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Department of Informa-on Systems

Victor Dibia City University of Hong Kong.

An Affective, Normative and Functional Approach to Designing User Experiences For Wearables

20 January, 2015 | Honolulu Hawaii

[email protected]


Presenta-on Outline

• Overview of wearables • Research Mo2va2ons • Methodology •  Findings •  Future work and conclusion.


What are Wearables ?

A class of miniaturized electronic devices worn by the bearer on top of or beneath their clothing.

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Body Posi-ons -‐ Wrist -‐ Shoes, -‐ Embedded in Clothes -‐ Jewelry, -‐ Glasses -‐ Chest Bands -‐ Contact Lenses

Characteris-cs •  Small, complex, ubiquitous •  Sensor rich (gyroscopes, Heart Rate ,EEG, UV, Temp, Pressure, Light etc)

•  They have social / fashion implica2ons.


Not all Equal

•  Survey of 4600 US Adults: 28% would use wrist wearable. (North American Consumer Survey 2013)

•  12% interested in devices worn on the face.

• Wrist worn wearables hold the most poten2al.

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Why Smartwatches ?

Gartner (2014) : 50% of people who opt for wearables will chose smart watches in 2015.

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Wearables

Wrist

Wearables

Smart Watches

They run apps and can be adapted to various enterprise func-ons.

Smart watch Shipments 4million in 2013, 68 million devices in 2015 Source : Gartner


The “Engagement” Problem 6


A not so secret … secret ..

The Wearable Engagement Problem Endeavour Partners (2014): A survey of 6,223 adults in the USA.

•  10% of all customers owned a modern wearable ac2vity tracker such as the Nike+ Fuelband

•  50% of these respondents indicated that they had discon2nued the use of their devices and a third of the this number stopped using the device within six months.

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Research Ques-on How can we address the wearable engagement problem from an ar-fact design perspec-ve? No2ng that wearables are new, our goal here is to create a set of theore2cally inspired design principles that can guide developers and designers who create so]ware for wearables and help improve user engagement.

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Research Approach

Ac-on Design Research (ADR) Sein et al. 2011

•  An IS research approach that aims to explicitly recognize how interests, values, and assump2ons about an organiza2on or people shapes the design of IT ar2facts (frameworks). Sein et al. 2011

•  Ar2facts are “ensembles shaped by the organiza2onal context during development and use” and the design research process should encompass the concurrent ac2vi2es of building an ar2fact, its interac2on with an organiza2on and its evalua2on.

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Research Approach 10

Problem Formula-on

Building Interven-on Evalua-on

Reflec-on, Learning

Formaliza-on of Learning

-‐ Prac-ce inspired research -‐ Theory ingrained ar-fact

-‐ Reciprocal shaping -‐ Mutually influen-al roles -‐ Authen-c and concurrent evalua-on.

-‐ Guided emergence -‐ Generalized Outcome


Research Seeng

•  The ADR Team – a researcher working with organiza2onal stake holders (development team)

•  Domain Experts – experts in applica2on areas of wearables such as fitness, health and wellness

• Users – users within online pladorms and within usability experiment seengs .

Formulate the Actor Influence network that shape the development of our design framework

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Research Seeng

Developers • A survey of challenges associated with smartwatch design

• Observa2on of their solu2ons to such problems

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Users • Observa2on of usability complaints on app pladorms

• Usability tests with subjects in a controlled seeng.

Industry Experts •  Informal interviews .


Theore-cal Perspec-ves

To adequately frame findings from interven2on influences with our actor influence network, and as s2pulated by the ADR process, we review the literature for theories that guide the construc2on of working hypotheses which are then implemented and tested. • Affec2ve Quality Perspec2ve •  Social Norms Perspec2ve • U2lity Accrual () Perspec2ve

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Affec-ve Quality Perspec-ve

Interfaces should evoke favorable responses and support achievement of objec2ves. Such interfaces influence usage (Zhang 2005). Principle 1. Sensor Based Interac-on An expansion of the limited interac2on surface of wearable compu2ng devices by leveraging sensors. For example advanced touch gestures (tap, swipe, pinch and zoom), mo2on and voice can be leveraged for input while vibra2on can be leveraged for personalized feedback.

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Social Norms Perspec-ve

Subjec2ve and norma2ve factors affect adop2on and usage behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein 1970) Principle 2: Norma-ve Adherence

This principle suggests that interfaces should be designed to conform to expecta2ons of both technology and fashion items. For example, watch face apps for smartwatches should be designed to meet elegance as well as fashion/iden-ty requirements.

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U-lity Accrual Perspec-ve

Interfaces should be geared towards simplifying processes and improving task performance . Principle 3 Isolated Func-onality

This design principle posits that each wearable device app should be clearly developed to meet a given and well specified user need as opposed to generic apps with mul2ple func2ons. Where possible, apps should be 2ed to specific outcomes that are of significance to a given set of target users.

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Principle 4 : Complementary or Incremental Value This principle suggests that the value of a wearable app is 2ed to how well it performs its focal task compared to similar apps on other device pladorms such as smartphones and tablets. For example a wearable device can provide value by automa2cally providing no2fica2on only from important contacts such as family members.

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Principle 5 : Glanceability and Ac-onability This principle suggest that no2fica2ons should be designed such that they are easy to read (legible), assimilate within a simple glance and can be responded to with simple ac2ons.

Principle 6 : Computa-onal Offloading This principle suggests that complex or resource intensive tasks should be transferred to devices with higher processing capabili2es where possible or applicable. For example, a wearable device may perform resource intensive opera2ons like audio sampling, geocoding or data processing on a connected smartphone or tablet and display results to the user.

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Limita-ons and Future Work

Study Limita-on This study is focused on smartwatch so]ware. There is opportunity to also examine design principles related to physical design. Future work Specific policy issues surrounding wearables as observed within different regions – privacy issues, health issues, data storage issues.

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Thank You! 20


Appendix 21

Categories Issue Summary based on Developer Feedback.

Resource Gathering Deficiencies

-  There is a lack of samples and documenta2on -  Exis2ng samples were considered not suitable to

smartwatch contexts -  We didn’t have a dedicated designer

Technical Difficul-es

-  It was a struggle to adapt our designs to the small screen of wearables

-  The devices had limited capabili2es (direct internet connec2on, a magnetometer etc.)

-  It was difficult to balance our adapta2on to the small screen and maintain accessibility

-  Mismatch between emulator and real device -  Designing an engaging user experience flow was a challenge

A summary of design issues reported from a survey of developers par2cipa2ng in the Samsung gear app challenge

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