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tong hop commnadTRANSCRIPT
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 1
BI TP THC HNH 1
1. Ci t h iu hnh Linux (s dng Fedora Core) theo mt s yu cu sau:
Ci t Linux trc tip t CDROM.
Chn Installation Type dng Custom.
Tng dung lng a cn thit ci t khong 7GB.
S dng c ch t ng chia partition hoc c ch t hoch nh partition.
(lu : nn backup d liu trc khi thc hin thao tc ci t)
Cu hnh mng :
o Hostname : ServerXX
o IP address: 10.10.10.X/24
Cc phn mm cn thit c la chn mc nh trong qu trnh ci t.
Cc bc cn li c la chn mc nh.
Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin tng bc lm quen vi cc thao tc ci t h iu hnh Linux dng phin bn
Fedora Core.
Cc phn mm cn thit
B source cd/dvd Fedora Core 6,7,8,9, phn mm gi lp my o VMWare hoc VirtualPC (xem
file hng dn s dng VMWare)
2. Tm hiu giao din ha:
ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr (root) ch X mode v thc hin mt s
thao tc sau:
S dng cc chc nng trn Desktop ca GNOME.
S dng cc cng c Internet.
S dng cc cng c t cu hnh h thng.
S dng Terminal trn giao din ha.
Open biu tng Computer trn desktop, sau s dng a mm, cdrom, mng,
a h thng (Filesytem).
Dng phm CTRL+ALT+F1 chuyn sang mode command ca giao din ha
v login vo bng user root.
Dng phm CTRL+ALT+F7 chuyn li mode ha.
Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin tng bc lm quen v s dng h iu hnh Linux giao din ha v giao
din lnh, cch chuyn i gia giao din.
3.Ch dng lnh:
ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr (root) text mode v thc hin mt s thao tc
sau:
Thay i mt khu ca ngi dng qun tr root.
Xc nh th mc home ca root.
Xem/t hostname cho my.
Xem a ch ip ca h thng ni b.
Kim tra TCP/IP.
Xem v t ngy gi cho h thng.
Xem nhng ngi dng no ang login vo trong h thng.
Khi ng li v tt li h thng.
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 2
T Text chuyn sang ch ha.
Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin lm quen vi mi trng dng lnh (CLI), thc hin mt s lnh c bn nh
ifconfig, hostname, pwd, passwd, ping, date, who.
4. Ci t mt s thit b:
Hy cu hnh mt s thit b nh MODEM, Printer, NIC, hiu chnh Boot Loader:
Ci t my in cc b cho h thng (chn my in default) s dng lnh v s
dng giao din ha.
Ci t v s dng modem (chn modem mu nu khng c modem tht) s
dng giao din ha.
Ci t card mng v cu hnh a ch cho my cc b vi yu cu sau: (s dng
c hai giao din ha v giao din lnh)
o IP: 10.10.10.10/24
o GW: 10.10.10.1
o DNS: 10.1.1.1
Recovery mt khu cho ngi dng root.
Hiu ch cc thng s lin quan n grub loader nh cho php chn mc nh khi
ng h iu hnh trong 30s, t mt khu cho boot loader, thay i la chn h u hnh
mc nh khi ng
Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin ci t my in cc b, ci t v s dng modem, cu hnh a ch mng, phc hi
mt khu cho root, tm hiu boot loader GRUB/LILO.
5. Ci t Font, b g ting Vit:
ng nhp vo h thng di ch Xwindow v thc cc yu cu sau:
Ci t FONT UNICODE v VNI cho h thng.
Ci t b g xvnkb v s dng.
S dng cc phn mm vn phng (OpenOffice.org Writer, Draw).
Mc tiu
Gip cho sinh vin ci t font ch VNI v Unicode, ci t b g Vit Key cho Linux, s dng ng
dng vn phng OpenOffice.
Hng dn
thc hnh c bi tp ny sinh vin cn chun b b ngun font, xvnkb. Tt c cc b ngun
ny c ly t Internet hoc trn ftp ca trng (ftp://ftp.cntp.edu.vn).
Ci t Font cho h thng:
Gi s ta c hai file Unicode.zip, vni.zip, ta dng lnh unzip unicode.zip v lnh
unzip vni.zip gii nn hai file trn.
Chp th mc cha file unicode v vni vo th mc /usr/share/fonts/unicode,
/usr/share/fonts/vni.
Chy lnh fc-cache
Ci t v s dng vit key trn Linux:
Ta dng lnh rpm ivh xvnkbrpm
Dng lnh init 6 reboot li h thng.
Dng lnh xvnkb kch hot Vit Key Linux.
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 3
BI TP THC HNH 2
1. Cc thao tc trn File System:
Login vo h thng Linux di ch dng lnh v thc hin cc yu cu sau:
Xc nh th mc hin hnh ca user root.
Mount a CD3 ca Fedora Core vo th mc /mnt/cdrom.
To th mc /root/software, /root/dataserver.
Copy tp tin c k t bt u l mc trong th mc /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS ca a
CDROM vo th mc /root/software.
Cho bit hai tp tin passwd v group c lu ti v tr no. Sau , copy chng vo th
mc /root/dataserver.
Trong th mc /root to th mc data. Sau copy hai tp tin trong th mc dataserver v
th mc ny vi tn mi l pwd v grp.
To tp tin lylich.txt lu trong th mc data vi ni dung t nht nm dng.
Thm dng sau y vo cui tp tin lylich.txt chui sau: Chao cac ban lop 06CDTH
Gom cc tp tin trong th mc data thnh tp tin bakup.tar. Sau , nn tp tin ny thnh
file backup.tar.gz
Gii nn v bung file backup.tar.gz vo th mc /root.
Tm hiu chc nng ca cc lnh head, tail, wc, call, finger, tty. Sau to mt file c tn
/mancmd c ni dung gii thch cng dng ca cc lnh tail, head, wc, tty.
Xem ton b ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd.
Hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin /etc/group.
Hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin /etc/group.
Xem ni dung hai tp tin pwd v grp ng thi.
Tnh tng s dng v tng s k t trong tp tin pwd v grp.
Tm trong tp tin /etc/passwd v hin th ra mn hnh nhng dng c chui root
Tm trong h thng c cc file no c dung lng ln hn 200KB hay khng? Nu c th in
ra mn hnh.
Xem v ghi nhn tt cc thuc tnh lin quan ti file /etc/passwd (ch s lin kt, ch s
hu, nhm s hu, quyn ca u,g,o trn file, dung lng ca file).
To file /permissiontest.txt, sau cp quyn ch cho ngi dng root mi c quyn xem
ni dung file ny.
Xem tt c cc ch s inode ca cc file v th mc ca th mc /root.
Lit k tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc /etc/ theo tng trang mn hnh.
Xem trong th mc /root c bao nhiu file n, hin th chi tit thng tin ca cc file ny, sau
cho kt xut ra file /root/filelist.txt.
Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin lm quen vi c ch t chc filesystem, cc tp lnh lin quan, quyn hn truy cp
file, qun l filesystem.
Hng dn
Xc nh th mc hin hnh ca user root ta login vo bng user root di ch dng
lnh v dng lnh pwd.
Mount a CD3 ca Fedora Core vo th mc /mnt/cdrom ta dng lnh #mount /dev/cdrom
/mnt/cdrom.
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 4
to th mc /root/software, /root/dataserver, ta dng lnh mkdir /root/software, mkdir
/root/dataserver.
chp file bt u bng chui mc trong th mc /mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS ca a
CDROM vo th mc /root/software, trc tin ta phi dng lnh cd
/mnt/cdrom/Fedora/RPMS, sau dng lnh cp mc* /software/
Dng lnh #find / -name passwd tm kim file passwd c tn ti trong h thng hay
khng, nu c ta chp n vo th mc /root/datacenter.
Dng lnh mkdir /root/data to th mc data trong th mc root. copy tp tin passwd
thnh tp tin pwd ta c nhiu cch dng, c th dng lnh cp passwd pwd.
to file lylich.txt c nm dng thng qua lnh cat ta thc hin theo c php sau: #cat
>lylich.txt, sau ghi ni dung ca file, kt thc bng phm CTRL+D.
thm chui vo cui file ta dng lnh cat >>lylich.txt . sau g chui sau: Chao cac
ban lop 06CDTH. Kt thc bng phm CTRL+D.
gom cc tp tin trong th mc data thnh tp tin bakup.tar, ta dng lnh sau:
tar backup.tar /root/data/*. nn file backup.tar ta dng lnh gzip backup.tar.
gii nn v bung file backup.tar.gz vo th mc /root ta dng lnh tar zxvf
backup.tar.gz.
xem tr gip ca lnh no ta dng man . Sau khi ta tm hiu xong ta dng
lnh vi /mancmd g ngha ca cc lnh tail, head, wc, tty.
xem ton b ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd ta dng lnh more /etc/passwd.
hin th 10 dng u tin ca tp tin ca tp tin /etc/group ta dng lnh head /etc/group.
hin th 10 dng cui cng ca tp tin /etc/group ta dng lnh tail /etc/group.
xem ni dung hai tp tin pwd v grp ng thi ta dng lnh cat pwd grp.
tnh tng s dng trong file ta dng lnh wc l , xem tng s k t trong
file ta dng lnh wc c .
tm trong tp tin /etc/passwd v hin th ra mn hnh nhng dng c chui root ta dng
lnh grep root /etc/passwd.
tm trong h thng c cc file no c dung lng ln hn 200KB hay khng? Nu c th
in ra mn hnh ta dng lnh #find / -size +200k.
xem v ghi nhn tt cc cc thuc tnh lin quan ti file /etc/passwd (ch s lin kt, ch
s hu, nhm s hu, quyn ca u,g,o trn file, dung lng ca file), ta dng lnh ls ll
/etc/passwd v ghi cc thng tin trn vo v.
cp quyn cho file /permissiontest.txt ch cho ngi dng root mi c quyn xem ni
dung file ny ta dng lnh chmod 600 /permissiontest.txt.
xem tt c cc ch s inode ca cc file v th mc ca th mc /root ta dng lnh ls i
/root.
lit k tt c cc file v th mc trong th mc /etc/ theo tng trang mn hnh ta dng
lnh ls al /etc/ |more.
xem trong th mc /root c bao nhiu file n, hin th chi tit thng tin ca cc file ny,
sau cho kt xut ra file /root/filelist.txt ta dng lnh ls al /root >/root/filelist.txt.
2. Chia partition:
ng nhp vo h thng v dng trnh tin ch FDISK thc hin cc thao tc sau:
To thm mt partition trn a cng c dung lng l 500MB.
Gn kt t ng partition ny vo th mc /mnt/ext.
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 5
Xem cc mount point trong h thng.
Cho bit file thit b ca swap partition, file system no l boot partition.
Xem tt c cc partition trong h thng.
Hy gn kt cdrom, a mm, usb vo h thng theo cc mount point tng ng sau:
cdrom /mnt/cdrom.
floppy /mnt/floppy.
usb /mnt/usb.
Mc tiu:
Gip sinh vin tm hiu v lm quen vi trnh tin ch qun l phn vng a, s dng cc thit b
lu tr.
Hng dn:
qun l a ta thng dng tin ch fdisk, ta c th xem file thit b ca a cng thng
qua lnh fdisk l, trong ct u tin ca lnh ny cho ta bit tn file thit b a (/dev/had,
/dev/hdb, /dev/sda,).
Trc khi ta tin hnh dng tin ch fdisk to partition v s dng th ta phi chc chn
rng trn a phi khng gian trng cha s dng.
s dng a USB ta cn phi kim tra xem h thng nhn din usb thng qua file thit
b no bng cch ta vo ch lnh sau gn a USB vo, nhn vo mn hnh
console ta c th thy c thng ip hin th trn mn hnh.
Thng thng usb c nhn din thng qua file /dev/sda1, do khi ta s dng ch cn
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb s dng.
3. Ci t phn mm: ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr v thc hin cc thao tc sau:
Login vo bng ch command line sau dng lnh xem danh sch cc gi phn mm c ci trong h thng.
To mt file c tn listfilemc c ni dung cha cc file ngun ca gi phn mm mc. Cho bit phin bn ca gi phn mm sendmail m h hng ang s dng, loi b gi
phn mm sendmail trong h thng. Download phn mm xvnkb.*.tar.gz v phn mm xvnkb.*.rpm t server hoc trn Internet,
sau ci t v s dng. Download phn mm Yahoo messager t Internet, sau ci t v s dng. Tm hiu c ch cng c qun l package trn mi trng ha.
Mc tiu: Gip sinh vin qun l cc phn mm c ci t trong h thng, ci t phn mm dng m ngun. Cc phn mm cn thit:
B a cdrom ca Fedora Core 2 Phn mm xvnkb.*.tar.gz Phn mm xvnkb.*.rpm Phn mm yahoo messager chy trn nn linux.
4. Cc dng lnh c bn:
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 6
Hy ng nhp vo h thng v s dng tin ch VI, gom, nn v gii nn file theo cc yu cu sau:
To hai th mc /root/bt04 v /root/data. Dng vi to tp tin /root/bt04/cadao vi ni dung sau.
Bu i thng ly b cng Tuy rng khc ging nhng chung mt gin
Dng vi son tho tp tin /root/bt04/tucngu c ni dung sau:
C cng mi st c ngy nn kim
Dng tin ch vi to file /root/bt04/overview.txt, ni dung ca file ny m t chc nng mt s th mc trong h thng nh: /, /boot, /usr, /var, /home, /proc, /bin.
Lit k ni dung ca th mc /root, nhng kt qu xut ra tp tin data/kqroot Gom v nn cc tp tin trong th mc bt04 vi tn cadaotucngu.tar.gz. Sau , di chuyn
n vo th mc data. Bung v gii nn tp tin cadaotucngu.tar.gz Dng lnh vi /etc/passwd, sau s dng lnh /n tm kim chui adm c tn ti trong
file ny khng.
Mc tiu Gip sinh vin s dng thnh tho tin ch VIM (vi) to vo son tho ni dung, s dng thnh tho cng c backup v nn file.
M hnh
Hng dn
Dng lnh mkdir /root/bt04 v lnh mkdir /root/data hai th mc bt04 v data. Dng lnh vi /root/bt04/cadao to v son tho file cadao, sau ta bm phm i hoc a
trc khi son ni dung cho file ny. Sau khi ta son xong ni dung mun thot khi ch son tho v quay v du nhc lnh bm phm esc v sau l phm x (thot v lu ni dung) hoc phm q (thot khng lu ni dung).
to file /root/bt04/tucngu ta dng lnh vi /root/bt04/tucngu son tho ni dung. Dng lnh vi /root/bt04/overview.txt to file overview.txt v sau g ni dung l chc
nng ca tng th mc.
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 7
Dng lnh ll /root >/root/kqroot. to file kqroot c ni dung cha thng tin lit k cc thuc tnh ca file v th mc.
gom cc file trong th mc bt04 ta dng lnh tar cvf cadaotucngu.tar /root/bt04. sau ta dng lnh gzip /root/cadaotucngu.tar nn file ny thnh cadaotucngu.tar.gz.
tm kim chui trong file s dng tin ch vi ta dng lnh /n ch command mode ca vi, sau g chui cn tm.
5. Cc tin ch khc: Hy ng nhp vo h thng bng ngi dng qun tr v thc hin cc yu cu sau:
Truy cp v xem filesystem thng qua tin ch mc. Ci t my in cc b t giao din text mode. S dng trnh duyt iptraf xem c cc kt ni mng trn my cc b, xem cc packet
trao i trn mng. Gi email cho ngi dng khc trong cng h thng. Dng cc cng c Mail Client trn mi trng ha v s dng.
Dng trnh tin ch setup b tnh nng t khi ng dch v ssh v sendmail. Kch hot tnh nng Firewall trong h thng v cho php mi traffic truy cp vo my cc b. S dng trnh tin ch lynx truy cp th website www.thanhnien.com.vn xem ni dung. S dng tin ch theo di traffic trn mi trng ha.
Mc tiu Gip sinh vin s dng thnh tho cc tin ch thng dng trong h thng di ch text mode nh mc, iptraf, setup, lynx, mail, v mt s tin ch chnh trn mi trng ha. Phn mm cn thit B a cdrom Fedora Core.
6. Mt s bi tp qun tr tp tin: Qun tr h thng tp tin
B1. Chuyn vo th mc /etc/init.d, so snh v gii thch kt qu ca lnh pwd v pwd -P
B2. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin cc nhm lnh sau:
cd / && pwd && cd -P /etc/init.d && pwd && cd
cd / && pwd && cd -L /etc/init.d && pwd && cd ~
B3. Chuyn vo th mc /etc So snh v gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh ls, ls -i, ls -l, ls -a, ls -ila Thc hin hin th kt xut tng lnh trn theo tng trang mn hnh Cc tp tin c mu white, blue, green, cyan, orange c kiu g?
B4. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin cc lnh
mkdir /a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h
mkdir /a /a/b /a/b/c
mkdir -p /a/b/c/d/e/f
B5. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:
cat taptinkhongco && mkdir -p /a1/b1/c1 ; ls / | grep a1
cat taptinkhongco ; mkdir -p /a2/b1/c1 ; ls / | grep a2
B6. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 8
echo "line1"
echo "line1">abc.txt ; echo "line2">abc.txt ; echo "line3">abc.txt
echo "line1">abc.txt ; echo "line2">>abc.txt ; echo "line3">>abc.txt
B7. So snh v gii thch kt qu khi thc hin:
cat taptinkhongco > abc1.txt
cat taptinkhongco 2> abc1.txt
B8. Thc hin v gii thch cu lnh : - to ln lt cc tp tin hay th mc c tn abc, a*, a?, -a - xa ln lt tng tp tin/th mc trn
B9. S dng trnh son tho vi son tho tp tin c tn file1.txt c ni dung nh sau: # Add this to the auth_param section of squid.conf auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access allow ncsa_users
B10. Thc hin cc lnh thm, xa, sa, sao chp, tm kim, thay th trong tp tin file1.txt v sau ghi li vi tn file2.txt
B11. Thc hin cc lnh cmp v diff (vi cc la chn khc nhau) so snh ni dung ca hai tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt. So snh v gii thch cc kt xut thu c.
B12. Dng lnh ls -l xc ch kch thc ca 2 tp tin file1.txt v file2.txt. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin lnh du -h file?.txt
B13. Gii thch kt qu khi thc hin lnh df -h
B14. To cc tp tin lin kt, cc th tc sao chp, di chuyn, tm kim ...
B15. Dng lnh fdisk -l xem thng tin v cc a. Tin hnh chia a /dev/sdb thnh 2 partition (lnh fdisk) v nh dng (lnh mkfs) nhng partition mi to.
B16. Thc hin tun t, gii thch v so snh kt xut ca cc lnh sau:
cat /etc/mtab
mount /dev/sdb1 /nondir
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt && cat /etc/mtab
umount /dev/sdb1 && cat /etc/mtab
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Chuyn Linux Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng i hc Cng nghip Thc phm TP.HCM 9
B17. Thc hin tun t, gii thch v so snh kt xut ca cc lnh sau:
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ; echo "sdb1" > /mnt/abc.txt ; ls /mnt
mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt ; ls /mnt
cd /mnt ; umount /mnt
cd ~ ; umount /mnt ; ls /mnt
B18. Sa tp tin /etc/fstab khai bo mount t ng hai partition /dev/sdb1 vo /mnt/sdb1 vi quyn rw v /dev/sdb2 vo /mnt/sdb2 vi quyn ro. Thc hin truy xut cc th mc /mnt/sdb1 v /mnt/sdb2 kim chng.
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