Water Resources in Urban Settings: the Case of the

City of Jeddah

Amro Mohamed Elfeki King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah

SOWACOR workshop 16-17 Oct. 2008

Water Classification in KSA. Water Statistics in KSA: Availability and

Consumption. Overview on The City of Jeddah:

Hydrological Settings. Rainfall Pattern. Simulation.

Water Resources Issues: Floods. Domestic Water Supply and Drainage Systems. Groundwater Level Rise. Wastewater Lakes. Coastal Pollution.

Outlook

General Outline

Renewable Surface and Groundwater: Surface Runoff and Natural Recharge, and Shallow Aquifers.

Non-Renewable Groundwater: Water in Deep Aquifers.

Desalinated Water.

Treated Wastewater.

Classification of Water Resources in KSA

24%

14%

57% 4%

1%

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Distribution of Water Resources in KSA

السابعة: ) الوطنية التنمية خطة (H1420–H1424المصدر

Source: 7th National Development Plan (1999 - 2003) courtesy Dr. Ahmed Samy Alzaher

Source: Saudi Arabia Geological Survey website

Abdulrazzak, et al. (1995)

استهالكالمياهبالمملكة

8%

2%

90%

األغراضالمنزليةوالبلدية

األغراضالصناعية

األغراضالزراعية

Water Consumption in KSA

السابعة: ) الوطنية التنمية خطة (H1420–H1424المصدر

Source: 7th National Development Plan (1999 - 2003) courtesy Dr. Ahmed Samy Alzaher

The city of Jeddah is one of the major cities in KSA.

Located on east coast of the Red Sea.

Population ~ 2.6 million.

Area ~ 1200 Km2

Extends ~ 45Km along the coast

Jeddah is an industrial, commercial, educational and touristic city.

-Mohorjy, (2001) Alternative Solutions and Mitigation Measures of Sewerage System, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Inter. Journal of Environmental Studies 58:683-700 .

Jeddah (The Bride of The Red Sea)

Hydrological Setting1. Jeddah is located

between two major wadis: Wadi Fatima and Wadi Usfan with some local wadis that make Jeddah basin.

2. Climate is arid, very hot with high rate of humidity.

3. Rainfall is scarce.

4. Rainfall period: from November to April.Al-Sefry and Sen )2006( Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water

Resou. Management 20:91-108

Rainfall Time Series Pattern

23/1

1/19

91

23/0

5/19

92

23/1

1/19

92

23/0

5/19

93

23/1

1/19

93

23/0

5/19

94

23/1

1/19

94

23/0

5/19

95

23/1

1/19

95

23/0

5/19

96

23/1

1/19

96

23/0

5/19

97

23/1

1/19

97

23/0

5/19

98

23/1

1/19

98

23/0

5/19

99

23/1

1/19

99

0

10

20

30

40

50

Daily Rainfall depth (mm) over the Years (Data) at Station A004

Days of the Years

Rai

nfa

ll D

epth

(m

m)

Simulation of Rainfall Pattern

Microsoft Office Excel Macro-Enabled Work

Floods: Wadi Al-Lith (Case Study)

Wadi Al-Lith

المملكة : ،أطلس حمزة حسين المصدرللطباعة السعودية،دارأكسفورد العربية

م1980والنشر،

Station J-417

Station J-418

Source: Saudi Arabia Dames & Moore 1987 ReportAl-Mestihi, F.(2008) Flood Studies in Wadi Al-Lith, Graduation Project.

Rainfall-Runoff Characteristics

15 16 17 18 190

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5storm at station J-418

Time(hr)Ra

infa

ll d

ep

th

(mm

)

15 16 17 18 190

1

2

3

4

5 storm at station J-417

Time(hr)Ra

infa

ll d

ep

th

(mm

)

Event 14 June 1987

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

100

200

300

400

500

Runoff Simulation Station J-418

DataSMADA

Time (Hr)

Dis

charg

e (

m3/s

ec)

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

100200300400500600700

Runoff Simulation Station J-417

smadaData

Time (Hr)

Dis

charg

e (

m3/s

ec)

Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

Al-Ahmdi, F.)2005(.Rainfall-runoff modeling in arid regions using geographical information systems and remote sensing: case study;western region of saudi arabia, MSc. KAU.

Floods in Cities and Highways

Rain Event on 2-1-1429H Rain Event on 2-1-1429H )2008(

Rain Event on ~1426H )2005(Bisha Flood

Most houses in Jeddah have two underground reservoirs, one for water supply and the other for wastewater (septic tank or cesspool).

Municipality water is pumped to the water supply reservoir through a water supply network.

The water supply reservoir is connected by pumps to deliver the water to several reservoirs on the roof of the house.

Reservoirs on the roof, delivers water to the apartments

through a system of pipes under gravity.

Water Supply and Drainage Systems

The old city of Jeddah is served by a wastewater network facility.

Houses in the new districts use septic tanks. The drainage system in the houses is a network of sewer pipes that leads to the underground wastewater reservoir (septic tank).

When the reservoir is full, a sewage truck is called to pump out the sewage and transport it either to the nearest sewage treatment plant or directly to the sewage pond.

Water Supply and Drainage Systems (Cont)

Reasons for Groundwater Level Rise1. Leakage from Water Supply Piping System.2. Leakage form Underground Storage Tanks.3. Leakage from Cesspools and

Transportation.4. Rainfall Recharge.5. Subsurface Inflow.6. Landscape Irrigation.7. Hydrogeological Influence.

Groundwater Level Rise

Basamed )2002(. Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc .Faculty of Earth Sciences, kauSefry and Sen )2006( Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:91-108.

Consequences of Groundwater Rise:1. Flooding of house basements.2. Deterioration of roads and highways.3. Damage of building foundations.4. Soil Contamination.5. Offensive smell.6. Breeding of mosquitoes.

Groundwater Level Rise (Cont.)

Basamed )2002(. Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc .Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau Al-

Sefry and Sen )2006( Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:91-108.

Abu Rizaizah et al., (1987, 1990, 1997) they predicted the water consumption will be 465 lit/capita/day and will cause groundwater level rise in the range 36-204 cm/year.

The out come of the study by Basamed (2002): the average groundwater level rise is 10 cm/year.

Study by Mohorjy and Khan (2006) mentioned that the groundwater level is rising at an alarming rate of 50 cm/year.

Groundwater Level Rise (Cont.)

Basamed )2002(. Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc .Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau

Al-Sefry and Sen )2006( Groundwater Rise Problem and Risk Evaluation in Major Cities of Arid Lands—Jeddah Case in KSA, Water Resou. Management 20:91-108.

Abu Rizaizah et al. )1987, 1990,1997(. Groundwater rise problem in south, north, Jeddah, final report , Water and Sewage Dept., of Western Region in Saudi Arabia

In Jeddah there are three sewage lakes:

Al-Arbaeen Lake near downtown.

Al-Amanah Lake near downtown.

Briman Lake (Musk Lake) in the east of Jeddah highway.

Sewage Lakes

Jeddah municipality has taken actions to replenish the water in Al-Arbaeen and Al-Amanah lakes using air pumps and the lakes are undergoing a major rehabilitation projects, and the Briman lake is currently under way (Khalid Aqeel, deputy mayor for services: Arab News, Tuesday 7 August 2007)

Location: ~25 Km to the east of Jeddah.

~ 50,000 m3 /day are discharged to the lake.

Volume is more than 10 million m3

No outflow.

Sewage Pond (Briman Lake)

Mohorjy and Khan)2006( Preliminary Assessment of Water Quality along the Red Sea Coast near Jeddah, Saudi

Arabia, Water International, vol 31)1(, pp 109-115 Basamed )2002(. Hydrochemecal study and bacteriological effect on groundwater in the northern part of Jeddah district, MSc. Faculty of Earth Sciences, kau.

Briman Lake (Cont.)

Briman Lake (Cont.)

Sources of Coastal Pollution:

Sewerage Discharge (Treated and Untreated).

Chemical Pollution (Industrial Wastes). Thermal Pollution (Desalination Plants). Hyper-Saline Pollution (Desalination

Plants). Land-filling (Resorts and buildings). Dredging (Resorts and buildings). Oil Pollution (Refiners, ships, and fishing

boats). Refuse: (Plastic, wood, papers, glass, etc.)

Coastal Pollution

Mohorjy and Khan (2006)

Water Quality along the Coast

Parameter Range of Values

B.O.D 51-812 mg/l

C.O.D 105-7680 mg/l

Phosphorous (P)

0.74-3.81 mg/l

Nitrate (NO3) 28.3-130 mg/l

Sulfate (SO4) 270-4800 mg/l Coastal water is receiving considerable amount of pollutants.

Highest levels of pollutants have generally been found at locations where there are lakes/creeks that receives direct wastewater inputs.Mohorjy and Khan)2006( Preliminary Assessment of Water Quality along the Red Sea Coast near Jeddah, Saudi

Arabia, Water International, vol 31)1(, pp 109-115

RefuseSea bottom Seashore

Source: Ahmed Solimany: Workshop on Environmental Pollution of Marine Beaches, 30-1-2008

Setting up a reliable data base for scientific research in various fields (continuous data recording, monitoring, satellite images, GIS maps, remote sensing, etc.)

Setting up an experimental watershed (monitoring components in the hydrological cycle) for hydrological studies in Saudi Arabia and its region.

Reformulation of hydrological models in (semi-) arid zones. How about ecological models?

Outlook

Innovative techniques for water desalination using solar energy.

Developing techniques for water conservation.

Developing technologies for wastewater treatment plants.

Public awareness for environmental protection.

Outlook

Thank You!