week 5 day 2 culture and gender issues
Post on 07-Apr-2018
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 1/57
Gender and Cultural Issues in
Psychology
Laura C. Lomeli
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 2/57
For Today:
� Culture
± Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions
±
GLOBE study ± Culture of Honor
� Gender
± Gender role attitudes
� Stereotypes
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 3/57
Culture
� What is culture?
± The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and
traditions shared by a large group of people
transmitted from one generation to the next.
� Countries differ in many ways
± These differences distinguish members of one
group or society from those of another
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 4/57
Culture
� Hofstedes Dimensions (dimensionsparadigm):
± Power Distance
± Uncertainty Avoidance
± Individualism/Collectivism
± Masculinity/Femininity
±
Long Term Orientation ± http://www.geert-
hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 5/57
Culture
� Power Distance
± The degree to which persons in a society are willing toaccept the distribution of power in an organization
� Small power distance ± More equal distribution of power
� Large power distance
± The order of power is accepted without justification
± Power and inequality are extremely fundamental facts
of any society.� All societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than
others'.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 6/57
Culture
� Uncertainty Avoidance
± Willingness to accept ambiguousness
� Some cultures are more accepting of ambiguousness
than others
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 7/57
Culture
� Individualism
± People care only for themselves
� Collectivism ± People are part of a team and worry about the
teams best interest, not the individuals best
interest
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 8/57
Culture
� Masculinity
± achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and
material success
± Endorse differences between the sexes
� Femininity
± preference for relationships, modesty, caring for
the weak, and the quality of life
± Endorse equality of the sexes
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 9/57
Culture
� Long Term Orientation
± Thrift and perseverance
� Short Term Orientation ± Respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations,
and protecting ones face
**Added later on
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 10/57
Culture
� GLOBE study
± Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Effectiveness
± Conceived by Robert J. House in 1991
± 1994-1997
� 170 voluntary collaborators collected data from 17,000
managers and 951 local organizations in 62 societiesaround the world
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 11/57
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 12/57
Culture
� GLOBE objectives:
± Are there leader behaviors, attributes, andorganizational practices that are universally accepted
and effective across cultures? ± Are there leader behaviors, attributes, and
organizational practices that are accepted andeffective in only some cultures?
± How do attributes of societal and organizationalcultures affect the kinds of leader behaviors andorganizational practices that are accepted andeffective?
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 13/57
Culture
± What is the effect of violating cultural normsrelevant to leadership and organizationalpractices?
± What is the relative standing of each of thecultures studied on each of the nine coredimensions of culture?
± Can the universal and culture-specific aspects of
leader behaviors, attributes, and organizationalpractices be explained in terms of an underlyingtheory that accounts for systematic differencesacross cultures?
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 14/57
Culture
� Expanded Hofstedes dimensions
± Power Distance
± Uncertainty Avoidance
± Collectivism
� Institutional Collectivism
� In-Group Collectivism
± Masculinity-Femininity� Assertiveness
� Gender Egalitarianism
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 15/57
Culture
± Long Term Orientation
� Future Orientation
± Human Orientation
± Performance Orientation
� These 9 dimensions served as the basis of the
GLOBE study
± 4 scales for each dimension
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 16/57
Culture
� For each of the dimensions:
± GLOBE distinguished cultural practices (as is) and
cultural values (should be)
� GLOBE also distinguished between
organizational cultures and societal cultures
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 17/57
Culture
� Cultural Diversity
± Diversity of languages, customs, and behaviors
�
Cultural Similarity ± an essential universality
� Humans hold some norms in common
± With friends:
» Make eye contact while talking» Dont divulge things said in confidence
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 18/57
Culture
� Norms
± Expected behavior
±
Describe what most others do ± Some are culture specific, others are universal
� Example:
± Personal Space
»
British versusF
rench» Cultures near the equator prefer less space and more
touching and hugging
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 19/57
Culture
� From an early age, small boys were taught to
think much of their own honor and to be
active in its defense. Honor in this society
meant a pride of manhood in masculine
courage, physical strength, and warrior virtue.
Male children were trained to defend their
honor without a moments hesitation lashingout against their challengers with savage
violence.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 20/57
Culture
� South is more violent than the North
± White males are more violent in the South than in
the North
± Media is less likely to stigmatize violence in the
defense of honor and more likely to see it as
justifiable
± The difference is concentrated among whitemales
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 21/57
Culture
� Why?
± Possible explanations:
� Poverty/Inequality
� Legacy of slavery
� Temperature
� Culture of Honor
±
Poverty, legacy of slavery, and temperature onlypartly explain this phenomenonculture of honor
may better explain it.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 22/57
Culture
� The southern culture of honor
± Violence is used to defend ones own and family
honor
� Where does this culture come from?
± Cultures of honor are common among herders
± Herders must defend their property
± South was settled by herders, whereas the North
was settled by farmers (Colonial period)
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 23/57
Culture
� Evidence of higher violence in South
± Higher argument-related violence rather thanfelony-related violence
� People are more likely to get into a bar fight� People are not more likely to rob a bank
± This is not necessarily true for Southern cities
± South has different attitudes toward violence
� More southerners buy and carry guns
� Support free access to guns
� Believe guns make the home safer
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 24/57
Culture
� Establishing ones reputation for toughness
± Even on matters that might seem small on the
surface
� Consequences of allowing oneself to be
pushed around
± Easy mark/taken advantage of
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 25/57
Culture
� Waiteveryone is so polite in the South?
± True.
± However, politeness in the South may function to
promote violence.
± Small signs of anger (not consistent with being
polite) are useful in deterring violence.
� Small signs of anger more common in North.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 26/57
Culture
� Culture of honor norms are still part of thesouthern legacy
� Examples:
± turn right around and knock some jerk to theground cause he copped a feel as you walked by
� Brad Paisley, Im still a guy
± A man has the right to kill to defend his house.
± A man who does not respond with violence will bestigmatized.
� Not much of a man.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 27/57
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 28/57
Gender
� Why gender?
± Is it a boy or a girl?
�
Gender� The characteristics people associate with male and
female
� Gender Stereotypes
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 29/57
Gender Roles
� Agentic vs. Communal
± Agentic
� Males
� Assertive, goal directed, and controlling tendency
± Communal
� Females
� Concern for the welfare of other people
� Division of these qualities traced back towomen engaging in domestic chores and menworking outside the home.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 30/57
Gender Roles
� Gender role attitudes
± Beliefs about the appropriate role activities for
men and women
� Men were hunters, women were gatherers
± Traditional versus non traditional
� Non traditional associated with high egalitarianism
± Egalitarianism
» Men and women are equal
» Men and women are not required to conform to their
traditional gender roles
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 31/57
Gender Roles
� Vary with culture
� Result of biology and culture
� http://youtu.be/PDBMHz1Dthw
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 32/57
Gender Roles
� Social Role Theory (Eagly, 1987)
± Men and women occupy different roles in society
� Men = provider
� Women = caregiver
± Men and women learn different skills and beliefsthat impact their social behavior
� Gender differences in actual behavior
± Gender role stereotypes are bound to social rolesand reflect current occupational and societaltrends
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 33/57
Gender Roles
± Gender role stereotypes are dynamic and
malleable
� Number of women entering the paid labor force has
doubled since the 1950s and is steadily increasing.� Drastic increase in the number of women pursuing
more traditionally masculine career paths.
� Result = more flexible attitudes and perceptions
pertaining to the female gender role.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 34/57
Gender Roles
� We usually assume only women are affected
by gender role attitudes
± BUT Gender role attitudes also affect men.
� Women have more flexible gender roles than
men
� http://youtu.be/CXqxP-bUC7I
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 35/57
Gender Roles
� Wilbourn and Kee (2010):
± Henry the Nurse is a Doctor Too: Implicitly ExaminingChildrens Gender Stereotypes for Male and Female
Occupational Roles.� Purpose:
± Test social role theory by examining childrens genderrole stereotypes
±
Specifically, whether childrens occupationalstereotypes were less restrictive for females whoengaged in counter-stereotypic occupations comparedto males
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 36/57
Gender Roles
� Gender stereotypes from birth
� boy or girl category (e.g., blue vs. pink)
� Increased flexibility in female gender role
compared to male gender role
± Current trends maintain gender role stereotypes
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 37/57
Gender Roles
� Study:
± Fifty-seven 3rd grade students (25 boys, 32 girls)
� (1) have a well-established knowledge base regarding
occupational stereotypes (e.g., who typically is a
doctor?)
� (2) understand that both genders can violate gender
role norms
� (3) have differential evaluations of male and femalegender role norm violations (e.g., Should a man be a
nurse?)
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 38/57
Gender Roles
± Children were presented with stereotypic and
counter-stereotypic name-occupation pairs
± Asked to create sentences using both the name
and occupation
± Response latencies were used as measures of
knowledge base access.
±
Overall memories for name-occupation pairingsand types of errors were also examined.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 39/57
Gender Roles
A B
Pairing Category Pairing Category
Henry- Auto Mechanic Mm Henry-Nurse Mf
Heather-F
irefighterF
m Heather- Telephone OperatorF
f Mark- Secretary Mf Mark- Dentist Mm
Patricia- Nurse Ff Patricia-Janitor Fm
Julie- Police Officer Fm Julie- Schoolteacher Ff
David- Truck Driver Mm David- Housekeeper Mf
William- Schoolteacher Mf William- Doctor Mm
Alison- Librarian Ff Alison- Plumber Fm
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 40/57
Gender Roles
� Results
± Equally processed information regarding womenin stereotypically female positions and in
stereotypically male positions ± More efficient at processing the counter-
stereotypic female name-masculi ne pairi ngsrelative to the counter-stereotypic male name-
femi ni ne occupation pairings ± Childrens gender role stereotypes were more
restrictive for males, than for females
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 41/57
Gender Roles
� Glass Ceiling
± a barrier of prejudice and discrimination that
excludes women from higher level leadership
positions
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 42/57
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 43/57
Gender Roles
� Not quite
± Women constitute:
� 4% of the five highest earning officers in Fortune 500
companies and 0.4% of the CEOs
� 13% of senators
� 14% of congressional representatives
� 10% of state governors
� 2% of military officers at the level of brigadier general
and rear admiral or higher
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 44/57
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 45/57
Gender Roles
� Role incongruity leads to two kinds of bias:
± Descriptive
� Female follows her gender role and will not be
perceived as having the necessary characteristics to bea leader
± Prescriptive
� Female adopts more masculine characteristics in her
leadership role, violating her gender role
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 46/57
Gender
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 47/57
Gender
� Mens images of women
± If women had no existence save in the fiction
written by men, one would imagine her a
personvery various; heroic and mean; splendidand sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the
extreme.
� Virginia Woolf, A Room o f Ones Ow n
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 48/57
Gender
� Pomeroy (1975) suggested the following
categories of women:
± Goddesses
± Whores
± Wives
± Slaves
� In the media now, women are depicted as
faithful wives and murderous seductresses.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 49/57
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 50/57
Gender
� Benevolent Sexism
± Characterize women as pure creatures who ought
to be protected, supported, and adored and
whose love is necessary to make a man complete
� Women are weak, suited for conventional gender roles
� Women should be protected and provided for by men
± Is confining, but seen as cherishing
± Greater social acceptability than hostile sexism
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 51/57
Gender
� Cross-culturally prevalent
� Benevolent sexism is positively correlated with
hostile sexism
� Women are equally or more accepting of
benevolent sexism than men, whereas they
generally reject hostile sexism
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 52/57
Stereotypes
� What are stereotypes?
± Generalizations about a groups characteristics
that do not consider any variations from one
individual to the next
� Are not prejudices, but may support prejudice
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 53/57
Stereotypes
� To stereotype is to generalize
± Examples:
� Europeans have bad teeth
� Americans are outgoing
� Women are more understanding, kind, and helpful
� All people stereotype
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 54/57
Stereotypes
� Stereotype threat
± Feeling at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic,
a negative stereotype about ones group.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 55/57
Stereotypes
� How does stereotype threat work?
± Distracting
� More effort to dismiss its allegations
± Motivational
� Worrying about mistakes
� Negative stereotypes disrupt performance,
positive stereotypes can facilitateperformance
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 56/57
Gender Roles
� Hypotheses:
± Children would take significantly longer to createsentences for the counter-stereotypic male pairings(e.g., Henry-Nurse) relative to the stereotypic malepairings (e.g., Mark-Dentist).
± Children would have significantly more sentencesomitted (i.e., child could not come up with asentence) and sentences that did not incorporate the
relevant aspects of the occupations for the malecounter-stereotypic pairs relative to male stereotypicpairings.
8/6/2019 Week 5 Day 2 Culture and Gender Issues
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/week-5-day-2-culture-and-gender-issues 57/57
Social Roles
� A whole cluster of norms describe a social role
± Examples:
� Parent
� Student� Friend
� High vs. low status roles
± Example:
� George Orwells Animal Farm
� Roles often come in pairs
top related