what makes earth unique. where is the water on our planet ?

What makes Earth unique

Where is the water on our

planet ?

Water volume, in Percent of

cubic miles total water

Oceans 317,000,000 97.2400%

Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.1400%

Ground water 2,000,000 0.6100%

Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.0090%

Inland seas 25,000 0.0080%

Soil moisture 16,000 0.0050%

Atmosphere 3,100 0.0010%

Rivers 300 0.0001%

Total water volume 326,000,000 100%

Water source

Water Storage Reservoirs

Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

Pathways and Processes

•Evaporation

•Transpiration

•Condensation

•Precipitation

•Surface Runoff

•Infiltration

Evapotranspiration

Why is the water cycle important ?

•Essential for Life

•Transportation

•Drinking Water

•Irrigation

•Industrial Processing

Surface Water

Running Water

Base Level and Graded Streams

Stream Erosion

Transport and Deposition of Sediments

Drainage Networks

Stages of Valley Development

1. Laminar Flow - particles flow in a straight-line path, parallel to the stream channel

2. Turbulent Flow - water moves in an erratic fashions characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies

Controlled by: velocity of flow and roughness of the channel bottom

Running Water(streamflow)

Running Water(streamflow)

Discharge - the amount (volume) of water passing a certain point in a given amount of time.

m3/sec, MGD, cfs, gal/min.

Gradient - the vertical drop of a stream over a fixed distance

Base Level and Graded Streams

Base level - The downward limit of stream erosion

Base Level and Graded Streams

Headwaters Mouth

Base Level and Graded Streams

Base Level and Graded Streams

Any change in base level will cause a corresponding readjustment in stream activity.

Graded Stream - a stream with the correct slope and other characteristics necessary to maintain just the velocity required to transport the material supplied to it

Stream Erosion

1. Lifting poorly consolidated particles

2. Abrasion

3. Solution - less significant

Stream Erosionby

Abrasion

Potholes

Transportation - stream transport provides a mechanism by which solid particles of various sizes are separated (SORTED).

Deposition - well-sorted material deposited by streams is called (ALLUVIUM).

Transport and Deposition of Sediments

Channel Deposits

Transport and Deposition of Sediments

Bars - temporary channel deposits of sand, gravel, and coarser components of the stream’s load.

Point Bars - bars which occur on the inside of a bend.

Stream Erosion

Transport and Deposition of Sediments

Meander – a looplike bend in the coarse of a stream

Development of Ox Bow Lakes

Ox Bow Lakes

Braided

Streams

Braided Streams

Floodplain - the part of the valley that is inundated during a flood

Floodplain

Deltas and Alluvial Fans

Alluvial Fans – develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a narrow mountainous valley.

Drainage Patterns

Drainage Patterns

Drainage Patterns

Stages of Valley Development - Youth

Stages of Valley Development - Maturity

Stages of Valley Development - Maturity

Stages of Valley Development – Old Age

Mississippi River