vassilios a. tzingouni(piraeuss , greece) · andrea n. soscolo giovanni chioni 157 . andreas...

Vassilios A. TZINGOUNIS (Piraeus, Greece)

A 28

MEDICINE IN ZANTE FROM THE 16TH TILL THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY

A r e m a r k a b l e poli t ical , social a n d in te l l ec tua l s i t ua t ion w a s b los somed in Ion ian I s l a n d s d u r i n g t h e i r pe r iod of occupa t ion by Venice a n d o t h e r ru l e r s (16th c e n t u r y till 1864 t i m e of pol i t ical un ion w i t h Greece) (1 , 2). Z a n t e one of t hese i s l ands , w a s d i s t ingu i shed in t h e p r o g r e s s of med ic ine . However , t h e r e s e a r c h of th is topic is very h a r d because t h e sources w h i c h w e r e kept in t h e b u r e a u of r e co rds of Z a n t e w e r e los t or de s t royed d u r i n g t h e c a t a s t r oph i c e a r t h q u a k e of 1953. F u r t h e r m o r e , in Greek l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e is n o t any pub l i shed d a t a deal ing w i t h t h e above subjec t (3, 4).

In 1484 Z a n t e w a s occupied by Venice Democracy . Venice kep t t he I s l and till 1797, y e a r of i t s occupa t ion by the F r e n c h Democracy . After t h a t per iod Z a n t e a n d t h e o t h e r I o n i a n I s l a n d s w e r e occupied by t h e Russ i ans , I m p e r i a l F r e n c h a n d finally by t h e Br i t i sh w h o kep t t h e i s l ands till 1864.

Over t h a t per iod 193 doc to r s p r ac t i ced m e d i c i n e in the i s land of Zan te . Most of t h e m w e r e Greeks b u t a l so t h e r e w e r e I t a l i ans , F r e n c h a n d J e w s . The vas t m a j o r i t y of t h e m w e r e g r a d u a t e s of t h e Univers i ty of Padova , I ta ly . We w e r e able t o w r i t e d o w n t h e act iv i t ies of e ight doc to r s w h o p rac t i ced med ic ine in Z a n t e d u r i n g the 16th cen tu ry (5). The m o s t f a m o u s w a s Michae l H e r m o d o r o s (1505-1577). H e w a s a b r i l l i an t s cho la r a n d h e t a u g h t bes ides m e d i c i n e t h e Greek l anguage in I t a ly . B e c a u s e of h i s good f a m e P a t r i a r c h Joassaf t h e Magnif icent (1555-1565) inv i ted H e r m o d o r o s t o p rac t ive Medic ine in Cons tan t inop le . I n t h e 17th cen tu ry , 48 d o c t o r s p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e (Table I I ) . S o m e of t h e m w e r e w r i t t e n in t h e Libro d 'Oro of t h e I s l and , a s Georgio Cagnola w h o received h is d o c t o r a t e in 1669 a t t h e Collegio Vene to (6, 7). T w o publ ished w o r k s of G. Cagnola a r e found. 1) « Vi r tu t i s et Sap ien t i ae de nobi l i t a te t r i u p h u s , o ra t io Georgii Cagnoli pa t r i t i i Cre tens i s (...) Pa tav i i (...) 1668 ». 2) « Cons tan t i a l s i m u l a c r u m (...) o ra t io Georgi i Cagnoli pa t r i t i i Cre tens i s (...) Pa tav i i 1668. » A n o t h e r d i s t ingu i shed doc to r w a s Alexander de Rubeis . In t h e Hi s to r i a gymnas i i Pa tav in i , publ i shed in Venice in 1726 i t is w r i t t e n , « Alexander de Rubeis , Zacyn th ius , nobili gene re n a t u s , Pa tav i i medic i -nae se i n s t i t u t i on ibus excolui t , con tuber ioysys Io. Cicalae, professor i i puglici . Doc tor i s l a u r c a m a s secu tu s , m e d i c i n a m fél ici ter fecit in pa t r i a , ubi decess i sse d i c i tu r a n n o 1680 » (8). I n t h e 18th c e n t u r y 81 doc to r s p r ac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e (Table I I I ) . I t is of g r e a t in t e res t t h a t s o m e famil ies gave m o r e t h a n t w o doc to r s (Ar ramio t i s , Nomicos , Tag l iape t ra ) (9). T h e m o s t f a m o u s doc to r du r ing th i s per iod w a s Anas tas io Ze Stel la . H e rece ived h i s d o c t o r a t e in Medic ine a n d phi losophy f rom t h e Collegio Vene to in J u n e 1726. B u t f rom 1721 h e h a d publ i shed h is l ec tu re « G e m i n u s u t i l i t a t i s a c p r a e s t a n t i a l c a r a c t e r Medic inae F a c u l t a t i a d s c r i p t u s . Ora t io p roso lemni s tu-d i o r u m I n s t a u r a t i o n e felicissimis. . . a b Anas tas io Ze Stel la Zacyn th io . Die 2 Novem-br i s Anno Domin i M D C C X X I . Pa tav i i , Typis S a r d i A lmae Univers . Typographi , sup .

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P e r m i s s u (10). A n o t h e r doc to r f rom the School of Padova w a s D e m e t r i u s P s i m a r i s . H e publ ished h is w o r k in 1761. « Ora t io p ro so lemni s t u d i o r u m I n s t a u r a t i o n e Gym-nas i i Pa tav i i hab i t a in Aede Ca thed ra l i die X X I V N o v e m b r i s 1761». In 1764 P s i m a r i s received h is d o c t o r a t e f rom Collegio Vene to (11). F r o m the beg inn ing of 19th c e n t u r y till 1864, t he t i m e of pol i t ical un ion w i t h Greece , 57 d o c t o r s p r a c t i c e d m e d e c i n e in Z a n t e (Table IV) . Very ac t ive w a s George The r i anos w h o se rved as pro­fessor of pa thology a t t he Medica l School of Ion ian Academy in Corfu f rom 1825 t h r o u g h 1838. H e publ ished a lot of scient if ic w o r k s (3). Ano the r d i s t i ngu i shed doc to r w a s F r a n c e s c o Carve las w h o w r o t e in 1817 a m o n o g r a p h y on r i che t s « Consi-deraz ion i sul la r a c h i t i d e m e m o r i a di F r a n c e s c o Carvela Zacint io , d o t t o r e in medi -c ina . Padova (...) MDCCXVII (12). In th is w o r k w h i c h t r a n s l a t e d in G e r m a n in 1835 Carve las pu t d o w n h is o w n exper ience s ince h e suffered f rom r i che t s .

Dionysio Rhoidi publ i shed scientif ic a n d o t h e r papers in I t a l i an l anguage (3). Mar inos S icuros s tud ied m e d i c i n e in I ta ly a n d F r a n c e . When h e r e t u r n e d in

Z a n t e h e he lped in va r ious wa ys t h e Greek revo lu t ion aga ins t t he O t o m a n E m p i r e .

Leas t bu t no t las t °e m e n t i o n D e m e t r i u s Tag l i ape t ras , pe r sona l doc to r of t h e na t iona l poet of Greece, Dionysios So lomos(12) . Tag l i ape t ra w a s b e t w e e n t h e m o s t ac t ive doc to r s w h o he lped Greece to es tab l i sh a m o d e r n h e a l t h s y s t e m af te r 1830 w h e n Greece w a s recognised as a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t e .

I n th i s w o r k w e t r i ed t o f ind ou t t he d o c t o r s w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e f rom the 16th c e n t u r y till 1864. W e w e r e ab le to w r i t e d o w n 193 doc to r s . We c a n n o t s t a t e t h a t th is n u m b e r is def ini te . A very i n t e r e s t i ng poin t is t h a t a suff icient n u m b e r of t h e m w e r e g r a d u a t e s of p res t ig ious E u r o p e a n un ivers i t i e s a n d they s t u d i e d bes ides m e d i c i n e theology a n d phi losophy. M a n y of t h e m publ i shed scien­tific a n d o t h e r pape r s in Greek , I t a l i an , F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n l anguages a n d t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t he lped Greece to es tab l i sh i ts m o d e r n social h e a l t h sys t em.

Table I

Doctors w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e d u r i n g t h e 16th cen t u ry

Antonio Anapol i tanos Georgios Gabrie lopoulos J acob D. Comou tos Michael H e r m o d o r o s L e s t a r c h o s

Chebron io Manteva P e t r o s Mar t inegos Bevi laqua Sabba ta i

Table I I

Doctors w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e d u r i n g t h e 17th c e n t u r y

Andron ico At ineo Ioann i s V a l s a m o s Giovanni V e n e t a n t o Pe t ro G. V e n e t a n t o Ioann i s (Andreas ) N . Vo l t e r r a s Ioann i s A. G a b a r a s Ioann i s Herak l io t i s Marcos A. I o a k i m Joseph K a m i t s B a r t h o l o m e o G. Cagnola Georgio B . Cagnola Theodoros Caroussos

T h e o d o r o s L. Mel iss inos Po rphyr ios Missokovi t i s Varva r igos S. Mis tor i s George Mora i t i s Nicholaos N o m i c o s Marcos S. X a n t h o p o u l o s Georgio Pa l l ada Alexander de Rubeis Michae l Th. Rousmel i s Cami l lo B. R o m a Ioann i s Ross is Nicolo S a n g u i n a t s o

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Pau l Capsas D e m e t r i o s J. Comou tos S t a m a t e l l o s D. C o m o u t o s Nicolaos Conton is J u d a Cor(r )e E p h r e m Cor( r )e A n d r e a s Cormoys M e t h e w C o s m a s D e m e t r i o s G. Cour t so las Deme t r io s K o u k a l a s George M a n t o u k a r i s A thanass ios Marave l ak i s

E m m o s C h a n t u r Alexandra S i cu ro H e c t o r A. S icuro Nuch io S. S i cu ro Angelo S u m m a c h i o Marco S u m m a c h i o El ias S u r a n o Nicholaos I. Thiopoulos J acobo Tzogia Antonio F red i an i Nicholaos F. Chionis Joseph Choul is

TABLE I I I

Doc tors w h o p r ac t i c ed med ic ine in Z a n t e d u r i n g the 18th c e n t u r y

Andreas N . Avramio t i s Antonios N. Avramio t i s Dionyssios-Ioannis A. Avramio t i s (Gian Dionisio Avramio t t i ) Nicolo At ineo Jacob Albron Ioann i s D. Anacreo t i s Anas tass ios Andr i t s i s Phi l ippos Axent is Demet r io s I. Arvan i t ak i s Cons tan t i s Arvani t i s Win te r Georgio G. Vin to t t i Va ld i s se ra A. Vol te rà Andreas A. Gai tas Theodoros P. Gai tas Marcos G. Gai tas Andreas C. Ginis S a m a r t i n Da lmedegos Antonio-Anthimo Damou l i agno D i a m a n t i s Z u p a m o s Stel io I rac l io t i s J u ü a n i Ioann i s Can toun i s Aloise A. Cao to r t e Luis-Aloise A. Cao to r t e I oann i s Ch. Capniss is Athanass ios N . C a t r a m i n o s M a r c Cohen Lauen t io G. Coccini Anas tas s ios Cotziis Anas tass ios N . Couval ias F r a n c i s c o G. Quer ino Anas tas s ios G. Couse las D i a m a n t i n o G. Civeto Angelo P. Lasa r i s

Giovani B a t i s t a de Lovier Theodoros D. Mel iss inos Ioann i s Mel iss inos Nicolo G. Merca t i Nicolo P. Merca t i Marcos A. Messa las Giovani B. Milichi Georgio Barozzi E m m a n u e l e S. Barozzi Demet r io s L. N o m i c o s E u s t a t h i o s L. N o m i c o s Paul L. Nomicos Davizes Octavio A. P a p a d a t o Sebas t iano-Leopoldo A. P a p a d a t o Franc i sco-Eleonor io A. P a p a d a t o George I. P l an i t e ros Ga i t ano de Rubeis Antonio S. Rousmel i A lexandre Rossi Nicolo Th. Ro ta Nicolaos Sace l la r ios I oann i s S igouros Cons t an t inos Sigouros-Cal lonas Angelo Tagl iap ie t ra F ranc i sco Tagl iap ie t ra Basi l io F . Terce t i N a t h a n a e l Terce t i Anas t a s io Zen Ste l la Anas tas io Gorge t to Georgio G. T r i a n o Georgio G. Trobet i Nicholaos S. F l abou r i a r i s Alexandre D. F r a n g i Pau lo G. Frec io Andrea N . Soscolo Giovanni Chioni

157

A n d r e a s Logothe t i s G e r o n i m o G. Logothe t i s Anas tas io F . Lugi

Georgios I. Chr i sop leur i s D e m e t r i o N . P s i m a r i

T A B L E IV

Doc to r s w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e f rom 1801-1864

J. Bacane l lo Anas t a s io Corne l io Vassi l ios D. Varv ian i s S. C r a s s a n N . Varvianis -Capsas Lavoa Arsenis Vegner i s Mavr i anos Dionysio B e r e t t a Angelos Mel iss inos Spyr ido F. B e r e t t a N. Michos F r a n c i s c o B e r e t t a Cons t an t inos I. B a h o m i s Anas tas s ios I. Ver ich io Deme t r io s C. B a h o m i s Ju l io G. Ver ich io Antonio B u o n o c u o r e Ioann i s Vios Georgios C. N a r a n t z i s Pau l Voutos Spyr idon C. N a r a n t z i s Luis Garel l i P a n t a s i s Dionysio C. G u r g u r a c h i D e m e t r i o s Pe lecass is Giovanni G u r g u r a c h i I o a n n i s G. Pe t a s Lab r inos Dikopoulos Cons t an t inos P lan i t e ros Mar inos Dikopouols Dionisio Roidi Cons t an t i nos Dragonas Pau l Romane l l i s P. Dragonas Georgio de Rossi , A. Joseph P. Zav lan i s H é c t o r S i cu ro Georgio T h e r i a n o M a r i n o H. S i cu ro Nicholaos G. Cal ivas D. S eli vas Agost ino Cand io to Nicholaos Spa th i s Spyr idon Carve las S ty l ianos N . Spa th i s Granc i sco Carve la Panayot i s -Mar inos S t e p h a n o u D. Capsocephalos Dionisio L. Tagl iap ie t ra A. Conomos Pe t ro -Franc i sco Gorge t to Giovanni Corco Alfio F e r r a r a A. Focas Pe t ros N. F l e m o t o m o s

REFERENCES

1. BOUBOULIDES F.K. — Zacynthinan Historiography, Hellenic Creation VIII, 233, 1951. 2. EMMANUEL E. — Pharmaceutics in Zante, Proceding of Athens Academy III, 2, 1934. 3. ZOIS L, Ch. — History of Zante, Athens 1955, p. 370.

4. PENTOGALLOS G-M. — The Medical School of Ionian Academy, Thesis, Salónica 1980.

5. RANGABE R.E. — Livre d'Or de la Noblesse Ionienne III, 70, Amenes, 1927. 6. PLUMIDIS G. — Gli Scolari « Oltramarini » a Padova, nei secoli XVI e XVI « Revue

des Etudes Sud-Est Européennes » X 268, 1972. 7. LEGRAND E. — Bibliographic Hellénique XVII s., t. I l l Paris 1910, p . 393. 8. PAPADOPULI C.N. — Historia gymnasii Patavini, Venetia 1726, t. II, p. 316. 9. MORDO LÁZARO de. — Nozioni miscellanee intorno a Coreica (...), Corfu, 1808, p. 71.

10. STERGELLIS A. — Publications of Greek studients of the University of Padova in 17th and 18th century, Athens 1970, p. 173-216.

11. BOUBOULIDES F.K. — Manuscripts of Loverdos Library, Athens 1961, p . 54.

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