types of waste and magnitude of waste generation

Types of Waste and magnitude of waste

generation in different food industries

Presented by: Pritika Msc food sci. & tech

Food waste

• food waste is a food that is thrown away when it could have been sold or eaten.

• It is also a waste of all the resources used to grow, manufacture, transport & sell the food.

Avoidable & Unavoidable food

waste

Avoidable food waste:• Include damaged stock & produce that hasn’t

been used before the ‘sell by’ , ‘use by’ or ‘best before date’.

• Avoidable food waste also occurs as a result of over-purchasing, poor preparation, or incorrect serving sizes.

• This type of waste could have been prevented.

Unavoidable food waste:

•Waste arising from food or drink preparation that is not and has not been edible under normal circumstances.

•E.g. Peels, bones, shells & coffee grounds

Pre-consumer & post-

consumer food waste

Pre-consumer food waste:• Waste generated during the processing,

manufacturing & production of food prior to the item being sold in shops, or served in restaurants or cafes.

• Pre-consumer food waste may result from:

1. Overproduction

2. Spoilage, contamination & exceeding expiry dates etc.

Post-consumer food waste:

•Post consumer food waste is the food that is thrown away after it has been purchased by the customer.

•Accounts for about 26% of the food waste.

•It is the waste generated by consumers.

Food industries generates large amounts of wastes by-product that contain highly variable or valuable biologically active compounds.

Wastes of food industries are classified according to the raw material which is used:

1. Meat industry

2. Milk industry

3. Fruits & vegetable industry

4. Oil industry

5. Tea industry

Meat industry

Meat industry:

• The waste, is produced during slaughtering.

• Slaughter house waste consists of the portion of a slaughtered animal that cannot be sold as meat or used in meat-products.

• In this type of industry following are the waste: Blood Hair Skin Bones

• Has the potential for generating large quantities of solid wastes and waste-water with a BOD of 600 milligrams per litre (mg/l). 

• offensive odours may occur. • The wastewater from a slaughterhouse can contain blood,

manure, hair, fat, feathers, and bones.

• The wastewater may be at a high temperature and may contain organic material and nitrogen, as well as such pathogens as salmonella and shigella bacteria, parasite eggs, and amoebic cysts.

• Smoking operations can release toxic organics into air. Rendering is an evaporative process that produces a condensate stream with a foul odour. 

By-products from meat industry & their utilization

• Body fat : are used as edible fat.

• Intestine: used in sausages, salami production as natural cover.

• Blood flour is produced from blood, bone flour is produced from bones.

• In medicine; anticoagulant heparin from lungs, spleen extract used in the treatment of malaria, typhoid etc.

• Strings used in violins & other stringed instruments from the intestine, various garments, tools, fur from the skin.

• Button, knife handle from bones. brush. floor covering, sweaters, head ware from hair etc.

Milk industry

Milk industry• Hardly any solid waste is produced by the dairy

industry.

• The main solid waste produced by the dairy industry is the sludge resulting from wastewater purification.

• There are figures available about the amount of sludge production: in aerobic systems the sludge production is about 0.5 kg per kg of removed COD and in anaerobic systems about 0.1 kg per kg of removed COD.

• Wastewater from dairy industry may originate from the following sources:

Milk receiving Wastewater results from tank, truck and storage tank

washing, pipe line washing and sanitizing. It contains milk solids, detergents, sanitizers and milk wastes.

Whole milk products Wastewater is mainly produced during cleaning

operations.

Cheese/Whey/Curd Waste results mainly from the production of whey,

wash water, curd particles etc.

Butter/Ghee• Butter washing steps produce wash

water containing buttermilk.

Air pollution in dairy industry•In dairy plants air pollution is mainly

caused because of the need for energy. In the process gasses may be discharged such as CO2, CO, NO and SO2.

Fruits & Vegetable industry

Fruits & vegetable industry

• Produces Two types of waste:1. Solid waste includes peel, skin, seeds, stones

etc.2. Liquid waste includes juice & wastewater.

• Significant amounts of tomato waste are produced at the growing & early processing stages of the tomatoes grown by local growers.

• Covers of the fruits are not eaten, so waste quantity is high.

Utilization• Cover waste with fibre & residue is evaluated

on animal feed, cover oil production, pectin cover, brandy & wine production.

• Waste of sugar factory is used generally as animal feed.

• Sugar beet residue is used as raw material for ethyl alcohol production as energy source.

• Grape pomace & other solid winery waste has been used for the recovery of food ingredients, nutraceutical & functional foods

Oil industry

Oil industry •Waste include: oil cakes Solventlecithin which is waste from degumming

processSoap which is waste from neutralization

Utilization• Soaps are used in the detergents industry

& some of soaps are reacidified to obtain fatty acid.

• Vegetable oil contain 300-200ppm tocopherol, and are used as an antioxidant also used in cosmetic & drug industry.

• Acidified soap & steam refining distillate are used in animal feed production.

• Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel that is produced by trans esterifying triglycerides.

Environment protection act 1986

Environment protection act

•An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment.

•The Environment (Protection) Act is passed in march

1986 & was introduced after the Bhopal gas tragedy during Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister

of our country.

Objectives •Providing for the protection and

improvement of the environment

•Preventing environmental pollution in all its forms

•To tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country.

•To co-ordinate the activities of the various regulatory agencies already in existence.

• To appoint environment officers to check environmental pollution.

• To improve the quality of life by protection of environment.

• To protect the forests and wildlife in the country

Lets make our world a better place