th_tong hop commnad lineh

Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 1

BI TP THC HNH 1

1. Ci t h iu hnh Linux (s dng Fedora Core) theo mt s yu cu sau:

Ci t Linux trc tip t CDROM.

Chn Installation Type dng Custom.

Tng dung lng a cn thit ci t khong 7GB.

S dng c ch t ng chia partition hoc c ch t hoch nh partition.

(lu : nn backup d liu trc khi thc hin thao tc ci t)

Cu hnh mng :

o Hostname : ServerXX

o IP address: 10.10.10.X/24

Cc phn mm cn thit c la chn mc nh trong qu trnh ci t.

Cc bc cn li c la chn mc nh.

Mc tiu

Gip sinh vin tng bc lm quen vi cc thao tc ci t h iu hnh Linux dng phin bn

Fedora Core.

Cc phn mm cn thit

B source cd/dvd Fedora Core 6,7,8,9, phn mm gi lp my o VMWare hoc VirtualPC (xem

file hng dn s dng VMWare)

2. Tm hiu giao din ha:

ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr (root) ch X mode v thc hin mt s

thao tc sau:

S dng cc chc nng trn Desktop ca GNOME.

S dng cc cng c Internet.

S dng cc cng c t cu hnh h thng.

S dng Terminal trn giao din ha.

Open biu tng Computer trn desktop, sau s dng a mm, cdrom, mng,

a h thng (Filesytem).

Dng phm CTRL+ALT+F1 chuyn sang mode command ca giao din ha

v login vo bng user root.

Dng phm CTRL+ALT+F7 chuyn li mode ha.

Mc tiu

Gip sinh vin tng bc lm quen v s dng h iu hnh Linux giao din ha v giao

din lnh, cch chuyn i gia giao din.

3.Ch dng lnh:

ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr (root) text mode v thc hin mt s thao tc

sau:

Thay i mt khu ca ngi dng qun tr root.

Xc nh th mc home ca root.

Xem/t hostname cho my.

Xem a ch ip ca h thng ni b.

Kim tra TCP/IP.

Xem v t ngy gi cho h thng.

Xem nhng ngi dng no ang login vo trong h thng.

Khi ng li v tt li h thng.

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 2

T Text chuyn sang ch ha.

Mc tiu

Gip sinh vin lm quen vi mi trng dng lnh (CLI), thc hin mt s lnh c bn nh

ifconfig, hostname, pwd, passwd, ping, date, who.

4. Ci t mt s thit b:

Hy cu hnh mt s thit b nh MODEM, Printer, NIC, hiu chnh Boot Loader:

Ci t my in cc b cho h thng (chn my in default) s dng lnh v s

dng giao din ha.

Ci t v s dng modem (chn modem mu nu khng c modem tht) s

dng giao din ha.

Ci t card mng v cu hnh a ch cho my cc b vi yu cu sau: (s dng

c hai giao din ha v giao din lnh)

o IP: 10.10.10.10/24

o GW: 10.10.10.1

o DNS: 10.1.1.1

Recovery mt khu cho ngi dng root.

Hiu ch cc thng s lin quan n grub loader nh cho php chn mc nh khi

ng h iu hnh trong 30s, t mt khu cho boot loader, thay i la chn h u hnh

mc nh khi ng

Mc tiu

Gip sinh vin ci t my in cc b, ci t v s dng modem, cu hnh a ch mng, phc hi

mt khu cho root, tm hiu boot loader GRUB/LILO.

5. Ci t Font, b g ting Vit:

ng nhp vo h thng di ch Xwindow v thc cc yu cu sau:

Ci t FONT UNICODE v VNI cho h thng.

Ci t b g xvnkb v s dng.

S dng cc phn mm vn phng (OpenOffice.org Writer, Draw).

Mc tiu

Gip cho sinh vin ci t font ch VNI v Unicode, ci t b g Vit Key cho Linux, s dng ng

dng vn phng OpenOffice.

Hng dn

thc hnh c bi tp ny sinh vin cn chun b b ngun font, xvnkb. Tt c cc b ngun

ny c ly t Internet hoc trn ftp ca trng (ftp://ftp.cntp.edu.vn).

Ci t Font cho h thng:

Gi s ta c hai file Unicode.zip, vni.zip, ta dng lnh unzip unicode.zip v lnh

unzip vni.zip gii nn hai file trn.

Chp th mc cha file unicode v vni vo th mc /usr/share/fonts/unicode,

/usr/share/fonts/vni.

Chy lnh fc-cache

Ci t v s dng vit key trn Linux:

Ta dng lnh rpm ivh xvnkbrpm

Dng lnh init 6 reboot li h thng.

Dng lnh xvnkb kch hot Vit Key Linux.

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 3

BI TP THC HNH 2

1. Cc thao tc trn File System:

Login vo h thng Linux di ch dng lnh v thc hin cc yu cu sau:

Xc nh th mc hin hnh ca user root.

Mount a CD3 ca Fedora Core vo th mc /mnt/cdrom.

To th mc /root/software, /root/dataserver.

Copy tp tin c k t bt u l mc trong th mc /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS ca a

CDROM vo th mc /root/software.

Cho bit hai tp tin passwd v group c lu ti v tr no. Sau , copy chng vo th

mc /root/dataserver.

Trong th mc /root to th mc data. Sau copy hai tp tin trong th mc dataserver v

th mc ny vi tn mi l pwd v grp.

To tp tin lylich.txt lu trong th mc data vi ni dung t nht nm dng.

Thm dng sau y vo cui tp tin lylich.txt chui sau: Chao cac ban lop 06CDTH

Gom cc tp tin trong th mc data thnh tp tin bakup.tar. Sau , nn tp tin ny thnh

file backup.tar.gz

Gii nn v bung file backup.tar.gz vo th mc /root.

Tm hiu chc nng ca cc lnh head, tail, wc, call, finger, tty. Sau to mt file c tn

/mancmd c ni dung gii thch cng dng ca cc lnh tail, head, wc, tty.

Xem ton b ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd.

Hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin /etc/group.

Hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin /etc/group.

Xem ni dung hai tp tin pwd v grp ng thi.

Tnh tng s dng v tng s k t trong tp tin pwd v grp.

Tm trong tp tin /etc/passwd v hin th ra mn hnh nhng dng c chui root

Tm trong h thng c cc file no c dung lng ln hn 200KB hay khng? Nu c th in

ra mn hnh.

Xem v ghi nhn tt cc thuc tnh lin quan ti file /etc/passwd (ch s lin kt, ch s

hu, nhm s hu, quyn ca u,g,o trn file, dung lng ca file).

To file /permissiontest.txt, sau cp quyn ch cho ngi dng root mi c quyn xem

ni dung file ny.

Xem tt c cc ch s inode ca cc file v th mc ca th mc /root.

Lit k tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc /etc/ theo tng trang mn hnh.

Xem trong th mc /root c bao nhiu file n, hin th chi tit thng tin ca cc file ny, sau

cho kt xut ra file /root/filelist.txt.

Mc tiu

Gip sinh vin lm quen vi c ch t chc filesystem, cc tp lnh lin quan, quyn hn truy cp

file, qun l filesystem.

Hng dn

Xc nh th mc hin hnh ca user root ta login vo bng user root di ch dng

lnh v dng lnh pwd.

Mount a CD3 ca Fedora Core vo th mc /mnt/cdrom ta dng lnh #mount /dev/cdrom

/mnt/cdrom.

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 4

to th mc /root/software, /root/dataserver, ta dng lnh mkdir /root/software, mkdir

/root/dataserver.

chp file bt u bng chui mc trong th mc /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS ca a

CDROM vo th mc /root/software, trc tin ta phi dng lnh cd

/mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS, sau dng lnh cp mc* /software/

Dng lnh #find / -name passwd tm kim file passwd c tn ti trong h thng hay

khng, nu c ta chp n vo th mc /root/datacenter.

Dng lnh mkdir /root/data to th mc data trong th mc root. copy tp tin passwd

thnh tp tin pwd ta c nhiu cch dng, c th dng lnh cp passwd pwd.

to file lylich.txt c nm dng thng qua lnh cat ta thc hin theo c php sau: #cat

>lylich.txt, sau ghi ni dung ca file, kt thc bng phm CTRL+D.

thm chui vo cui file ta dng lnh cat >>lylich.txt . sau g chui sau: Chao cac

ban lop 06CDTH. Kt thc bng phm CTRL+D.

gom cc tp tin trong th mc data thnh tp tin bakup.tar, ta dng lnh sau:

tar backup.tar /root/data/*. nn file backup.tar ta dng lnh gzip backup.tar.

gii nn v bung file backup.tar.gz vo th mc /root ta dng lnh tar zxvf

backup.tar.gz.

xem tr gip ca lnh no ta dng man . Sau khi ta tm hiu xong ta dng

lnh vi /mancmd g ngha ca cc lnh tail, head, wc, tty.

xem ton b ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd ta dng lnh more /etc/passwd.

hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin ca tp tin /etc/group ta dng lnh head /etc/group.

hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin /etc/group ta dng lnh tail /etc/group.

xem ni dung hai tp tin pwd v grp ng thi ta dng lnh cat pwd grp.

tnh tng s dng trong file ta dng lnh wc l , xem tng s k t trong

file ta dng lnh wc c .

tm trong tp tin /etc/passwd v hin th ra mn hnh nhng dng c chui root ta dng

lnh grep root /etc/passwd.

tm trong h thng c cc file no c dung lng ln hn 200KB hay khng? Nu c th

in ra mn hnh ta dng lnh #find / -size +200k.

xem v ghi nhn tt cc cc thuc tnh lin quan ti file /etc/passwd (ch s lin kt, ch

s hu, nhm s hu, quyn ca u,g,o trn file, dung lng ca file), ta dng lnh ls ll

/etc/passwd v ghi cc thng tin trn vo v.

cp quyn cho file /permissiontest.txt ch cho ngi dng root mi c quyn xem ni

dung file ny ta dng lnh chmod 600 /permissiontest.txt.

xem tt c cc ch s inode ca cc file v th mc ca th mc /root ta dng lnh ls i

/root.

lit k tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc /etc/ theo tng trang mn hnh ta dng

lnh ls al /etc/ |more.

xem trong th mc /root c bao nhiu file n, hin th chi tit thng tin ca cc file ny,

sau cho kt xut ra file /root/filelist.txt ta dng lnh ls al /root >/root/filelist.txt.

2. Chia partition:

ng nhp vo h thng v dng trnh tin ch FDISK thc hin cc thao tc sau:

To thm mt partition trn a cng c dung lng l 500MB.

Gn kt t ng partition ny vo th mc /mnt/ext.

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 5

Xem cc mount point trong h thng.

Cho bit file thit b ca swap partition, file system no l boot partition.

Xem tt c cc partition trong h thng.

Hy gn kt cdrom, a mm, usb vo h thng theo cc mount point tng ng sau:

cdrom /mnt/cdrom.

floppy /mnt/floppy.

usb /mnt/usb.

Mc tiu:

Gip sinh vin tm hiu v lm quen vi trnh tin ch qun l phn vng a, s dng cc thit b

lu tr.

Hng dn:

qun l a ta thng dng tin ch fdisk, ta c th xem file thit b ca a cng thng

qua lnh fdisk l, trong ct u tin ca lnh ny cho ta bit tn file thit b a (/dev/had,

/dev/hdb, /dev/sda,).

Trc khi ta tin hnh dng tin ch fdisk to partition v s dng th ta phi chc chn

rng trn a phi khng gian trng cha s dng.

s dng a USB ta cn phi kim tra xem h thng nhn din usb thng qua file thit

b no bng cch ta vo ch lnh sau gn a USB vo, nhn vo mn hnh

console ta c th thy c thng ip hin th trn mn hnh.

Thng thng usb c nhn din thng qua file /dev/sda1, do khi ta s dng ch cn

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb s dng.

3. Ci t phn mm: ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr v thc hin cc thao tc sau:

Login vo bng ch command line sau dng lnh xem danh sch cc gi phn mm c ci trong h thng.

To mt file c tn listfilemc c ni dung cha cc file ngun ca gi phn mm mc. Cho bit phin bn ca gi phn mm sendmail m h hng ang s dng, loi b gi

phn mm sendmail trong h thng. Download phn mm xvnkb.*.tar.gz v phn mm xvnkb.*.rpm t server hoc trn Internet,

sau ci t v s dng. Download phn mm Yahoo messager t Internet, sau ci t v s dng. Tm hiu c ch cng c qun l package trn mi trng ha.

Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin qun l cc phn mm c ci t trong h thng, ci t phn mm dng m ngun. Cc phn mm cn thit:

B a cdrom ca Fedora Core 2 Phn mm xvnkb.*.tar.gz Phn mm xvnkb.*.rpm Phn mm yahoo messager chy trn nn linux.

4. Cc dng lnh c bn:

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 6

Hy ng nhp vo h thng v s dng tin ch VI, gom, nn v gii nn file theo cc yu cu sau:

To hai th mc /root/bt04 v /root/data. Dng vi to tp tin /root/bt04/cadao vi ni dung sau.

Bu i thng ly b cng Tuy rng khc ging nhng chung mt gin

Dng vi son tho tp tin /root/bt04/tucngu c ni dung sau:

C cng mi st c ngy nn kim

Dng tin ch vi to file /root/bt04/overview.txt, ni dung ca file ny m t chc nng mt s th mc trong h thng nh: /, /boot, /usr, /var, /home, /proc, /bin.

Lit k ni dung ca th mc /root, nhng kt qu xut ra tp tin data/kqroot Gom v nn cc tp tin trong th mc bt04 vi tn cadaotucngu.tar.gz. Sau , di chuyn

n vo th mc data. Bung v gii nn tp tin cadaotucngu.tar.gz Dng lnh vi /etc/passwd, sau s dng lnh /n tm kim chui adm c tn ti trong

file ny khng.

Mc tiu Gip sinh vin s dng thnh tho tin ch VIM (vi) to vo son tho ni dung, s dng thnh tho cng c backup v nn file.

M hnh

Hng dn

Dng lnh mkdir /root/bt04 v lnh mkdir /root/data hai th mc bt04 v data. Dng lnh vi /root/bt04/cadao to v son tho file cadao, sau ta bm phm i hoc a

trc khi son ni dung cho file ny. Sau khi ta son xong ni dung mun thot khi ch son tho v quay v du nhc lnh bm phm esc v sau l phm x (thot v lu ni dung) hoc phm q (thot khng lu ni dung).

to file /root/bt04/tucngu ta dng lnh vi /root/bt04/tucngu son tho ni dung. Dng lnh vi /root/bt04/overview.txt to file overview.txt v sau g ni dung l chc

nng ca tng th mc.

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 7

Dng lnh ll /root >/root/kqroot. to file kqroot c ni dung cha thng tin lit k cc thuc tnh ca file v th mc.

gom cc file trong th mc bt04 ta dng lnh tar cvf cadaotucngu.tar /root/bt04. sau ta dng lnh gzip /root/cadaotucngu.tar nn file ny thnh cadaotucngu.tar.gz.

tm kim chui trong file s dng tin ch vi ta dng lnh /n ch command mode ca vi, sau g chui cn tm.

5. Cc tin ch khc: Hy ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr v thc hin cc yu cu sau:

Truy cp v xem filesystem thng qua tin ch mc. Ci t my in cc b t giao din text mode. S dng trnh duyt iptraf xem c cc kt ni mng trn my cc b, xem cc packet

trao i trn mng. Gi email cho ngi dng khc trong cng h thng. Dng cc cng c Mail Client trn mi trng ha v s dng.

Dng trnh tin ch setup b tnh nng t khi ng dch v ssh v sendmail. Kch hot tnh nng Firewall trong h thng v cho php mi traffic truy cp vo my cc b. S dng trnh tin ch lynx truy cp th website www.thanhnien.com.vn xem ni dung. S dng tin ch theo di traffic trn mi trng ha.

Mc tiu Gip sinh vin s dng thnh tho cc tin ch thng dng trong h thng di ch text mode nh mc, iptraf, setup, lynx, mail, v mt s tin ch chnh trn mi trng ha. Phn mm cn thit B a cdrom Fedora Core.

6. Mt s bi tp qun tr tp tin: Qun tr h thng tp tin

B1. Chuyn vo th mc /etc/init.d, so snh v gii thch kt qu ca lnh pwd v pwd -P

B2. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin cc nhm lnh sau:

cd / && pwd && cd -P /etc/init.d && pwd && cd

cd / && pwd && cd -L /etc/init.d && pwd && cd ~

B3. Chuyn vo th mc /etc So snh v gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh ls, ls -i, ls -l, ls -a, ls -ila Thc hin hin th kt xut tng lnh trn theo tng trang mn hnh Cc tp tin c mu white, blue, green, cyan, orange c kiu g?

B4. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin cc lnh

mkdir /a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h

mkdir /a /a/b /a/b/c

mkdir -p /a/b/c/d/e/f

B5. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:

cat taptinkhongco && mkdir -p /a1/b1/c1 ; ls / | grep a1

cat taptinkhongco ; mkdir -p /a2/b1/c1 ; ls / | grep a2

B6. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 8

echo "line1"

echo "line1">abc.txt ; echo "line2">abc.txt ; echo "line3">abc.txt

echo "line1">abc.txt ; echo "line2">>abc.txt ; echo "line3">>abc.txt

B7. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:

cat taptinkhongco > abc1.txt

cat taptinkhongco 2> abc1.txt

B8. Thc hin v gii thch cu lnh : - to ln lt cc tp tin hay th mc c tn abc, a*, a?, -a - xa ln lt tng tp tin/th mc trn

B9. S dng trnh son tho vi son tho tp tin c tn file1.txt c ni dung nh sau: # Add this to the auth_param section of squid.conf auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access allow ncsa_users

B10. Thc hin cc lnh thm, xa, sa, sao chp, tm kim, thay th trong tp tin file1.txt v sau ghi li vi tn file2.txt

B11. Thc hin cc lnh cmp v diff (vi cc la chn khc nhau) so snh ni dung ca hai tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt. So snh v gii thch cc kt xut thu c.

B12. Dng lnh ls -l xc ch kch thc ca 2 tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin lnh du -h file?.txt

B13. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin lnh df -h

B14. To cc tp tin lin kt, cc th tc sao chp, di chuyn, tm kim ...

B15. Dng lnh fdisk -l xem thng tin v cc a. Tin hnh chia a /dev/sdb thnh 2 partition (lnh fdisk) v nh dng (lnh mkfs) nhng partition mi to.

B16. Thc hin tun t, gii thch v so snh kt xut ca cc lnh sau:

cat /etc/mtab

mount /dev/sdb1 /nondir

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt && cat /etc/mtab

umount /dev/sdb1 && cat /etc/mtab

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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 9

B17. Thc hin tun t, gii thch v so snh kt xut ca cc lnh sau:

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ; echo "sdb1" > /mnt/abc.txt ; ls /mnt

mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt ; ls /mnt

cd /mnt ; umount /mnt

cd ~ ; umount /mnt ; ls /mnt

B18. Sa tp tin /etc/fstab khai bo mount t ng hai partition /dev/sdb1 vo /mnt/sdb1 vi quyn rw v /dev/sdb2 vo /mnt/sdb2 vi quyn ro. Thc hin truy xut cc th mc /mnt/sdb1 v /mnt/sdb2 kim chng.

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