university of surrey 28 march 20 12
Post on 31-Dec-2015
25 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 1
The Kalundborg Symbiosis:
What, who, when, how and why?
by
Jørgen Christensen
University of Surrey 28 March 2012
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 2
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
What?
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 3
Denmark
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 4
Denmark
Kalundborg
Copenhagen
Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 5
The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg is a resource and environmental network, consisting of more than thirty bilateral, commercial agreements between a number of industries and the municipality’s utilities company.
THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 6
IND. SYMBIOSIS, DEFINITION
What is Industrial Symbiosis?
Our definition:
Collaboration between differentindustries for mutual economic and environmental benefit
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 7
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
The Industrial Symbiosis evolvedthrough more than 35 years
• not according to a joint plan
• spontaneously, and initially as quite independent projects
• a ”non-project” made by a ”non-organisation”
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 8
PRINCIPLES
Principles for a Symbiosis project:
•”Someone’s waste is another one’s raw material”
• Economic and environmental profitability
• Agreements between independent partmers (”across the fence”)
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 9
Three types of synergies (“projects”):
Recycling of water: 14 projectsExchange of energy: 7 projectsRecycling of waste products: 12 projects
Total (as per 2010): 30 projects
TYPES OF PROJECTS
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 10
THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
What has been achieved?
• Environmental results
• Economic results
• Social aspects
Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 11
ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS
Resource savings. Examples:
• Ground water …………….... 1,9 mill. m3/year• Surface water ……………… 1,0 mill. m3/year• Natural gypsum ……………. 200,000 tonnes/year• Oil ………………………………20,000 tonnes/year• CO2 …………………………. 275,000 tonnes/year
Reduction of emissions to water and air.
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 12
ECONOMIC RESULTS
Economic results:(Evaluated in 1998)
Total investments in 18 projects: ~ 75 mio. US$ Annual savings: > 15 mio. US$ Total savings until 1998: ~ 160 mio. US$
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 13
SOCIAL ASPECTS
Examples of spin-off effects:
• Establishing of the Industrial Development Board of the Kalundborg Region
• Increased collaboration between neighbour municipalities in the region
• Collaboration in other issues, (safety, training, human resources)
• The principle has inspired to projects elsewherein the world
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 14
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
Who?
Jørgen Christensen, August 2011 15
A number of industries in and around Kalundborg work together in more than30 different projects.
9 of these partners (incl. the municipality) are also partners in the Kalundborg Symbiosis.
THE SYMBIOSIS PARTNERS
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 17
Gyproc A/S
Production ofplaster boards.
165 employees
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 18
The Asnæs Power Station
Production ofelectricity andheat
120 employees
Denmark’slargestpower station
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 19
The Statoil Refinery
Production ofpetrol and otheroil-basedproducts
350 employees
Denmark’slargest oilrefinery.
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 20
Kalundborg Municipality
50,000 inhabitants.ThroughKalundborg Utilities:Supply of waterand heat, treatmentof waste water
The Church of Our Lady
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 21
Kalundborg Waste Water Treatment Plant
Kalundborg Utilities
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 22
NOVO NORDISK A/SProduction of insulin a. o. pharmaceutical products
NOVOZYMES A/SProduction of industrial enzymes
Altogether 3,300
employees
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 23
RGS 90
Cleaning of oil polluted soil
65 employees
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 24
KARA/NOVEREN
Waste handling company, owned
by 9 municipalities.
Kara/Noveren handles
350.000 tonnesof waste per year,
recycling 82%
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 25
Kalundborg Symbiosis
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 26
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
When?
Jørgen Christensen, December 2010 27
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | | |
´1970 1980 1990 20001960
Tissø
water
Gas
The Symbiosís Institute is establishedThe name ”Industrial Symbiosis” is introduced
2010
28
TOTAL SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM 2010
The Symbiosis Institute1996
RGS 90 A/S
LakeTissø
Novozymes Novo Nordisk
Farms
Fish farm
AsnæsPower Station
(DONG Energy)
The Municipalityof Kalundborg
Gyproc
Fertilizer industry
Re-usebasin
Cementindustry
StatoilRefinery
10 Surface water 1987
12Yeastslurry
1989
4Biomass/NovoGro1976
13 Sulphur 1990 Fertilizer 2001
5 Fly ash1979
16 Gypsum 1993
9 Steam 1982
15 Gas 1992
11 Coolingwater 1987
7Heat1981
6 Heat1980/89
8 Steam 1982
2Gas
1972
19 Sludge
17 Waste water 1995
1 Surface water 1961
3 Surface
water1973
14 Tech.water 1991
18 Drain water 1995
1998Waste water
treatment
20Fly
Ash1999
Kara/Noveren
21 Deionized water 2002
Purifica-tion
of water22Water200425 Sea water 2007
Recovery of nickeland vanadium
Pig farms
24Alko-holicResidue2006
26
NordiskAluminate
AluScan
Al- w/w2008
27 Steam 2009
28 Bioethanol
Inbicon
Farms
29Straw
23 Waste gypsum
30 Condensate 2009
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 29
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
How?
Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 30
• Spontaneously• A “non-project” made by a “non-organization”• Not invented, but evolved through 3 decades• Not by one person, but by many• Projects were initiated independently• The name “Industrial Symbiosis” was not introduced until 1989• After that, the “symbiotic consciousness” spread
How did the symbiosis develop?
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 31
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
Why?
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 32
Why did it evolve at Kalundborg?
WHY KALUNDBORG?
• The industrial potential existed:Several large industries (diversity)Limited physical distances”A good fit”
• The economic incentive existed• There were no legal barriers• The communication was good
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 33
• The size of the community• Managers already acquainted - many in the same Rotary club • No competitors involved• Open management style (not secretive)• One project (steam) involved 4 partners
WHY GOOD COMMUNICATION?
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 34
IMPORTANT FACTORS
• Participants must fit, but be different.• Projects voluntary plus environmentally and commercially attractive• Short physical distance between the participants• Short mental distance between the participants• Communication is more important than technology.
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 35
KALUNDBORG AS A MODEL
Kalundborg has been used as a model forother IS projects
• You may consider two different situations:
•An existing industrial area• A new area (“Eco-industrial park”)
Different approaches are needed in thesetwo situations.
Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 36
SYMBIOSES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
After a very slow start with many failuresIndustrial symbiosis now develops in manycountries. Here are some examples:
• Europoort in Rotterdam, initiated 1994 • Puerto Rico, ~2002 • China, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”, 2001 onw.• Korea, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”• Devens, Massachusetts, USA• NISP, United Kingdom, 2005 onw.
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 37
THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
What is needed to implement, successfully,symbiosis among private industries?
• Awareness
• Willingness
• Feasibility
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 38
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Industrial Symbiosis may be used as
a tool in regional development
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 39
The Kalundborg Symbiosis
… and then?
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 40
The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg
Society (municipality and region) now shows increasing interest:
• Cluster Biofuels Denmark• Kalundborg Symbiosis (secretariat)• Regional Symbiosis Center
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 41
THE FUTURE
A number of synergy projects are presently underway in the Kalundborg and the Regional Symbiosis: • 2 projects re.biogas• 3 ” re. bio-oil• 4 ” waste water• 1 project re. food production
Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 42
THE BARRIERS
A number of potential barriers to IS: • Technological• Legal• Lack of communication• Mental distance• Secrecy• Interdependance• Generation change
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 43
Lessons to be learned from Kalundborg
• A spontaneously developed network
• A bottom-up, not a top-down phenomenon
• Economy was the initial incentive, - environmental idealism came later
• Communication is more important than technology.
Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 44
THE MAIN MESSAGE:
Communication is more important than technology!
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 45
REMEMBER:
Systems make it possible,- but people make it happen!
Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 46
THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
THE END
- not of the Industrial Symbiosis,but of this presentation!
top related