trp module ip fundamentals · 2019-11-26 · ip fundamentals session 1 october 27, 2016 gabriella...
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©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TRPModuleIPFundamentals
Session1October27,2016
GabriellaChan,PhD,JD
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Introductions• GabriellaChan
– PhDinmoleculardiagnosticsforID(IMS)– JDOsgoode HallLawSchool
• focusonIPandbusinesslaw– PartofstartupatendofPhD– PartofwinningCanadianteamofBiotechYES
• IntensivetraininginOxford,UKonstartingcompanies– FormerVPLegalAffairs– FounderYoctoLaw– Formerlead,StartupToronto– E-mail:gchan@yoctolaw.com
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Commercialproduct
Idea
ValleyofDeath
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
“Ideasareeasy.Implementationishard.”
GuyKawasaki
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Nineoutoftenbusinessesfail
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Translation- Commercialization
Marketresearch
ValleyofDeathNearDeathExperiences
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Step1:Translation
Marketresearch
HaveinventiondevelopedatUofT /Hospitals
Sellaproductbasedonthatinvention
TOOLS
ProjectDesign
Validation
GenerateIP
Regulatoryaffairs
Prototypedevelopment
Marketanalysis
User
Product
R&D
Valueproposition
PayerFinancing
ProtectIP
Iteration
Freedomtooperate
Identifyaneed
Customer
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Step2:Commercialization
Marketresearch
HaveinventiondevelopedatUofT /Hospitals
Sellaproductbasedonthatinvention
TOOLS
IncorporateacompanyGenerateIP
Freedomtooperate
Regulatoryaffairs
IPportfolio
Patentstrategy
Branding
Businessmodel
Companyname
Productname
Trademarks
Valueproposition
Domainnames FinancingMarketing
Validation
InstitutionalIPPolicies
Selecting co-founders
Keylegalagreements
Licensing
ProtectIP
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Logistics…• Casestudy
• Randomlyassignedtooneof3groups
• Eachgroupiscomposedof2collaboratinglabs– OneisatUofT,theotheratUHN,PMH,orSt.Mike’s
• YouareamixofUofTgraduatestudents,technicians,postdoctoralfellows,andPIs
• Developedaninventionrelatedto:• Nanomedicine:Nanomaterialsystemsfortumor-targeteddrugdelivery• Genomeediting:CRISPRCas• OrganonChip:Tissueengineering
• Goal:commercializetheinvention
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Logistics…• Pre-determinedinventionforeachgroupfromrecentacademic
publicationsbyleadersintheselectedfields– Servesasbasisforyourpatent/product/company
• Setupacompany– Determineyourvalueproposition– Developabrand(company&productnames)
• DevelopanIPandcommercializationstrategy– PanelofrepsfromthetechtransferofficeatUofTandhospitals
• PresentapitchforfundingtoVCpanel
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Logistics...
• Receiveaportionofthecasestudyrelevanttothetopicscoveredinthatday’slecture
• 5minutesforeachgrouptoidentifythekeyissuesinthescenariopriortolecture
• Thelecturewilladdressthetopicsatissue
• Grouptimeatendofclasstoapplythematerialcoveredtoyourcasestudy
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Marking• Pass/fail–
• Attendance30pts (5pts/session)
• 4shortgroupassignments– creditforcompletion,tokeepyouontrackforfinalpresentation
– Applytopicofprevioussessiontocasescenario20pts (5pts/assignment)
• 1grouppresentation50pts (50%ofyourscore)– Overallgroupperformance25pts– Individualperformance25 pts– Mustcompleteittoreceivecredit
Need60pointstopass.
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Bynextclass:• Readyourassignedpapers
• Attributecontributionsofeachgroupmembertothepaper– Assumeallgroupmemberswillbeauthorsonthepaperandthereare2co-
PIs
• Determinewhetheryouwishtoincorporateaprovincialorfederalcompany– Provideestimateofincorporationcosts– Whatisaminutebook?
• Selectacompanyandproductname– ConductaUSPTOandCIPOTMdatabasesearch
• Identifythe3marksmostcloselyrelatedtoyourselectednames
• SelectadomainnameandTwitterhandle
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
INTRODUCTIONTOINTELLECTUALPROPERTY
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
IntellectualProperty
• Intellectual– Intangibleproductofone’sbrain
• Property– Nota“thing”– abundleofpermanentortemporary rightsoverthings(tangibleandintangible) thatcanbebought,sold,licensed/leased,transferred,andenforcedoverothers
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TypesofProperty
PublicpropertyAboriginalinterests
Land
RealProperty
PersonalProperty Other
Otherthanland
Choseinaction
(Intangible)
Choseinpossession(Tangible)
StocksharesDebtinstrumentsIntellectualProperty
Chattlesreal
Chattlespersonal
Leases
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TypesofIntellectualProperty
• Patents• Industrialdesign• Trademarks• Copyright• Plantbreeders’rights• Integratedcircuittopography
• TradeSecrets/CI
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
IPPolicyRationale• Pro
– Fuelprogress• withoutprotection,peoplewouldnotletthepublichavethebenefitofthe
goodideastheyhadthoughfearofcompetitionfromimitators– IncentiveforR&D
• withoutIPrights,researchandcreativitywouldnotbecarriedonandwouldnotbefinancedbycapitalists
– Rewardforintellectualeffort• apersonshouldhaveanaturalrighttotheproductofhis/herbrain• shouldrewardpersonswhohaveproducedsomethingusefulforsociety
– Promotessharingofknowledge(vs Tradesecret)
• Con– Stiflescompetition– Promotesexploitationofsmallcompaniesbylargecorporations(with
deepcoffers)andpatenttrolls
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
IPRights(IPR)• Asetoflegalinstruments
• IP=contractbetweenthecreatorandthestate(representsthepublic)– Themonopolygrantedforaninventionisofferedinconsiderationofpublicdisclosureofaaninvention(asopposedtokeepingitasatradesecret)
• IPR/IPlaw=devicetobalanceowneranduserinterests– Don’twantIPRtobecomeinstrumentsofoppressionandextortion
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
WhyshouldyoucareaboutIP?• Intangibleassets=80%+ofacompany’svalue• Inglobaleconomy,knowledge/intangibleassetsà vitalsourceofcompetitiveadvantage
• inventionsà patents• brandnamesà TM• knowhowà tradesecret/confidentialinformation• customerrelationships/listsà confidentialinformation• creativeworks,websitecontentà Copyright
• Leverageitwellà strategicmanagementofassetsà wealth
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
IPTerritoriality
• CanyoupracticeaninventioninCanadathatispatentedintheUSwithoutpenalty?
– Maybe• TheremustnotbeanequivalentpatentinCanada• Ifthereisnot(anditoftenhappens),youmaybeabletopracticeit,assumingitdoesn’treadonanotherCanadianpatent
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
IPTerritoriality
• IPthatrequireregistration(i.e.Patents,Trade-marks,copyright)isonlyvalidinthejurisdiction/countrywhereitwasregisteredorissued.
• Ifwantbroadcoverageinmultiplecountriesàmustregister(thetrade-mark)orbeissuedapatentineachjurisdiction
• PCT- patents• MadridProtocol– trademarks
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TRADEMARKSWhatistheessenceofa
TradeMark?
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Goodwill
• The“property”behindtrademarks
• Keycomponentofthevalueofacompany
• Packagedinto“thebrand”
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Whatisabrand?
• Apromise/relationshipbetweenmarketerandconsumer
• Indicatorofquality
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Forbes2016:TheWorld’sMostValuableBrands
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
BrandValue
Forbes2016:TheWorld’sMostValuableBrands
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
BrandValue
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Naomi Klein: No Logo“No Choice, No jobs, Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies,” © 2000, Random House
• Brandtranscendence
– Nolongeraboutproducingaproductà intotheculture/idea ofthebrandàmustbefedtosustainit
• Nike:runningshoesà sportsà buyingentiresportingevents
– Logo=mainattraction• “themetaphoricalalligator…hasrisenupandswallowedtheliteralshirt”
– “Fullfrontalbranding”ofcityscapes,music,art,films,communityevents,magazines,sportingevents,andschoolsà “everythingisatableauxforthebrand”
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TradeMarks
• Rootedincommerce– profitmakingcharacter
• Intendedtodenotethesource,origin,andqualityofgoodsandservices
– Nowlogos/marks=productsintheirownright,indicatorsofstatus,preferences,andaspirationsofthewearer
• Changinglandscapeà law/policymustkeeppace
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TradeMarks• Trademarksandtradenamesprotected
– AtCL(™)• Regionalprotection• DefendedthroughlawofPassing-off
– RegisteredundertheTradeMarksAct(®)• Nationwideprotectionunderthestatute
• Currently15yearterm(soon10yearterm,BillC-31)renewableindefinitely
• Norightsflowdirectlyfromthecreationofamark– Onlyuse ofthemarkcreatesrights
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TradeMarks• Rightsmaybelostif:
• Marknotusedfor3years• Islicensedwithoutdirectcontrolbyowner• Changesitscharacter(i.e.whatitrepresents)• Becomesgeneric(e.g.Thermos,Escalator)
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TMCategories• Ordinary/Classicmarks
– Words/symbolsthatdistinguishwares/servicesofaspecificfirm/individual• Descriptiveà onlyifsecondarymeaning• Suggestiveà yes• Arbitrary/fancifulà inventedsolelyforuseasmark
• Servicemarks– AnyactivitybenefittingotherinCanadapotentiallyqualifiesasaservice
• Certificationmarks– Don’t’distinguishproductsfromoneanother– Distinguishesproducts/servicesbasedondefinedstandards
• CSAapproval– CanadianStandardsAssociation• EnergyStar
• Officialmarks– Crests,emblems,logos
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
WhatcanTMsprotect?• Words,phrases,logos,symbols
• Distinguishingguise/tradedressà thelookofaproduct
• Colors – forsurfaceofconsumerproductandperseafterC-31– PurpleàCadburychocolatepackaging
• NotallowedinUK– Orangeà ImperialTobaccoProducts– Yellow,brownàM&M’s– Red(US)à redsolesof(non-red)ChristianLouboutin shoes
• Sound– HarleyVroom– MGMRoaringLion(took20yearstogetit!)– Trazan screamà forslotmachinesandtoyactionfigures– inapplicationstage– Fightbell(boxing)
• Smell (new)- mustbeabletoberepresentedgraphically,bywayofaconcise,writtendescriptionofthescentandhowitwillbeapplied
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
WhatisNOTregistrable
• Amarkthatisconfusingwitharegisteredtrademark
– PinkPantherforbeautyproducts(SCC,1998)• SuedbyUnitedArtistsà lost
– Clicquot forwomen’sclothing(SCC,2006)• SuedbyVeuve Clicquotà lost
– Barbie’s Restaurant(SCC,2006)• SuedbyMATTELà lost
– ScreamingEagleforclothing(FC,2014)• SuedbyHarleyDavidson’sScreamin’Eagleà won
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
InfringementSelectedgrounds:
– S.12• Name/surname- 12(1)(a)• Descriptive/misdescriptive - 12(1)(b)• Confusionw/registeredmark-12.(1)(d)+s.6(5)• Obscureorimmoral– 12(1)(e)• Acquiredsecondarymeaning– 12(2)
– S.16– notentitledtoregister• Confusionw/existingmark- 16(1)(a)• Prioruse– subjecttolimitationsof-17(1)and(2)• Madeknown- subjecttolimitationsof- 17(1)and(2)
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Confusion=essenceofinfringement• theinherentdistinctiveness ofthetrade-marksortrade-namesandtheextenttowhichtheyhave
becomeknown;à strengthofthemark• Inherentdistinctiveness– referstheconsumertoasinglesourceà strongerprotection• Acquireddistinctiveness– maybecomeastrongmark(e.g.Coca-Cola)
• thelengthoftime thetrade-marksortrade-nameshavebeeninuse;
• thenatureofthewares,servicesorbusiness;• Relevantfactorsinclude: generalclassofgoods,qualityandpriceofthegoods(spendmoretimeon$$$goods/services)
• thenatureofthetrade;• Riskofconfusiongreaterwheredissimilarwares/servicesaredistributedinthesamechannels• Wares/servicesareofthesamegeneralcategory• natureandkindofcustomers
• thedegreeofresemblance betweenthetrade-marksortrade-namesinappearanceorsoundorintheideassuggestedbythem
• Ifmarksaresimilarà assessimpressionmadeonthepublic• Mustassessintheirentirety,butcanfocusonparticularfeaturesofdeterminativeinfluenceonpublic’sperceptionof
mark
• allthesurroundingcircumstances• Allowsflexibility/discretionforthejudgetoaccountfor“anyfactpeculiartothesituationathand”
– historyofcompetitionbetweenthemarkwithoutresultinginconfusion– fameofthemark
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Pharmaceuticals• Selectionofbrandnameforadrug:Catch22
– Trademarkregistration– HealthCanadanameapproval
• Approvalofnamebyonedoesnotfollowthatitisregistrable/acceptedbytheother– Sanofi-Aventisv.GSKBiologicals (2010)
• PACIRIXandPLAVIXà TMOBfoundconfusiondespitedifferentpreparationsanduses
• HealthCanada’sconsiderations:– Drugnameconfusionà safetyissueremedicationerrors– Look-alike/Sound-alike(LA/SA)HealthProductName revised
guidelines(Feb.2013)forproposednames• Searchengine
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
TradeMarkSearches
• TMdatabases:
– CanadianIntellectualPropertyOffice(CIPO)– UnitedStatesPatentandTrademarksOffice(USPTO)
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
COPYRIGHTWhatcomestomind?
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Copyright
• Businesscontext:– Bookindustryà digitizationproject– Music/movieindustryà filesharing– TheArts– Gamingindustry– Apps– Websitecontent
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Copyright• EmergedoutoftheprotectionistbendofLondon’sbooktrade– early1700’s– ClassifiedasabasichumanrightafterFrenchRevolutionof1789
• GovernedbytheCopyrightAct
• Protectsoriginalworksexpressedinreproducibleform– Automaticallysubsistsinawork,butcanberegistered(createsapresumptionofvalidityinlitigation)
– Notideas,schemes,systems,artisticstyle– Term=lifeofauthor+50years
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Whatdoescopyrightprotect?• Original expression inworks
– Originality – Keyrequirement• minimaldegreeofskillandjudgmentà intellectualeffort• Notnecessarilynew,butworkoriginatesfromtheauthor
– Expression/Fixation• intangible/non-evanescentformà adlibperformances/liveevents/
unstructuredremarksnotprotectedunless….?
– Works– subjectmatter• Literary,dramatic,musical,artistic• Graphic,photographic,choreographic,cinematographic• Computerprograms• Collectivework(writtenbydifferentauthors)• Compilation(resultofarrangementofselectionsofworks)
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Rightsin/useofwork• Firstpublicdistribution/righttodistribute
– authorhastherighttodistributeanunpublishedcopyofaworktothepublic,butnocontroloverdistributionofsubsequentcopiesofthework
• Reproduction– Aslongasthereproductionoftheworklookslikeitssource,inwhateveralternatemedium,itisstillacopy
– OKiftheauthorreproduces,infringementifothersdoso
– Significantchallengeswithreproductionsofdigitalworks• Reproductionmybevisuallydifferentbuttheunderlyingcodeisthesame
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Rightsin/useofwork
• Publicperformance– mustberecorded
• Broadcasting orcommunication tothepublic
• Translation
• Adaptation– booktoscreenplayormovie
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved. Snowv.EatonCentre,1982
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Moralrights• Authorofaworkretainstherighttoobjectiftheintegrityoftheworkis
compromised
• Rights:
– Attribution – entitlementtoremainanonymous,beID’d bynameorbyapseudonym
– Integrity – preventsdistortion,mutilation,ormodificationofaworkIFitprejudicestheauthor’shonororreputation
– Association – controloverassociationofworkwithproducts,services,cause,orinstitutions
• Maynotbeassigned(stayswiththeauthor)butcanbewaivedinalicense
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Essenceofinfringement• Copyingasubstantialpart
– Significanceofwhatwascopied– Qualityoverquantity
• Hawkes&Sonv.ParamountFilmService(1934)
• Filmswasshotasa“news”ofPrinceofWhalesvisittonavalschool
• LatershowninatheatrewheretheColonelBogeymarchwasoverlaidwiththestudentmarchbeforethePrince
• used20sclipoftune• Isitasubstantialpart?
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Defence toinfringement• Fairdealing
– Useworkforpurposeof• Privatestudy• Research• Criticism– mustreferenceauthor’snametoqualify• Review- ibid• News– ibid• Politicalads
• InUS– fairuse– Forpurposeof“criticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching,scholarship,orresearch”
– Noattributionrequirements
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
INTERNETCONTENTCONVERGENCEOFTRADEMARKSANDCOPYRIGHT
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Internet• Domainnames(DN)andTMs
– DNregisteredonfirstcomefirstservedbasis– Clearlydescriptive,genericwordsareregistrable– Notnecessarilylinkedtoanyspecificwaresorservices
• Use– Displayoftrademarkonwebpagecanconstituteuse– Useoftrademarkasemailaddressmaynotconstituteuse
• Regulatorybodies– USRP/CDRP
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Misappropriationofwebsitecontent
• Scraping– Systematiccopyingofcontent(text,images)
• Framing– Displayingcontentofawebsiteintheframeofanothersite
• Misleading
• Metatags– Wordidentifiersforwebcontent– Unauthorizeduseoftrademarksastags
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Misappropriationofwebsitecontent
• Cybersquatting– Registeringadomainnamecontainingatrademarktowhichtheregistrantdoesnothaverights
• www.victoriassecret.ca– Badfaith
• Parking– Simple/Monetized(pay-per-click)
• Drivestraffictopayingwebsite/competitor– Typovariants – commoninversions/misspellingofactualDN
©GabriellaChan,2016.Allrightsreserved.
Bynextclass:• Readyourassignedpapers
• Attributecontributionsofeachgroupmembertothepaper– Assumeallgroupmemberswillbeauthorsonthepaperandthereare2co-
PIs
• Determinewhetheryouwishtoincorporateaprovincialorfederalcompany– Provideestimateofincorporationcosts– Whatisaminutebook?
• Selectacompanyandproductname– ConductaUSPTOandCIPOTMdatabasesearch
• Identifythe3marksmostcloselyrelatedtoyourselectednames
• SelectadomainnameandTwitterhandle
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