vegetable priority species, current practices and species management improvement in agroforestry...
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VEGETABLE PRIORITY SPECIES, CURRENT PRACTICES AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
By Gerhard Manurung, James Roshetko, Nuri Nurlaila and Novi Astutiningsih
Rank perennial and annual vegetable species on specific criteria (important characteristics and adoptions improvement)
Determine management of species (how the trees compatible with the vegetables? – shade versus open ground)
Value the products of selected the species to the household and market demand
Objectives
Methods
Field Observation in 3 villages (Parakan Muncang, Sukaluyu and Hambaro) in Nanggung Subdistrict
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool (Franzel et al, 1996)
Each FGD consists of 6-8 farmers (at least 30% women) with 2 replications in each village
Findings
There are 28 vegetable priority species (annual and perennial)
Priority vegetable species:- potential to improve farmers income (by their important characteristics),- having varieties with high price,- fulfill market and household demand, and- farmers possess basic cultivating knowledge-skills
Four of vegetable species are spices species: ginger, curcuma, galangal, and lemongrass
Parkia, gnetum, jackfruit, and jering are the tree vegetable species
Priority rank
Vegetable species
1 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), long-bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), bawang daun (Allium fistulosum L), kucai (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel )
2 Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.), jengkol (Archidendron jiringa Nielsen), caisim (Brassica rapa L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), talas (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), corn (Zea mays L.), kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), serai (Cymbopogon sp.)
3 Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), spinach (Amaranthus sp. L.), katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merrill), melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.), kunyit (Curcuma domestica Valeton), lengkuas (Languas galanga Stuntz), kacang kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), labu siam (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz), kacang tanah (Arachis hypogea (L.) Merr.), pare (Momordica charabtia L.), oyong (Luffa sp. P. Miller)
Important characteristic of veg. species
Level of genetic variability
Germplasm availability
Knowledge base
Speed of reproduction
Potential for improvement
Important Characteristic of Vegetable Species
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Level ofgenetic
variability
Germplasmavailability
Know ledgebase
Speed ofreproduction
Potential forimprovement
Important characteristics
Wei
gh
t
Bunga Mekar
Lestari
Sugih Tani
RW 02 & 06
Bakti Tani
RW 03
Potential adoptions improvement of vegetable species
Ease of establishment Short time to maturity Pest/disease/weed resistance Adaptability across region Compatibility with crops Coppicing/pruning ability Commercial potential Production of planting material Use in different niches on farm
Potential Adoptions Improvement of Vegetables Species
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Eas
e of
esta
blis
hmen
t
Sho
rt ti
me
tom
atur
ity
Pes
t/dis
ease
resi
stan
ce
Ada
ptab
ility
acro
ss r
egio
n
Com
patib
ility
with
crop
s
Cop
pici
ng/p
runi
ngab
ility
Com
mer
cial
pote
ntia
l
Pro
duct
ion
ofpl
antin
g m
ater
ial
Use
in d
iffer
ent
nich
es o
f far
m
Potential adoptions improvement
Wei
gh
t
Bunga Mekar
Lestari
Sugih Tani
RW 02 & 06
Bakti Tani
RW 03
Transplant wildlings
Retain or protect wildlings
Plant high quality seeds
Plant high quality seedlings
Farmers’ efforts on the availability of planting material
Farmer's Efforts on Availability of Planting Material
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Transplantw ildlings
Retain / protectw ildlings
Plant highquality seeds
Plant highquality
seedlings
Activities
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Bunga Mekar (13 species)
Lestari (14 species)
Bakti Tani (10 species)
RW 03 (10 species)
Sugih Tani (18 species)
RW 02 & 07 (17 species)
Main source of planting materials
Seed products (market)
Neighbors’ garden (selected)
Agriculture extension officer
Nursery practices
Owns’ garden (selected)
Main Source of Planting Materials
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Seedproducts(market)
Neighbor'sgarden
(selected)
Agriculturalextension
off icer
Nurserypractices
Ow n'sgarden
(selected)
Sources of planting material
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s Bunga Mekar (13 species)
Lestari (14 species)
Bakti Tani (10 species)
RW 03 (10 species)
Sugih Tani (18 species)
RW 02 & 07 (17 species)
Current management practices
Two types of growing system:
Two annual vegetables were planted in the same area and same time, exp: long-bean and kidney-bean.Limited accessibility and information
Four annual vegetables were planted in the same area with different planting time (seasonal – regularly following cycle), exp: long-bean – cucumber – kidney-bean – maize.Market demand and soil conservation
Pest-disease situation
Main 10 pests that attack vegetable priority species: lundi, grasshopper, red ant, black ant, catterpillar, wereng, bug flea, termites, walang sangit, and snail
To control the pest that attacks root system, farmers use pesticide called “furadan”
To control the pest that attacks shoot system, farmers use sprayed pesticide called “ripcord”
Farmers limited access on knowledge and skills for pesticide doses and time applications
Problems in Vegetable Agroforestry System (VAF)
High competition for water and nutrition between annual crops and trees decrease annual crops production
Tree canopy shading reduce light intensity for annual crops
Trees can be a host for several vegetables’ pests and diseases
Rainfall that collected by tree canopy can fall and damage annual crops
Light intensity levels under tree canopy
High light intensity level: sengon tree (Paraserienthes falcataria), petai tree (Parkia speciosa), and suren tree (Toona sureni)
Medium light intensity level: african wood tree (Maesopsis eminii), suren tree, durian tree (Durio zibethinus), jengkol tree (Pithecellobium jiringa)
Low light intensity level: duku tree (Lansium domesticum), durian tree, mangga tree (Mangifera indica), mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana), jengkol tree, bamboos, mahoni tree (Swietenia macrophylla), rambutan tree (Nephelium lappaceum), kweni tree (Mangifera odorata)
Grow and production performances of annual vegetable under tree canopy
Long-bean, kidney-bean, chinese mustard, onion-leaf, cucumber, tomato, maize, spinach, soybeans, eggplant, and kangkong have low until to very low grow and production under the 3 tree light levels
Chilli, katuk, bitter gourd, oyong, and lemongrass have medium grow and production under the 3 tree light levels
The grow and production levels of alpine galangal, kucai, ginger, and turmeric will decrease in a row with decreasing of tree light levels.
5%-20% of products were used to fulfill the subsistance need (medium to low qualities)
80%-90% of products were sold to market (good to medium qualities)
≤5% of products were used as the germplasm source (good quality)
Harvesting, selecting, washing or packing are the handling practices of products
Vegetable product and handling
Production dan marketing situations
Marketing of products are carried out in 2 ways (wholesale and retail) Retail: if the production scale is small and only
sold to market in the surrounding area (nearby shop/neighbors)
Wholesale: if the production scale is large; the sale is done either directly by the farmers (in traditional markets) or through a local collector (tengkulak)
The sale destination depends on the distance of the villages to the market
Leuwiliang, Nanggung, Jasinga, and Bogor markets are the common sale destination
The difference in sale destinations indirectly affects the price of vegetable products for every farmer group
There are three price tendencies according to the time of season (beginning, middle, and end), which are : increasing (for farmer groups in Parakan
Muncang) stable (for farmer groups in Hambaro) decreasing (for farmer groups in Sukaluyu)
Thank you
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