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INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE www.iom-world.org

Workshop for Management of Hazardous and Flammable Substances (Based on ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Harry HoPrincipal OH&S Auditor

Zephan ChanOccupational Hygienist

Course Objectives

Upon successful completion of this module, participants will be able to:

•Understand the importance of Hazardous and

flammable substances (HFS)

•Characterize HFS in relation to safety, health and

environmental impact

•Know the various measures of managing HFS

ISO 14001 and BS OHSAS 18001

INTRODUCTION TO THESE STANDARDS

SCOPESessions Management Elements

1 Visible Policy

2 Risk-based Planning

3 On-going Implementation & Operation

4 Periodic Checking

5 Review for Continual Improvement

6 Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring

Session 1 Visible Policy

A visible policy on managing HFS

• A policy is a statement from the top management

• States the organisations strategy and commitment

on use of HFS

• Includes the duties and responsibilities of various

persons

Why is the policy important?

• Provides a direction for the organisation

• Endorsed by the top management shows that they

• Demonstrate care for the employee and the

environment by proper managing HFS

What must be included in a good policy ?

• Commitment of the top management

• A commitment to at least comply with applicable

legal requirements

• Responsibilities of various people

• Strategy on management HFS

• A commitment to continual improvement

What to do with a good policy?

• Visible

• Communicated to all persons

• Reviewed periodically

Policy content

• Scope

• Purpose

• Applicability

• Definitions

• Procurement of hazardous materials

• Handling ,storage and disposal details

• Training

Example

Cont..

HFS Committee

• A team should be formed and the composition based on

company and size and the risk of exposure to hazardous

chemicals.

• The team could comprise technical personnel like health &

safety, procurement and operation.

HFS Committee

• A senior management staff should take charge of and lead

the programme.

• He/ She should formulate chemical management policy

and form the HFS committee

HFS Committee Duties and Responsibility

• Review the policies and procedures pertaining to hazards

management.

• Review incidents involving HFS-related injuries, illness etc.

• Review effectiveness of communication, participation &

consultation in relation to managing HFS.

HFS Committee Duties and Responsibility

• Review employee complaints regarding hazards

management.

• Analyse work injury and illness statistical records.

• Conduct inspections of worksites as the practiced.

Cont..

• Review competency level & status (including training

records) to ensure compliance with regulatory training

requirements and operational needs in relation to

managing HFS.

Cont..

• Recommend safety measures wherever it need to be

improve

• Discuss in the monthly safety meetings any issue related to

HFS issues & Designate Employee Safety and Health

Representatives.

Role of FSM / WSHO

• Assist in establishing the policy

• May have the role to support the policy & establish good procedures in storage and management of hazardous and flammable material in some organisation.

• Make necessary amendments in the existing policy to suit the company needs and ensuring a safer working place

Cont...

• Update / implement policy related time to time based on change in legislations

• Manage change of use or any new HFS introduced to the workplace

• Perform random checks to monitor the effective implementation

• Periodic maintenance check and evaluation of all the emergency equipment to ensure its capability

Cont..

• To monitor proper usage of all the PPE by the employees while they are working

• Implementing new types / advanced PPE for safer work place

• Any unsafe conditions / act in the work place environment when brought to the attention of the FSM/RSO – necessary actions should be carried out ASAP

• Employee safety training should be practised regularly. Videos of incident/demo must be conducted

Activity 1 Policy Assessment

1 Visible Policy

4 Periodic Checking

Session 2 Risk-based Planning

Definition-Hazard

• A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm

or adverse health effects on something or

someone under certain conditions at work.

• It can cause harm or adverse effects (to

individuals as health effects or to organizations as

property or equipment losses).

Examples

Examples of Hazards and Their Effects

Workplace Hazard Example of Hazard Example of Harm Caused

Thing Knife Cut

Substance Benzene Leukemia

Material Asbestos Mesothelioma

Source of Energy Electricity Shock, electrocution

Condition Wet floor Slips, falls

Process Welding Metal fume fever

Practice Hard rock mining Silicosis

Flammable liquid Diesel Fire /explosionGas Hydrogen peroxide Fire /explosionLiquefied Gas LPG Fire /explosionDust (Sugar,Wood, Fire /explosion

Fine powder any solid)

GHS – The Base for Planning

� United Nations (UN)

� The Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

� Global harmonisation of rules and regulations on:

I. Classification

II. Labelling

III. Hazard Communication

Singapore GHS Journey

GHS Implementation deadlines

Activity 2 MIX and MATCH

GHS – Chemical Classification

� Physical hazards (16 hazard classes)

� Health hazards (10 hazard classes)

� Environmental hazards (1 hazard class)

� Hazard Class – Nature of hazard

� Hazard Category – Severity of hazard

GHS Physical Hazard

GHS Health Hazard

GHS - Environmental Hazards

GHS Chemical Classification

HFS in the workplace are categorised into three

different types:

• Physical hazards

(e.g., flammable, explosive, and reactive)

• Health hazards

(e.g., toxic, corrosive, narcotic, irritating and carcinogenic)

• Environmental hazards

(e.g., aquatic toxicity and ozone depleting)

Physical hazards further Classified to…

•Corrosive substances

•Flammable substances

•Explosives

•Oxidising substances

•Pyrophoric substances

•Gases under pressure

•Organic peroxides

• Self-heating substances• Self-reactive substances• Substances which when in

contact with water, emit flammable gases

• Toxic substances• Mutagens

• Carcinogens• Teratogens• Sensitizers• Irritants

Flammable substances further classified into…

•A liquid is considered to be flammable if it has a flash point less than 37.8ºC, e.g. chloro benzene.

•Liquid substances and preparations having Flash points below 21ºC are said to be highly flammable, e.g. ethanol, methanol, propanol, toluene.

A liquid is considered to be combustible if it has a flash point of 37.8ºC or more, but less than 93.3ºC, as determined by the appropriate test method.

(Cont’d)

• Solids and preparations are highly flammable if they readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and continue to bum after removal of the source of ignition.

• Some substances and preparations, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities when they come into contact with water or damp air.

How does HFS affect health?Some of the short-term effects are:

Long-term effects e.g. dermatitis.

Unconsciousness and even death can result from exposure to very high concentrations ofsolvent vapours.

• irritation of eyes, lungs and skin;

• headache;

• nausea;

• dizziness;

• light-headedness.

• Increased chance of having an accident.

How can HFS get into the body?

• Breathing in vapours and fumes

• Contact with skin

• Ingestion (e.g. hand to mouth contact, eating with

contaminated hands)

GHS Labelling

• Product identifier

• Pictogram

• Signal words

• Hazard statement(s)

• Precautionary statement(s)

• Supplier information

• Supplementary information

GHS Labelling

• Product identifier – The chemical identity of the chemical

• Pictogram

• Signal words

GHS Labelling

• Pictogram – Harmonised hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, e.g. borders, background patterns or colours

• Signal words

GHS Labelling

• Pictogram

• Signal words – Relative hazard severity

Signal Words

GHS Labelling

• Pictogram

• Signal words

Precautionary statements

� Describe the recommended measures that should be taken to minimise or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure / or improper storage / handling of a hazardous chemical

� 5 Types of precautionary statements:

1) General

2) Prevention

3) Response

4) Storage

5) Disposal

Hazard Precautionary Statement

GHS Labelling Requirements

• Dimensions (e.g. At least 52mm x 74mm for containers not exceeding 3 litres)

• Suppliers and Occupier: Updating within 6 months after receiving new information

• Suppliers: Every 5 years

Training Requirements

� Employers and Employees

� Hazard communication training

� At least once every 3 years

• Chemicals and their hazards

• Prevention / Minimising of exposure

• SWP

• Responsibilities

• Locating SDS

• Reading & interpreting labels / SDS

Risk Management involves:

• identifying and analyzing safety and health hazardsassociated with work;

• assessing the risks involved;

• prioritizing measures to control the hazards andreduce the risks;

• controlling and monitoring the risks; and

• communicating these risks to all affected persons.

Definition-Risk

• It is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or

suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a

hazard.

• It may also apply to situations with property or

equipment loss.

• Example: The risk of developing cancer from

smoking cigarettes could be expressed as

"cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example)

more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers

Preparation WorkForm risk assessment team

Gather relevant informationIdentify activities for each process

HazardIdentification

Risk Evaluation

Risk Control

Identify Hazards associated with activityType of injuries/ ill healthPersons-at-risk

Determine additional control measures required to reduce the risk

Assign action officer and follow-up date

§ Identify existing control measures§ Evaluate potential severity§ Determine likelihood of occurrence§ Assess risk level based on severity and likelihood

Audit to ensure control

measuresare in place and working

Management to approve

and endorse risk assessment

Implementation & Review

Record Keeping

Flowchart of Risk Management

Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation Risk Control

Activity Hazard Possible

Accident/

Ill Health

Existing Risk

Control

Severity Like-lihood

Additional Risk

Control

Action Party

Spray painting

Toxic solvent vapors

Exposure to vapor can cause ill health

Respirators

Safe work procedures

Moderate Remote Low Substitute with airless spray method.

Regular spray booth maintenance.

Monitor worker’s exposure to vapor

Plant Manager

Flammable paint mists/ vapors

Explosion can result in serious injury or death

Safe work procedures

Major Remote Medium

Use explosion proof type of lights and fixtures, non-sparking exhaust fan.

Bond and ground spraying equipment

Risk Assessment FormSample – Spray Painting

5 Steps in Implementation

Assign an action officerAssign an action officerAssign an action officerAssign an action officer from the

appropriate department to which risk is

concerned. He should be competent to

perform the required task and be familiar with the work.

Step 1

Determine the date of completionDetermine the date of completionDetermine the date of completionDetermine the date of completion of risk of risk of risk of risk control measurescontrol measurescontrol measurescontrol measures according to the priority in order to cater the immediate needs of addressing the high risk tasks.

Step 2

Control measures like trainingprograms should be carried outaccording to plan by the action officerStep 3

Step 4

Risk Control measures and Safe Work

Procedures should be documented and

information of risk control measures shouldbe disseminated to all relevant departments,and displayed where feasible

Assess and review with time to

measure the effectiveness of the risk

management. (at least once every 3

years)

Step 5

Risk Control Measures

• 2 broad categories:

� Safe place measures

� Safe person measures

• Types of control measures:

� Elimination

� Substitution

� Engineering controls

� Administrative controls

� Personal protective equipment (PPE)

For Prevention of Accident Injuries and Ill health

Safe Place Measures

To make workplace, plant, equipment and

materials safe and include:

• Elimination

• Substitution

• Engineering controls

Aimed at people and include:

• Training

• Instruction

• Safe work procedures

• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Safe Person Measures

ELIMINATION

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

Most Effective

Least Effective

Change the Work Process

Provide safety Gloves, ege glass etc

Use pump and other device to avoid manual handling of

chemicals

Implement control measure

Implement Work Rotation

Hierarchy of Control

Risk control

Elimination

• Total removal of hazard

• Most effective method

• Should be attempted in the very first place

• Examples:

� Providing socket outlet at the point of use toeliminate the need cable trailing

� Pre-cast installation to replace cast-in-situ

Substitution

• Job with a higher level of risk is substituted with another job with a lower one.

• Alternative substance needs to be assessed.

• Examples:� Asbestos � Man-made fiberglass

� Sandblasting � Hydroblasting

� Powder form � Gel or Paste form

� Solvent based paint � Water based paint

Engineering controls

• Stair case access painted in yellow with handrails

Spark Extinguishing unit

• It is designed to detect hot particles, sparks and flame that might become the ignition source for a fire or explosion.

• A few hot particles entering a dust collector handling a combustible dust are enough to trigger a dust explosion.

Deflagration vent panels

• An explosion vent is designed to

be the weakest part of the

external structure.

• As the explosion vent

experiences the pressure rise, it

opens quickly allowing the

rapidly expanding heated gases

to be released to the outside.

• By doing so, the internal walls,

floor, and ceiling are spared

from the damaging overpressure

experienced during a

deflagration.

Flashback arrestor for gas cylinders installed

Administrative Controls

• 2 purposes:

� To reduce the duration exposure of employees

� To provide guides in performing jobs or tasks in the safest possible manner

• Examples:

� Training

� Safe Work Practices

� Job rotation

Administrative controls

• Safety communication like PPE signs.

• Hazards communication

• Confined space PTW system

• Lock out Tag out system

• Warning signs to keep clear of swinging doors

√√√√√√√√

• Cylinders stored and secured in upright position

• Stored under shelter, away from sunlight and

other heat source

• No smoking within the area

• Signage being displayed at the storage area

Engineering and Administrative Controls

PPE types

• Head protection

• Eye and face protection

PPE types cont’d

• Ear protection

• Respiratory protection

PPE types cont’d

• Torso protection

Foot and leg protection

PPE types cont’d

• Arm and hand protection

Full suit

• Highest level of respiratory, eye, and skin

protection

Legal & Other Requirements

• Legislation

• What are Other Requirements?

Objectives and Targets

• Industry based

• Risk based

�S ____________

�M ____________

�A ____________

�R ____________

�T ____________

Activity 3Risk assessment

1 Visible Policy

4 Periodic Checking

Session 3 On-going Implementation and Operation

Employer Responsibilities

• To obtain SDS from supplier

• Ensure appropriate labelling (supplier and workplace)

• Provide adequate instruction and training to employees

• Sort and file the SDS in a clearly indicated and easily accessible area

Employee Responsibilities

• Conduct themselves to ensure their health and safety

• Report hazards

• Wear/use protective equipment

Supplier Responsibilities

Suppliers must:

• Label controlled products intended for workplace use

• Supply SDS with each controlled product

Worker Training and Education

• An employer shall ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, to provide required training

• The employee being able to apply the information as needed to protect the employee’s health and safety.

Anyone working with or near controlled products must be trained in hazard information and procedures regarding:

1. Safe use2. Storage3. Handling4. Disposal5. Emergency procedures

The training should be:

• Relevant to the workplace• Performance oriented• Reviewed at least annually• Modified as conditions change

Hazard Communication

• Appoint a Responsible Person for compiling and maintaining the master SDS

• Inventory (includes chemical names, quantity / locations stored / used)

• Review and evaluation of SDS obtained / compiled

• Labelling of all chemical containers

• Appoint a PIC to check and maintain chemical labelling

Operational Control

• Safe Work Procedures includes the proper usage of appropriate PPE and emergency responses

• Control on the usage, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous substances

• Control on the operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment

• Control on the selection, evaluation and performance monitoring of contractors

Control measure for the following HFS

• Oxidizing Material

• Explosives

• Corrosive Material

• Compressed Gas

• Flammable and Combustible Material

• Toxic Chemicals

• Poisonous and Infectious Material

• Dangerously Reactive Material

Properties of HFS

The following slides will help to understand

each category items properties with

chemical name.

GHS Pictograms

What does this symbol represent?

Oxidiser- can burn without air/intensify fire in combustible material• Poses a fire and/or explosion risk in the presence of

flammable or combustible material• May react violently when comes into contact with

combustible materials (e.g. fuels, wood)

• May burn skin and eyes upon contact

Examples

• Perchloric acid

• Hydrogen peroxide

• Nitric acid

• Compressed oxygen

• Ozone

An explosive substance is a solid, liquid /gas substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.

Also defined as the rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner

Examples

• Perchlorate

• Tetracene

• Nitrogen sulphide

• Copper acetylide

• Mixtures of potassium chlorate with red phosphorus or with various other substances

• Lead salts of picric acid

• Ammonium Nitrate

• Trinitrotolune(TNT)

• Nitrocellulose

• Nitro glycerine

• Liquid oxygen mixed with wood pulp

• Fuming nitric acid mixed with nitrobenzene

• Causes severe eye and skin irritation upon contact• Causes severe tissue damage with prolonged contact• Often produces vapor or fumes that may be harmful if

inhaled

Corrosives

Examples

• Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)

• Hydrochloric acid

• Nitric acid

• Sulfuric acid

• Poses an explosion danger because the gas is under pressure

• Container may explode if heated or dropped• Container may become a projectile if the stem

is broken off

Examples

• Oxygen

• Acetylene

• Propane

• Organ

• Etc.

• Will burn and is therefore a potential fire hazard• May burn at relatively low temperatures; flammable materials catch

fire at lower temperatures than combustible materials• May burst into flame spontaneously in air, or release a flammable gas

on contact with water• May cause a fire when exposed to heat, sparks, or flames, or as a

result of friction

Combustible and Flammable Material

Examples

Flammable

Butane, propane, hydrogen gas, acetone, gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, magnesium alloys, etc.

Combustible

Kerosene, diesel, mineral spirits, varnish, etc.

• Acute toxicity (harmful)

• Not immediately dangerous to health

• May cause death or permanent damage as a result of repeated

exposure over time

• May be a sensitizer, which produces allergic reactions

• May cause cancers, birth defects, or sterility

Toxic chemicals

Examples

• Asbestos

• Lead

• Cadmium

• Benzene

• Mercury

• Acute toxicity (severe)

• Is a potentially fatal poisonous substance

• May be fatal or cause permanent damage if it is inhaled or swallowed or if it enters the body through skin contact

• May burn eyes or skin upon contact

Poisonous and Infectious Material

Examples

• Sodium cyanide

• Hydrogen sulphide

• Carbon monoxide

• Sulphuric acid

• Toluene

• Is very unstable

• May react with water to release a toxic or flammable gas

• May explode as a result of shock, friction or an increase in temperature

• May explode if heated when in a closed container

• Undergoes vigorous polymerization

Dangerously Reactive Material

Examples

• Vinyl chloride

• Picric acid

• Some cyanides

Common Control measures -

Workplace Labels

Example: Methanol• Avoid inhaling vapours,

handle with care

• Flammable

• Avoid eye and skin contact

• See SDS for more information

� Product Identifier

� Information on safe handling of the product

�Reference to SDS

…Cont.

Workplace labels

• Must be displayed to give clear warning to

employees

• May be a label, tag, sign or other

• Is not required to be bilingual; can be in the

language of the workplace

Sample

Safety Data Sheets

The SDS is:

• A technical information reference for worker education, control measures and emergency response

• A document that can be distributed

• A document that must be available to workers

• Periodically reviewed by suppliers not longer than 5 years from the last date of issue

SDS should contain 16 sections as follows:

Section 1: Identification

Section 2: Hazards identification

Section 3: Composition/ Information on ingredientsSection 4: First aid measures

Section 5: Firefighting measures

Section 6: Accidental release measures

Section 7: Handling and storageSection 8: Exposure controls/ Personal

protection

Section 9: Physical and chemical propertiesSection 10: Stability and reactivity

Section 11: Toxicological information

Section 12: Ecological informationSection 13: Disposal considerations

Section 14: Transport informationSection 15: Regulatory informationSection 16: Other information

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

16 Sections of aSafety Data Sheets

• Example

Developing safety in your workplace

Step 1• Assign responsibility• Inventory and list supplier and workplace labels

Step 2• Get current SDS• Determine storage, handling, training, first aid and

disposal

Step 3• Train employees• Implement control measures and SDS binders

Activity 4Training Needs

1 Visible Policy

4 Periodic Checking

Session 4 Periodic Checking

Performance Measurement and Monitoring

• Objectives and Targets

• Periodic

Evaluation of Compliance

• Legal Requirements

• Other Requirements

• Periodic

Incident Investigation, Corrective/Prevention Actions

• Reporting procedures

• Investigation procedures

• Analysis

• Corrective / Prevention Actions

• Communication

• Effectiveness

Fatal Accident27 Feb 2009Brief Description

• ABC Industries was engaged a subcontractor XYZ to clean a heat exchanger.

• When pumping 70% Nitric Acid into a heat exchanger to clean the vessel it react with the residual chemical left in

the vessel.

• As a result, the contents of the heat exchanger, which included a mixture of nitric acid, were forced out of the heat exchanger.

Fatal Accident

• At the same time, a large amount of toxic fumes was emitted.

• The mixture splashed onto the workers, causing chemical burns. Four workers were killed and one was injured

• In response to the incident, the WSH Council has sent out an alert on 5 March to the industry on the safe use of hazardous chemicals at work.

• WSH Council is deeply saddened by the needless loss of four lives in this tragedy.

Fatal Accident

• The chemical industry must pay heed to the important points that this incident has brought up and take all necessary measures to ensure the safe use of chemicals.

• The Council has also published technical advisories and case studies on the safe use of such chemicals.

• “We know what must be done to keep all workers safe in

this industry and every company and person must do their

part to achieve this important goal.”

Two Ways to Monitor & Review

• Active Systems: to monitor the achievement of

plans and the extent of compliance with standards or targeted benchmark.

• Reactive Systems: to monitor accidents, ill health

and incidents such as fire, near miss.

Active Monitoring

• gives an organization feedback on its performance

before an accident.

• monitor the specific plan and objectives set

• measures success and reinforces positive achievements by recognizing efforts rather than penalizing after the occurrence of accidents

Types of Active Monitoring

• Routine procedures to monitor specific objectives like monthly / quarterly reports.

• Regular internal review of performance, assessment and record of training needs and training schedule.

• Periodic Inspection of the premises, plants, equipmentsby supervisors, safety management or representatives.

Types of Active Monitoring

• Environmental monitoring and health surveillance to check on the effectiveness of implemented control measures and to detect hazards at the early stages

(e.g. air sampling, health check-ups)

• Auditing of safety & health management system

• Periodic Risk Assessment and Team Meetings to monitor risk assessment & control

Reactive Monitoring

It includes:

• Injuries and cases of ill health (monitoring of sickness absence records);

• Loss of life, damage to property (plant)

• Incidents, including those with potential to cause injury, ill-health etc.

• Hazards

• Weakness in following any specific step of Safe Work Procedures

Reactive monitoring system takes place only afteran event has happened and it includes identification and reporting process.

InspectionInspectionInspectionInspection

• Basic for analyzing the effectiveness of controlmeasures

• Effective tool and assistant

• Important:

� To improve the safety standards

� To note and act upon unsafe behaviors

� To spot the unsafe conditions

� To measure the supervisor’s performance

Effective Inspection System

• Well-designed inspection forms to analyze the present situation and to initiate the corrective measures

• Corrective actions indicated with names of responsible persons and department concerned

• Periodic inspection

• The inspection should reflect specific legal requirements and prompt the settings of priorities

• The schedule time frame for follow-ups

• High risk hazards need to be inspected on a more frequent basis and in detailed manner

• Recommendations made by senior team leaders during inspections

Effective Inspection System

HEALTH SCREENING AND MONITORING

Pre-employment Exams

• Determine the general health status

• Determine ability/disability to perform workIf the prospective employee cannot meet the job requirements, his/her services is not needed!

• Should assess relevant areas of the bodyEx: Ears, for exposure to noise levels above OSHA requirements

Periodic Health Exams

• May be on a voluntary or required basis

• Required

� For employees with exposure

• Frequency depends on:

� Quality of engineering controls

� Nature of the exposure

� Findings on each examination

Periodic Health Exams

• Special examinations

� Return-to-work

• Purpose

� Control communicable diseases

� Determine ability to return after NON-occupational illness or injury

Employee Medical Records

• Documentation of the health status of “at risk”employees� Made or maintained by physician, nurse, or other health

care personnel

• Confidentiality

� Separate� Secure

Should include:

• Medical and employment questionnaires

• Results of medical exams

• Medical diagnoses, opinions, and physician’s notes and

recommendations

• Descriptions of treatments

• Prescriptions

• Employee medical complaints

Should NOT include:

• Blood and urine samples not needed for medical or legal requirements

• Records concerning health insurance and workers’ compensation claims (if maintained separately)

• Employee assistance program records (if maintained separately)

• Drug testing program records (if maintained separately)

Employee Exposure Records

• Documentation of exposure to a toxic substance or a harmful physical agent via any route

• Harmful physical agents

• Physical stresses

� Hazardous chemicals or

biological agents

� Noise, heat, cold, vibration, repetitive motion,

ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation

Exposure & MedicalRecords

• Retention time� Medical records: employment + 30 years

� Exposure records: at least 30 years

• Access� Open for employees and their designees

First Aid Systems

• Employer provisions

� At least one person trained in First Aid if:

o No medical personnel onsite

o Medical facility not within close proximity

� Written plan for medical emergencies

• Records retention

• Employment + 30 years

Activity 5 Inspections

1 Visible Policy

4 Periodic Checking

Session 5 Review for Continual Improvement

Concept of continual improvement

• In safety and health, continual improvement involves seeking better ways to work

• Systematically evaluating compliance with procedures, standards and regulations;

• Understanding the causes of incidents and injuries;

• Openly acknowledging and promptly correcting any deficiencies.

Management Review for Continual Improvement

� Top Management

� Periodic

• Performance

• Objectives and targets

• Results of evaluations of compliance

• Communications from interested parties

• Status of corrective / preventive actions

• Recommendations for improvement

Activity 6 MR Preparation

1 Visible Policy

4 Periodic Checking

Session 6Occupational Hygiene and Health: tool for risk evaluation and continuous monitoring

Types of Hazards Example

Physical

agents

Noise and vibration.

Heat and cold.

Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc.

Chemical agents

Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids, dusts,mists, fumes, etc.

Biological

agents

Bacteria , fungi, etc.

Ergonomic

factors

Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion.

Psychosocial

factors

Stress, workload and work organisation.

Occupational Hazards

The Occupational Hygienist’s expertise

is more than knowing how to use the measuring devices.

ANTICIPATION

RECOGNITION

EVALUATION

CONTROL

Lack of risk evaluation

Chemical hazards may be identified but evaluation not properly

conducted

Risk Assessment (Chemical Agent)

RA comprises of 3 steps:

Step 1: Hazard identificationStep 2: Risk evaluationStep 3: Risk control

Step 1: Hazard identification

The following should be taken into consideration:

• Identify all hazardous chemicals, the GHS hazard classes can

be used as a guide;

• Consider the whole chemical life cycle – from procurement

storage, transfer, usage and to disposal;

• Details on the SDS;

• Identify possible unplanned events (e.g., spillage, leakage,

splash, failure of control measures);

• Consider fire and explosion hazards (identify fuel and ignition

source[s]);

• Consider the hazard of incompatible chemical reactions; and

• Consider the possibility of fugitive emissions and toxic release

In general, the following chemical groups need to be stored separately from one another:

� flammable chemicals;

• corrosive chemicals;

− acids are to be separated from alkalis (bases);

− acids are to be further separated into inorganic acids and organic acids;

• toxic chemicals;

• oxidising chemicals;− oxidising agents to be separated from reducing agents;

• unstable chemicals including:

− water-reactive chemicals;− air-reactive (pyrophoric) chemicals;

− peroxide-forming materials;

− chemicals which can react with themselves (e.g., through polymerisation);− potentially explosive chemicals; and

• incompatible chemicals.

Typical Chemical Life Cycle

Procurement StorageTransfer /

TransportingUsage Disposal

Substance Information andHazard Identification

Precautionary Measures

First Aid and Emergency Response

Additional

Section 1: Identification

Section 2: Hazards

identification

Section 3: Composition/

Information on

ingredients

Section 9: Physical

and chemical

properties

Section 7: Handling and storageSection 8: Exposure controls/

Personal protectionSection 10: Stability and

reactivity

Section 4: First aid measures

Section 5: Firefighting

measures

Section 6: Accidental

release

measures

Section 13: Disposal

considerations

Section 14: Transport

information

Section 11: Toxicological

informationSection 12: Ecological

information

Section 13: Disposal considerations

Section 14: Transport

information

Section 15: Regulatory information

Section 16: Other

information

Useful Information from SDS

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Step 2: Risk Evaluation (chemical hazard)

Exposure Estimate

Hazard Characterisation

Exposure Estimation

For each identified chemical hazard, consider:

• persons who may be exposed to the hazardous chemical;

• pathways for exposure/ contact with the chemical (e.g., via inhalation,

ingestion, skin contact);

• level of exposure by route of entry (e.g., by modelling or direct

measurement);

• probability of occurrence of chemical accidents (e.g., fire, explosion,

spillage) which may lead to unintended exposure; and

• expected frequency and duration of exposure.

Step 2: Risk Evaluation (determine likelihood)

Permissible Exposure Level (PEL)There are two types of PELs specified in the First Schedule:• PEL (Long Term) is the PEL over an eight hour working day and a 40 hour

working week; and• PEL (Short Term) is the PEL over a 15 min period during any working day.

the PEL values of some common toxic substances.

Determine Likelihood

Step 2: Risk Evaluation (determine severity)

Hazard Characterisation

For each identified hazard, consider:

• the chemical and its physical properties;

• dose-response information;

• toxicological or adverse health effect data; acute/ chronic effect(s) due toexposure;

• exposure standards (e.g., permissible exposure limit and/ or threshold limitvalue); exposure data (measured or estimated) compared to exposure

standards;

• consequence and severity information from past chemical accidents; and

• site-specific severity evaluation criteria.

Permissible Exposure Level (PEL)There are two types of PELs specified in the First Schedule:• PEL (Long Term) is the PEL over an eight hour working day and a 40 hour

working week; and• PEL (Short Term) is the PEL over a 15 min period during any working day.

the PEL values of some common toxic substances.

RPN Rating = Severity Level (S) x Likelihood Level (L)

Evaluate the Risk

Occupational Hygiene Monitoring

The WSH (General Provisions) Regulations requires regular exposure monitoring in workplaces where toxic substances are used or emitted.

Workplace monitoring reveals the workers’ level of health hazard exposure and

helps assess possible health risks.

Additionally, exposure monitoring helps assess the effectiveness and adequacy of hazard control measures already in place and determines compliance with

Occupational Health Monitoring

Medical surveillance is a system of monitoring the health status of workers to determine departures from normal health and to take corrective action(s) early

The WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2011 regulates pre-employment

and periodic medical examinations for worker that are employed to any

occupation involving exposure to a prescribed list of substances.

Course Evaluation

Questions and Answer

The End

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