lxxxii

because the cartoonist wants to conclude that coming of Obama in Denver is

to look for some profits by investing Denver to others countries. Adding with

the point marks after the sentence, it is implicitly means that the unfinished of

the man’s utterance in commenting the Obama’s action and there is no words

anymore to express the disappointment of the Coloradans. He considers that

the investment of Denver is not for creating the new jobs but to pay the debt

as the impact of economy recession. By investing the Denver area in which

containing fuel energy to the other countries, it will limit the Coloradans

income.

The different status between the cartoonist and the person who is

criticized at is the reason that two cartoon above apply the indirect expression.

It means that they still hold the ethical culture of politeness when they

criticize the person who has higher status and power than them.

B. Discussion

The cartoons which were analyzed talk about the economic situation

regarding Obama’s policies called stimulus package or stimulus bill. The

phenomena in USA encourage the cartoonists expressing their opinion through

cartoon. Based on the analysis, some ideas are drawn in this subchapter. First, it is

found one datum which is criticism on the salary limitation. The cartoonist

expresses his opinion through the political cartoon directly. He is annoyed with

the executive’s action. As the fact that economic recession messes the aspects of

lxxxiii

live throughout the country, in the contrary condition the executives ask the salary

more than $500,000 per year.

Next, there are six cartoons which talk about the policies disagreement

among people in government. Most of them reveal the relationship between

Obama and the congress, especially how they deal the stimulus package. Five of

them are expressed indirectly, it is because the cartoonist has to face the mess

condition of government, Obama and congress that have different ideas and still

have no deal in stimulus packages’ agreement. In fact, the economy recession

needs to fix as soon as possible. Then, five cartoons in the data are categorized as

economic recession, and four cartoons of them are expressed indirectly. Indirect

expression is used by the cartoonist because he wants to show that economy

recession is getting worse time to time in a polite situation. He also wants to tease

Obama that it is not only about convincing people doing the stimulus package but

also taking an action to recover.

The third ideas, the general problems of USA are presented in two

numbers. All of them are expressed indirectly. It is expressed indirectly when the

cartoonist wants to remind Obama in a polite situation because of ethical culture

that the person who is criticized at, has higher status then the cartoonist. There are

nine data of economy revitalization, of which the most data are expressed

indirectly. Indirect expression is chosen by the cartoonist as the consideration of

ethic culture of politeness.

lxxxiv

From those ideas, it can be drawn that the fewest number of the data is

about salary limitation, while the economy revitalization takes the largest portion.

As an interview with Sarah, who is an American, she gives opinion that the

cartoonist represents American people especially if it is related to the American

life. The salary limitation takes the fewest number, has head lines to pay attention.

The rich people including the Wall Street executives are getting greedy as the

impact of economy recession. For American people, it is not a big deal that

people are getting greedy when they loose their saving money, job, or even their

homes. It will be different if it is compared with the phenomenon of economy

revitalization. Economic recession causes a lot of people life in trouble. The

increasing of unemployment, and the rising of prices of goods and services, are

the impact of economic recession. The economy revitalization takes the largest

portion because it represents a hope for American people to bring back their life

before the economic recession happened. They are desperate and worried, and

they influence the cartoonist to express their argument in the form of cartoon.

In this research, it is observed that the cartoonists tend to express the

verbal cartoon indirectly because they still consider at the politeness and ethics

when they criticizes the phenomenon in their country. They still consider that

their status is lower than the person they are criticized at. However, sometimes

the cartoonists apply direct expression because the role of democracy really

encourages the cartoonists’ thought about their culture to get accustomed to

saying argument freely. As American culture, the people are more comfortable to

lxxxv

argue directly to express their feelings. Their positions as the cartoonists are

allowed to create something fresh like skating on thin ice. Then, the applying of

metaphorical object by the cartoonists really supports the picture to become one

unity that is easy to understand by the readers because a metaphor helps them to

make imagination on the phenomenon that the cartoonist wants to convey.

Metaphor involves the transfer of properties across symbol systems, a symbol

which refers to one thing (vehicle) used to represent another (topic).

C. Findings

In findings, there are five categories which are found, (4.1) the criticized on

Obama related to the economic problem drawn in the form of cartoon, (4.2) The

strategy used by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the speech act, (4.3)

The Reason of Using Speech Act, and each of them are discussed about Salary

Limitation, Policies Disagreement, Economic Recession, General Problem, and

economic Revitalization.

4.1 The criticism on Obama related to the economic problem drawn in the form of

cartoon

4.1.1 Salary Limitation

In datum 1, the cartoonist describes the executives of Wall Street

reaction to the salary limitation which is decided by Obama as one of the

way to recover American economy. In this cartoon, it is a criticism on

the attitude of Wall Street executive who demands high salary to

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Obama’s government. Through the expression “I quit my Wall Street

job when President Obama told them they couldn’t pay me more than

$500,000 a year!” “So find me something better right now!”, the

cartoonist uses sarcastic expression to perceive the executive’s desire

that getting $ 500,000 without bonuses, it is not a lot of money. He

describes that the executives are too greedy in which the situation and

condition of United State of America is in recession. The use of

metaphorical figure of executive support the intended message that

today, the executives are still stand to their right to have high salary

more than $ 500,000.

4.1.2 Policies Disagreement

Some of cartoons criticize the policies disagreement between

Obama, and the opposite party and the congress. For instance in datum

2, the cartoon involves Limbaugh besides Obama. Limbaugh who is

drawn with some small balloons states, “I hope he fails” as his act to

comment Obama who tries to save people by patching the big air

balloon. Actually the cartoonist draws the cartoons is to describe an

event in which Limbaugh who is an American radio host and

conservative political commentator give a statement in Obama;s

inauguration, “I hope Obama fails.” This statement is launched by

Limbaugh to perceive the stimulus plan proposed by Obama in his first

lxxxvii

100 days which more focus on the economic macro whereas Limbaugh

has another opinion that economic micro of American needs to be more

computable to recover the economy recession.

Different with datum 9, 13, 15, 17, and 19, the cartoonists

criticize the relationship between Obama and the Congress. During the

legalization of stimulus package, the dispute of Obama and congress

becomes interesting phenomenon in political. Congress which are

majority of Democrats, they still disagree with the stimulus package

proposed by Obama. In datum 9, the way the cartoonist draws Obama’s

face, describes that the congress always underestimates him, especially

at the stimulus package. From the expression uttered by the congress in

the cartoon, “Haven’t you gotten any further??” it describes the

congress’s reaction at the stimulus package which does not give any

contribution yet to recover the economy recession. A contradictory

situation is shown in cartoon 13 which describes good relationship

between Obama and congress. In this cartoon, the cartoonist shows that

the congress starts to recognize that stimulus bill gives benefits to

American economy. It represents with the expression uttered the

character of congress, “I didn’t know a steamroller could move so fast!”

The metaphorical inanimate object of steamroller is used to represent

stimulus bill proposed by Obama.

lxxxviii

While in datum 10, the cartoon involves policies disagreement

among government besides Obama with people. Policies disagreement

which is proposed by Obama has pro and contra. Government inside

which is shown in the cartoon is between Obama and Geithner,

Secretary of the Treasury. This first utterance is also supported by the

delineation of the character of Geithner. Geithner who does not join

Obama and Hillary Clinton to hold the book inscribed with STIMULUS,

seems described that Geithner disagree with the plan. The disagreement

of Geithner about the stimulus plan is related with the tax cut which is

levied to the American people who have a job with certain criteria.

Creating new jobs means helping much unemployment but by

demanding high taxes in order to cover the dismissal capital makes more

inflict a financial loss for other people. The cartoonist also shows the

policies disagreement as the act of people on stimulus package

especially the objection on the higher taxation. The cartoonist wants to

criticize that Stimulus package which is proposed by Obama levies all

people in USA. Levying more taxes in economic recession is something

impossible to do.

Then in datum 15, it criticizes the result of stimulus package.

The congress hesitates that the economy of America will recover. They

consider that stimulus package cannot be implemented as a plan to

revitalize the economy. The congress demand in economic development

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is the main point in this cartoon. Adding with the character of the dog, it

emphasizes on the protest of the taxes levied to the people.

In datum 17 the role of Obama who is characterized as an angel

describes that the cartoonist supports Obama with his stimulus bill.

Stimulus package is considered that it will spent a lot of money which is

levied from the taxes, that is why the cartoonist describes the congress

still refuses Obama’s plan. While in datum 19, the cartoonist describes

Obama’s effort to make the congress agree with the stimulus package.

Using the character of tax payer, it represents that the cartoonist wants to

criticize people’s objection that stimulus package will levy more taxes.

4.1.3 Economic Recession

Economic recessions have occurred all throughout the history of

modern economics. The National Bureau of Economic Research defines

economic recession as a significant decline in the economic activity

spreads across the economy, lasting more than a few months. Right now,

the United States is not the only country to suffer from economy

recession. Any country, that has even a similar modern economic

structure, has suffered from some degree of economic recession. The

collapse of the housing market really set this one off on a bad note, and

it, coupled with bank collapses in the U.S. and Europe, have caused

consumer confidence and credit availability to plummet to new lows.

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Hopefully, things will turn around. But for now, the modern economic

cycle again comes around to purge itself of the problems put on it by

humanity, and unfortunately, that purge is known to us as recession.

There are five cartoons talk about the economic recession, datum

3, 4, 16, 23, and 24. In datum 3 and datum 4, the intended message is

supported by the metaphorical creature. In datum 3, the cartoonist uses

the metaphorical creature of big octopus to represent how big the

problem and this character is the focus of the picture. Octopus is animal

which has long tentacles. These tentacles are very useful for them to

protect themselves from predator. It also can be a weapon to against

their enemy. In this cartoon, the cartoonist describe the octopus makes a

trouble by his tentacles. He also describes the messy situation made by

the octopus to emphasize how difficult and clutter American condition

as the impact of economy recession. While in datum 4, the cartoonist

uses the metaphorical creature of crocodile monster to represents the

economy recession happens in USA but this cartoon focuses on the

critics on Obama especially on his program in his first 100 days

becoming a president of USA.

In datum 16 and 24, they are talking about one of the impacts of

economic recession especially in the sector of bank. Many banks are

collapsed because of the economic recession, and it is the top of the

suffered of American economy. In datum 16, the cartoonist uses the

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metaphorical figure of two dead men to represent the collapsed bank,

while in datum 24; the cartoonist criticizes Obama’s promise in

revitalization of American economy which is not included on banks

recovering. Datum 23 is also talking about the impact of economy

recession but it describes generally that economy recession in USA is in

the top and criticizes Obama’s promise to recover the American

economy.

4.1.4 General problems of USA

Economy recession has made some problems in USA, it tends to

increase, not only in the sector of economy but also healthcare and

bilateral relationship. In datum 5, the cartoonist focuses on the most

significant problems, economy and Middle East. In this cartoon, the two

big stones represent the problems befall in U.S., economy, and Middle

East. How big the problems are drawn by the metaphorical inanimate

object of stones, reflecting the two big problems which are needed

Obama’s policies to overcome both of them. One problem, economy

recession has not finished, another problem comes out, and it is

described as job two. This description reflects the second picture the

cartoonist wants to deliver. Those two pictures are kind of priority scale

which assert Obama to fix them as soon as possible, the job one is

economy and the job two is about Middle East problem.

xcii

While in datum 6 the cartoonist describes four problems of

economy, health care, Iraq, and Mid East which have to overcome. The

four women in bed represent some problems in the U.S that needs

overcoming by Obama. The four women as wife are like the four

problems of USA. Obama has to deal with it in his first 100 days of

presidency. Another critic that wants to deliver is about being president

is not for having fun, but how to make all the policies implemented well.

4.1.5 Economy revitalization

Many ways has been planned by Obama and his team to recover

the economy of USA, included the stimulus bill, datum 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,

18, 20, 21, and 22 are talking about it. The first datum, datum 7, the

cartoonist criticizes Obama’s decision to foreclosure Gitmo. Gitmo is a

detainee camp at the Guantanamo Bay military facility especially for

245 terrorists suspected in 11 September tragedy. The people inside the

trellis represent the terrorist of 11 September tragedy in U.S. this

decision it makes pro and contra between the Obama’s team, Republican

and FBI, this plan is still in consideration among the Congress. Obama

considers that the Gitmo needs a lot of fund in keeping both of the

building and also the detainees because the location is out of the area of

United State.

xciii

In datum 8, the cartoonist uses the metaphorical inanimate object

of broken tractor to represent the condition American economy. He also

uses a technical term of tune-up which is commonly used for repairing a

motor machine. Tuning-up the engine that Obama refers to literally that

engine tuning are the adjustment, modification or design of internal

combustion engines to yield optimal performance, to increase an

engine's power output, economy, or durability. A tune-up usually refers

to the routine engine service to meet the manufacturer's specifications.

Tune-ups are needed periodically according to the manufacturer's

recommendations to ensure an automobile runs as expected. In this

cartoon, tune-up means that repairing the economy problem in U.S. this

cartoon describes that repairing the economy uses plan of stimulus is

trying to be implemented to all sectors of economy in order to increase

the social wealthy for all people in U.S..

In the analyze of datum 11, the character of democrat partisan is

the focus of this cartoon. The cartoonist tries to bring a phenomenon of

the dissatisfaction of Obama’s promise to bring a change for America. It

is added with the poster of Obama who smiles above the word of

CHANGE. In his nomination, Obama uses a slogan to out drawn

American people to choose him, Change We Can Believe in. This slogan

really influences a lot of people in buried. The man has voted him as the

next President because Obama promises to bring a real change for

xciv

people’s prosperity and recover the economy condition. In this case, the

cartoonist is in the man side. He uses the image of voter to assert the

change Obama promises, and there is no change anymore that the

cartoonist feels during Obama’s government.

Datum 12 and 20 are focused on the signing stimulus bill in

Denver. In datum 12, the cartoonist emphasizes on the message of the

important point that is on the word of Symbolism. The word of

Symbolism is underlined to give a stress which impliedly means that

Denver is not only symbolic of the crisis that America's economy is

facing, but also the benefits that American communities can see from

this recovery plan. In the Denver area, which is belonging to Colorado,

unemployment has climbed significantly. This statement is described as

a mountain behind of Obama. Denver will be invested to the others

countries that can create jobs for Americans. However, this economic

recovery plan becomes a contradiction for the Coloradans. In this case,

the cartoonist wants to criticize Obama’s decision allowing investor to

manage the source of Denver to get fund to recover the American

economy. While in datum 20, the cartoonist emphasizes his message in

the dialogue between two people. He criticizes Obama’s decision

through the reaction of Coloradans that they argue; signing the stimulus

bill in Denver is only to seek a lot of money from the investor to fulfill

his project of Stimulus bill.

xcv

In datum 14, the cartoonist criticizes a plan which is tried to be

implemented by Obama to recover the economy condition of USA.

Using a metaphorical figure of an old man, it supports the intended

message that wants to be delivered. Stimulus package is considered as

the way to recover the economy. By budgeting funds for some sectors of

life in USA, it is hoped that economy of USA will be better.

In datum 18, the cartoonist depicts Obama’s action to fix one of

the impacts of economic recession, fore closuring some government

institutions. Lexically, a Rail Splitter may refer to split of wood. In this

cartoon, Obama is drawn as a lumberjack as titled Rail splitter. Those

two related picture describes a financial condition of USA especially in

fore closuring some institutions as the impact of economy recession.

Global financial crisis has made people in suffer. Millions families

burdened high mortgage charge and they threatened as homeless. During

his government era, Obama has planned some ways to recover the

American economy, including increasing people’s prosperity. Obama

also makes anti-foreclosure plan for homeowners. The president has

promised that it will help as many as million American families

refinance their mortgages or avoid foreclosure. For two years, while

house prices cratered and mortgage defaults soared, the Bush

administration stubbornly refused to compel the mortgage industry to

clean up the bad loans that had been made so recklessly; it even refused

xcvi

to give banks any incentives to do so. Some two million families lost

their homes to foreclosure. Quoted from www.thenewyorktimes the

Obama plan will provide up to $75 billion, mostly from the bank bailout

fund, to help lenders and borrowers come to new terms. That could

allow up to four million homeowners stay in their homes.

Datum 21 also criticizes Obama’s action to fix the economic

recession but in this cartoon, the cartoonist uses the metaphorical object

of drunken man who is given more alcohol. He also uses the term of

“hair of the dog” which may mean when a hangover is due partly to

poisoning by the toxic chemicals into which alcohol is converted by the

body and the other components of the alcoholic drink, and partly to the

body's reaction to withdrawal from alcohol. The symptoms of a

hangover are similar to those of withdrawal, namely a throbbing

headache, nausea, and maybe even vomiting. Thus consuming more

alcohol ("hair of the dog") may help by blunting some of these

symptoms, but will only aggravate the symptoms once the liver breaks

the alcohol down, because the body will have additional toxins to deal

with. Meaning that the cartoonist criticizes the stimulus bill which is

considered it will help the American economic, it is worried that it

becomes worse.

In this last datum, datum 22, the cartoonist wants to criticize

Obama’s Liberal Policies related to his plan to revitalize the American

xcvii

economy. He also describes the way Obama tries to convince public that

stimulus package is still considered becomes the best. Those policies

also make him win in his election against Bush.

4.2. The strategy applied by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the

speech act


Dealing with the fact that Obama decides to limit the executive’s

salary not more than $500,000 a year, and the way the cartoonist

criticizes through this cartoon by teasing the executives’ action the first

verbal expression launched by the executive, “I quit my Wall Street job

when President Obama told them they couldn’t pay me more than

$500,000 a year!” The utterance has a locutionary act as Declarative

because the cartoonist wants to criticize the executive’s statement that

the protest is not proper for the bad economy condition, in which the

economy recession is getting worse time to time. The verbal expression

is uttered directly because the cartoonist had the pip to the executives of

Wall Street. Then, the second verbal expression, “So find me something

better right now!” is kind of Directive meaning of utterance and it is

also expressed directly to tease the executive that his demand to find

him a better job that can pay him more than $500,000 a year is too high

and difficult to realize for American economy condition right now.

xcviii


Datum 2 reveals bad relationship among Obama and Limbaugh.

As the fact that Limbaugh is a Republican and also a conservative

political commentator in a talk show, he expresses the words “I hope

Obama fails” in one of his speech in Obama’s Inauguration related to

Obama’s stimulus plan to overcome the economy problem. Therefore,

this cartoon only shows the bad relationships between Limbaugh and

Obama. The cartoonist uses the verbal expression; “I hope he fails” has

a locutionary act as an Expressive meaning because the expression itself

is related to the Limbaugh’s feeling. It is directly to criticize Limbaugh’s

comment for Obama.The statement given, “I hope he fails” by

Limbaugh is related to Obama’s plan in order to revitalize the economy.

Describing the bad relationship is a way of cartoonist to criticize the

phenomenon happened during the presidential of Obama.

In this datum 9, the cartoonist uses the metaphorical of stone hill

with steep grade to describe that economy recession is getting worse

time to time and difficult to recover. The verbal expression, “Haven’t

you gotten any further??” has an illocutionary act as Expressive

meaning but in the form of question. There is a force in those words

which refer to tease Obama. The unsatisfied of Congress with Obama

and Biden’s plan of stimulus package is showed by those words. They

xcix

are uttered by the elephant which represents Congress is expressed

indirectly to Obama. Then the expression, “Haven’t you gotten any

further??” uses two question marks. Using the character of Congress,

the cartoonist wants to tease Obama’s stimulus package. It is implicitly,

the cartoonist describes a situation in which an unsatisfied is rising on

Obama’s government. As long as he becomes a president, the economy

recession does not significantly show an improvement.

Teasing stimulus package is also shown in this datum 10.

Supporting with character of Obama, Hillary, and Geithner, and also a

picture of small family, the cartoonist expresses his opinion directly. “It

will create millions of new jobs” has an illocutionary act as Commissive

although this expression is in the form of informing. In this cartoon, the

expression which is used used seems promising to American people that

stimulus plan will create new job, but in real situation, it does not

happen. There is still much unemployment. As an interview with Sarah,

today, companies fire their employee to minimize their fund. This verbal

expression aims to remind Obama to his promise that stimulus package

will create new jobs. The objection of society to the stimulus package is

showed in this utterance; “We’ll need three to pay our part of its cost”.

It can be revealed that this expression is in the form of giving statement.

By analyzing this verbal deeper, this utterance has a locutionary act as

Commisive because the cartoonist uses the expression which can

c

represent the objection of American people related to the Stimulus

package Obama proposes. The using of metaphorical figure of audience

represents the societies’ response to the economic policies created by

Obama and his team. The audience in the cartoon is the image of the

American people who contra with Obama’s plan. The word of three in

the expression represents the nominal of thirty percent of tax which will

be levied to American people. From the correlation both two verbal

expression above, it can be decided that they are expressed indirectly by

the cartoonist.

Datum 13, the criticism is delivered indirectly if it is connecting

the meaning of steamroller literally. Steamroller lexically means that it

is a form of road roller — a type of heavy construction machinery used

for leveling surfaces, such as roads or airfields. It is heavy and walks

slowly. The utterance, “I didn’t know a steamroller could move so fast!”

may be meant informing someone that the steamroller could move so

fast but beyond this verbal expression, it has an illocutionary act as

Expressive because in this cartoon the cartoonist wants to reveal the

Congress amazement at the impact of Obama’s plans. In this case,

steamroller metaphorically as the stimulus bill which is planned to

recover the economic. The congress considers that Obama’s plan is like

steamroller that works at arm’s length. Correlating the utterance

ci

meaning and the metaphorical of steamroller, it is kind of indirect

expression, which is used by the cartoonist.

In datum 15, the cartoon involves the conversation of three

characters, which are talking about the significant of stimulus package.

The cartoonist is also describing the relationship among them. The first

verbal expression uttered by the elephant, “Oh, and Now I suppose the

ECONOMY will go up, up and AWAY!” is expressed by the elephant

which represents Congress, to Obama, which is drawn as a hero of

Stimulusman. From the word of “suppose”, it is emphasized that this

utterance has an illocutionary act as Directives, meaning that the

utterance expressed by the elephant indirectly to get the addressee, in

this case is Obama, to do something. Then the second utterance,

“WELL…MAYBE NOT in a SINGLE BOUND or ANYTHING.” is

expressed indirectly by Obama to respond the elephant statement. This

utterance itself has two parts of utterance because they are uttered in

different part of statement place in the picture. The first is only one

sentence, “WELL…” is expressed indirectly and has an illocutionary act

as Expressive meaning of utterance because this utterance involves a

psychological aspect of the speaker. For the second part of utterance,

“MAYBE NOT in a SINGLE BOUND or ANYTHING.” is also expressed

indirectly by Obama. Bound may represent an action of Obama to

recover the economic. This utterance is teasing Obama because from the

cii

word of bound, the cartoonist considers that Obama is so slowly in

recovering the economic recession. Adding with the character of

Obama, who is characterized as stimulusman, the cartoonist sarcastically

describes Obama, that stimulus package cannot be implemented well.

This utterance has an illocutionary act as Representatives because in this

cartoon the cartoonist wants to describe the character of Obama that he

wants to explain recovering the economy recession needs hard thinking

and preparing. The last utterance, “LEX LOSER THANKS THAT

COSTUMES HAS TOO MUCH SPANDEX AND THOSE TAX CUTS

ARE TOO BRIEF.” is expressed indirectly by the dog to Obama. This

utterance has an illocutionary act as Expressive because it expresses a

psychological state. In this cartoon, the cartoonist uses the contradictory

situation. The words “thanks” here is not in a real meaning that Obama

as the Stimulusman is success with his plans but this utterance to

express the dissatisfaction. Based on the brief analysis, it can be drawn

that the way the cartoonist criticizes Obama is blaming him and his

stimulus package which is supported by two other characters.

Datum 17, which only involves the relationship between Obama

and congress, it can be revealed through the expression of the elephant

“I still hate it…” which is expressed indirectly to Obama. It is not a kind

of informing Obama that congress still hates the stimulus bill, which is

proposed by Obama. This utterance has an illocutionary act as

ciii

Expressive because this utterance involves certain psychological

statement. This means that the congress is overextend in signing

stimulus plan. The elephant, which represents the congress, described

that it is bigger than Obama. It means that the congress has bigger

authority whether the stimulus bill is legalized or not. Teasing the

congress is a way of cartoonist to deliver his opinion.

Different to datum 17, datum 19 is expressed directly. Analyzing

the first expression of “Push! Push! Congress, push!” this utterance has

a locutionary act as Commissive because it is related with the future

action which is expected by Obama to the congress that is to pass all the

plans proposed by Obama to revitalize the economy. “Yes! It’s a baby

stimulus plan!” which is expressed directly by Obama to point out that

stimulus plan is prepared well for revitalizing the American economy.

This utterance has a locutionary act as Representatives because in this

utterance Obama expresses the truth what he will do to revitalize the

economy. While the last part, the tax payer uttered “Waah! Waah!” is

expressed directly. This utterance has an illocutionary act as Expressive

because this utterance express a sickness regarding the plan Obama

proposes.

civ


Analyzing datum 3, the description of the picture is used by the

cartoonist to support the verbal expression of “President Obama? Your

first appointment is waiting…” which is delivered indirectly and tends

to have an implicit meaning. The utterances expressed by the character

of secretary have two possible in meaning. The first utterance of

“President Obama?” tends to have an illocutionary act as Expressive

meaning of utterance although the expression is in the form of question.

It may have meaning that the secretary wants to ask permission to

Obama and let him really know about the big problem American face.

Then the second utterance, “Your first appointment is waiting…” has an

illocutionary act as Commissive because the cartoonist wants to warn

Obama that there is a very serious problem, economy recession that has

to be solved as soon as possible, moreover, the expression is not

finished. Appointment refers to the promise of Obama to recover the

economic problem. Those expressions are kind of warning that the

cartoonist used to criticize Obama. Warning Obama indirectly is shown

by using the character of Octopus with its tentacles to represents the

economic condition of USA.

In this cartoon, datum 4, the cartoonist delivers the verbal

expression launched by the monster, the first utterance is “Why can’t

you perform a makeover miracle on me?” and the second one,

cv

“…Didn’t the press call u, the “Messiah?” . Those utterances are

expressed in the form of question but it also has the different meaning.

The cartoonist chooses the word of miracle, which is written in red, to

emphasize that he wants a change that Obama has promised in his first

100 days. So does the word of Messiah. The cartoonist sarcastically

criticizes Obama that what people has believed in Obama that he can

bring a change for USA is nothing. Supported by the metaphorical of big

monster, which represents the economy recession, those utterances tend

to have an illocutionary act as Commissives because the cartoonist

wants to remind Obama that his society wants him to do something

beneficially for his people as he has promised to in his first 100 days.

Next, datum 16 is connected to the fact, which economy

recession attacks all aspects of American life, and the collapsed banks is

one of the impacts and also a sign that recession is getting worse. Then

the utterance, “I see dead banks” is expressed indirectly by the child to

Obama to describe the condition which is Obama cannot see. This

utterance has an illocutionary act as Commissive because this expression

implicitly means to warn Obama that the economic condition is getting

worse. Warning is a strategy that is used by the cartoonist to deliver his

opinion about the collapsed banks.

In the analyze of the utterance in datum 23, “SURE, THE

ECONOMY IS IN THE TANK AND THE FUTURE LOOKS GRIM, AND

cvi

YES, NEST EGGS HAVE VANISHED ALONG WITH THE JOB

MARKET, BUT COUNT ON MY PROMISE TO GET US THROUGH

THIS MESS” is expressed indirectly by Obama. Teasing Obama is

clearly shown in this verbal expression. Stimulus package that Obama

promised, cannot be implemented well, moreover the condition of

economic is getting worse time to time. This utterance has an

illocutionary act as Commissives. This cartoon uses a metaphorical

figure of the man who wants to have suicide to represent the worst

economic of USA. It has an intended message that the man is desperate

because of Obama’s policies; Stimulus Package cannot be successfully

implemented to the American economic recession. This verbal

expression aims to remind Obama to do the better action to recover the

economic recession.

Dealing with fact given, that stimulus package is not always

successfully implemented, especially to fix the bank collapsed, then in

datum 24, the first utterance, “WE WILL RECOVER.” is observed, may

have different meaning than its form as an information . In this situation,

in which Obama gives his speech related to the economic recession, the

character of Obama seems trying to convince people to trust him and his

stimulus package. Yet, the using of verbal expression of “WE WILL

RECOVER” is to tease Obama that there is no change of betterment that

Obama brings. This verbal expression has an illocutionary act as

cvii

Commisives because in this expression the cartoonist reminds Obama,

that he has a promise to recover the economic as the people believe in.

While, the second utterance, “RELAX. HE DOESN’T MEAN OUR

BONUSES” has an illocutionary act as Commissive because it is

impliedly to remind that there is no betterment for the bank even no

bonuses given to the workers. Adding wit the expression of the worker

who is sitting that shows he shocked with Obama’s speech. Listening to

the Obama’s speech that the economic will be recovered makes him

hope more about the reparation. It means that, the cartoonist uses the

strategy of teasing to criticize Obama’s stimulus plan in recovering the

collapsed banks or even the bank workers salary.


In datum 5, the main problems that Obama has to face are

economy recession, and Middle East problem. How big the problems are

drawn by the metaphorical inanimate object of stones, reflecting the two

big problems which are needed Obama’s policies to overcome both of

them. In connection with those descriptions, the cartoonist delivers the

verbal expression launched by Obama, “Job one!” is not a statement.

This utterance has an illocutionary act as Commissive because this

expression describes a warning that represents with the big stone, and

the emphasizing is on the Job two. Big stone itself refers to the problem

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that has to fix by Obama. One problem, economy recession has not

finished, another problem comes out, and it is described as job two. This

description reflects the second picture the cartoonist wants to deliver.

Then datum 6, as stated, there are at least four problems faced by

Obama in his first 100 days, economy, health care, Iraq, and Mid East.

Those problems are reflected by four women in bed waiting for Obama.

Related to the statement, in this cartoon, the cartoonist delivers verbal

expression which is uttered by the bell boy to Obama when he gets in

the room. “The honeymoon suite, sir…” is not expressed to give

welcoming to the special customers, who wants to check in the hotel but

it has the intended message that wants to deliver. The cartoonist wants to

give an emphasizing to Obama related his “honeymoon” in his first days

of winning the election. It is kind of a reminding that the cartoonist

wants to deliver. This utterance is expressed indirectly and this utterance

has illocutionary act as Commissive meaning of utterance, because it

expresses a reminding for Obama that becoming a President of United

State is not a winning for “having a ball” but for facing and fixing all the

problems American have, not only economy recession, but also health

care, Iraq, and Mid East.. In this expression, “The honeymoon suite,

sir…”, the utterance of sir… is a formal addressee of whom is for the

person who has the higher social status than the speaker has. This

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utterance is indirectly uttered to express and has the illocutionary act as

Expressive meaning of utterance.


Teasing Obama about his reckless decision is showed in datum

7, the utterance “We found secure places to hold the detainees…all our

empty bank vaults…” it is expressed directly by the cartoonist. The first

utterance, “We found secure places to hold the detainees…all our empty

bank vaults…”has a locutionary act as Representatives meaning of

utterance, because in this expression the cartoonist delivers a decision

made by Obama about the closing of Gitmo. Here the cartoonist wants

to describe a phenomenon that makes pro and contra of Obama’s

decision.

While in datum 8, the literal meaning of tune-up, a tune-up

usually refers to the routine engine service to meet the manufacturer's

specifications. Tune-ups are needed periodically as the manufacturer's

recommendations to ensure an automobile runs as expected. Tune-up in

this cartoon also has the same purpose as stated before, but tune-up here

is used for recovering the economic recession. As the utterance of

Obama, “Ready for a tune-up, America?” is expressed in the form of

question. This utterance has an illocutioanary act as Commissive

because the cartoonist delivers a reminding for Obama with the

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economic condition today that needs revitalization as soon as possible.

Tune-up which means routine services in lateral, it may be also meant as

the economy revitalization. To tune-up the economy, Obama and his

team propose stimulus plan to the congress. It is a warning for Obama

that economy problem is like a broken tractor. If one component of

machine is broken, it will break other components.

Protesting Obama is really shown in this cartoon of datum 11.

The verbal expression of “Change?” is expressed directly by the

Obama’s partisan. This utterance has a locutionary act in the form of

question as Commisive because this utterance expresses a demand of

Obama’s promise to the American people. This utterance is more

important if it is supported by the character of Obama’s partisan. The

using of metaphorical figure of partisan is to represent all Obama’s

partisan who support him in his election but then they are disappointed

with no change that Obama has made.

Next in datum 12, dealing with the fact that Obama signs

stimulus package in Denver, the utterance of “We choose this for the

Symbolism” is expressed directly. This utterance has a locutionary act as

Representatives because in this cartoon, the cartoonist wants to describe

the Obama’s decision choosing Denver as the location of signing the

bill. Teasing Obama by the word of Symbolism is to emphasize that

which impliedly means that Denver is not only symbolic of the crisis

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that America's economy is facing, but also the benefits that American

communities can see from this recovery plan.

Related to that phenomenon, the economic recession is getting

worse time to time, in datum 14, the utterance of “Open wide…” is

expressed directly by Obama to the character of the man. This utterance

has a locutionary act as Directives because the character of Obama is

drawn feeding the old man and requesting him to open his mouth. It is

not a food but a mount of money which is used to feed the man, and the

money is as a result of stimulus package.

Then in datum 18, the cartoonist used the words of rail splitter.

Lexically, a Rail Splitter may refer to split of wood. The verbal

expression is uttered by Obama, “Now, let’s get to work…” is expressed

directly. This utterance has locutionary act as Declarative because in this

two related cartoons, Obama an important position and has a right to

declare something to his people. The character of Obama uses

metaphorical figure of rail splitter to describe Obama that he is in a mess

condition in which the economy is getting worse and needs actions to

overcome. Then the second expression, “Oomf!” is uttered directly and

has a locutionary act as Expressive because this utterance directly

describe the Obama’s grievances to overcome some problems related to

economy recession. Adding with the words foreclosure in each board

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impliedly stated that he will do important jobs to recover American

condition related with economy problem.

In this datum, the 20th, which is talking about the policies in

Denver, the first verbal expression, “Why did he go to the Mile-High

city to sign it?” is uttered indirectly by the man in black. This utterance

has an illocutionary act as Commissive because this utterance is related

to action which is in fact the speaker dislikes with Obama’s coming to

Denver. Although it is in the form of question, the message is impliedly

stated Coloradans objection with Obama’s action in signing bill to invest

the Denver. Lexically, debt ceiling is the maximum borrowing power of

a governmental entity. While the second verbal expression, “To have a

look at the new debt ceiling…” is uttered indirectly to respond another

man’s question by the man in white. This utterance has an illocutionary

act as Representatives because the cartoonist wants to conclude that

coming of Obama in Denver is to look for some profits by investing

Denver to others countries. Those verbal expression is a teasing as the

respond of Coloradans to Obama’s decion about investing Denver.

In the analyze of datum 21, it is connected with the fact given

that economy recession is getting worse and then Obama and his team

list some plans to revitalize the economy, the utterances of the two

characters involve in the cartoon can be analyzed. The first expression,

“Hair of the dog” is uttered indirectly to the drunken man. This

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utterance tends to have an illocutionary act as Representative because in

this cartoon the utterance may have meaning to describe the truth

condition of American economy which needs problem solving. Then

second verbal expression of the dog, “He is an oil addiction too” is

uttered directly. This utterance has a locutionary act as Representatives

because this utterance gives the truth information regarding one of the

causes of the economy recession. It may represent that USA is as the top

consumer of oil.

Dealing with the facts in datum 22 in which Obama has Liberal

policies which mopped the election smoothly hoped can solve the

economy problem. The first utterance of Obama “IT WILL BE A LONG

AND DIFFICULT STRUGGLE, BUT ULTIMATELY OUR AMERICAN

ECONOMY WILL RECOVER…” is expressed indirectly. This utterance

has an illocutionary act as Commissive meaning of utterance because in

this expression, it is related to Obama’s promise. Then, the second

utterance “FROM ALL MY LIBERAL POLICIES!” is uttered directly. It

has a locutionary act as Commissive because this expression is to

convince American people to believe on Obama that the Liberal policies

will bring the American prosperity back.

4.3 The Reason of Applying the Strategy


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Salary limitation is more emphasized in this cartoon. The

cartoonist uses the metaphorical of executive to describe the

phenomenon happened today in which the executives ask salary more

than $500,000. That is inspiring the cartoonist to uses the direct

expression to show that he is annoyed with the condition of economy

recession. The cartoonist emotion is lit when he looks that the

executives are too greedy. Supporting by the women’s expressionless, it

seems to describe that the executive’s demand is out of sense because he

asks for a job with the high salary in unemployment public service

whereas that place is only for the low classes.


The categories of policies disagreement are found in some data,

2, 9, 13, 15, 17, and 19. For the second datum, the cartoonist involves

the relationship between Obama and Limbaugh. Observing the

background of this cartoon, which is the expression used by the

cartoonist is to describe the fact happened at that time. Limbaugh, who

is a Republican and also a conservative political commentator in a talk

show, expresses the words “I hope Obama fails” in one of his speech in

Obama’s Inauguration related to Obama’s stimulus plan to overcome the

economy problem. Therefore the cartoonist uses direct speech act to

show the real phenomenon to the reader. Other data are talking about the

cxv

relationship between Obama and Congress because this object becomes

booming when it is published. The different ideas between Obama and

the congress stimulates journalist to bring it into the discussion.

For datum 9, 10, 13, 15, and 17, most of the cartoonist uses

indirect expression for their cartoon. For datum 19, the cartoonist uses

direct expression for their cartoon. In this cartoon, the cartoonist wants

to describe the disagreement of people to Obama as the impact of

stimulus package. As the verbal expression of Obama: Push! Push!

Congress, push! Yes! It’s a baby stimulus plan!Tax-payer: Waah!

Waah! A cartoonist represents people. A direct expression is uttered

when the cartoonist wants to express his protest to the policies that

Obama proposes, especially it is related to the levying more taxes.

Besides, the cartoonist uses indirect speech act in his cartoon,

for instance, in datum 9, the verbal expression, “Haven’t you gotten any

further??” is uttered by the elephant which represents Congress is

expressed indirectly to Obama. To keep the politeness description of the

relationship between Obama and congress the cartoonist uses indirect

speech act while the intended message is to demand more to Obama

about his efforts recovering the economy.

cxvi


Some cartoons are inspired by the phenomenon of economic

recession happened for some decades, especially for the cartoon which

are analyzed, datum 3, 4, 16, 23, 24 express economic recession in

United States of America. The cartoonist uses indirect of speech act for

all the data as the reason of politeness. Let see the verbal expression

uttered by the president’s secretary in datum 3, “President Obama?

Your first appointment is waiting…”. It has an intended message that

this cartoon expresses a warning to Obama related to the economic

problem in USA. By expressing indirectly, this utterance fulfills a

politeness of criticizing. The expression of “President Obama?”

indirectly to have permission to Obama and let him really know about

the big problem American face. So does datum 16. The expression of “I

see dead banks” shows politeness to replace an intended message of the

worst economy recession because the increasing of collapsed banks

indicates the worst economy condition.


General problems cover some aspects of American life, national

and international affairs. In this theme, all the data are used indirect

expression. The cartoonist uses indirect speech act in his cartoon. The

verbal expression which is uttered by the room boy “The honeymoon

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suite, sir…” is a kind of politeness that may be shown by a room boy to

the customer and it is because of the different social status between the

room boy and Obama. Yet through this politeness way to criticize, the

cartoonist successfully delivers the intended message to the reader by

supporting the metaphorical of cartoon. It is clear that this verbal

expression is uttered to remind Obama that that becoming a President of

United State is not for a pleasure but for fixing problems.


In this research, economy revitalization takes the biggest part.

There are eight cartoons which have different ways to express, datum 7,

8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, and 22. Politeness becomes the reason why the

cartoonist expresses the cartoon indirectly. In datum 20, and 22, those

use indirect speech act to deliver the message to the reader. Datum 20,

which is talking about the signing bill in Denver, the cartoonist criticizes

Obama’s action at economy recession. The disagreement and

disappointment of Colorandans are showed in polite of respect at Obama

but it is still understandable for the reader to catch in intended meaning

that Obama wants to invest a part of their living to the investor to patch

the dismissal of economy. Datum 22 is also expressed indirectly of

politeness. A respect action is tried to show by the cartoonist as his

position which is lowest than Obama. The verbal expression of “it will

cxviii

be a long and difficult struggle, but ultimately our American economy

will recover…from all my liberal policies!” is to convince the people

that Obama’s liberal policies will be successful although there is

hesitancy.

The rest, datum 7, 11 12, 14, and 18 are expressed directly. Some

reasons are rising when the cartoonist tries to express their opinion

through cartoons. When he tries to reveal a reminding, he tends to

express their words directly. As analyzed in datum 11, in which the

cartoonist expresses “Change?” which uttered by the character of

Obama, he wants to show a reminding to Obama through this cartoon by

supporting a character of Democrat partisan.

.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

The conclusion of this study is drawn based on the data analysis. Its

presentation is in line with the problem statement states in chapter I. There are two

kinds of presentation: (A) Conclusion, (B) Suggestion

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A. Conclusion

Based on the previous discussion, general conclusion is drawn as

follows:

1. The criticism on Obama related to the economic problem drawn in the

form of cartoon

From the data analysis, it is found some categories of criticizing Obama

related to the economy of United State of America. They are, (1) salary

limitation, (2) policies disagreement, (3) economy recession, (4) general

problems, and (5) economy revitalization

2. The strategy applied by the cartoonist to criticize Obama related to the

speech act

There are two types of strategy which are used to criticize Obama related

to speech act, (1) direct, and (2) indirect. It is found that the most

strategies used are direct expression rather than indirect with certain

consideration by the cartoonist

3. The reason of applying the strategy

Some reasons become a choice for the cartoonists in expressing their

opinion through political cartoons. They tend to use indirect expression,

commonly because of the politeness, which they hold as the important

consideration. In other words, they use direct, commonly, the cartoonists

feel annoyed, disappointed, or alert, and of course it because of their

culture which tend to give their argument freely.

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B. Suggestion

Based on the findings and discussion, and the conclusion above, there

are two suggestions drawn, they are:

1. For the students

Speech act has a close relationship in the language use in political domain,

especially in communication. Analyzing Speech act, especially the

expression of the cartoon, it is recommended that the students or the

readers should have the basic understanding on the culture and the newest

political issues in order to be grasp the intended message the cartoonist

wants to convey through the expression written in the cartoon

2. For other researchers

Analyzing political cartoons has complex problems and it is hoped that

other researchers start the deeper research with the same material of

Speech act, and also different point of view about it. For instance, analyze

it by using implicature, or performative. Analyzing the coversation among

the characters which are involved in the cartoon to get deeper

understanding both the message and the humour that the cartoonists want

to deliver.

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