thomas potter, norconsult as: the resurgence of light rail in norway: the bergen light rail...
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5th March 2014
Bybanen: New light rail system in Bergen, Norway
• City of Bergen in the County of Hordaland • Description of project .- ideal for light rail? • Financing scheme: The Bergen Program • Different strategies • Vehicles and right-of-way • Ongoing activities / Future plans • Activities in Nordic countries
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Bergen, Norway • Population: 260.000 (region: 350.000) • Norway’s second largest city • Economy based on oil, shipping, fishing,
education and tourism • Mountainous with population in valleys • Unstable public transport over the past
two decades – consolidation from 10 to 1 bus
company – Limited subsidy for public transport
• Well-developed highway system, but difficult bottlenecks
• Mild climate – 5 degrees and raining / 2 to 3 meters
of rain annually 5th March 2014
History • Bergen trams from
1897 until closure on 31st December 1965
• Private automobiles available from 1960s
• Regional rail network proposed and investigated in 1970 – 1974
• Toll system around CBD established in 1986
• Light rail resurfaces in period 1990-2000 after renaissance in France and England
• Financing for light rail included in the Bergen program in 2002 - 2006.
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Description of project: Line 1
• Modern light rail system – backbone for high-quality public transport in Bergen
• Universal design • High level of service
and priority • Visible • Safe and secure • Reliable • Quiet and non-intrusive
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Phase 1 (50% of Line 1) June 2010
Alignment: Sentrum – Nesttun
• 9,8 km, double track • 2 terminals • 15 stations • 4 tunnels
(total length 2,6 km) • Trip time: 23 minutes
Costs: • Infrastructure: €250 million • Vehicles (12): €30 million
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Phase 2 Opened in June 2013
Alignment: Nesttun – Lagunen
• 3,6 km - double track • 1 terminal • 4 stations • 2 tunnels
(total length 0,9 km) • Trip time: 8 minutes
Costs: • Infrastructure: €150 million • Vehicles (5): €12 million
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Why?
• Nostalgia – rail is better • Reduce the need for highway investment • Desire for stability in public transport services • Need for major improvements in level of service • Desire for different development structure
(densification) • Reduce operating costs • Reduce bus traffic in urban area • Political need to support public transport
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Capacity is needed in urban
environments
Severe air quality issues during winter
Why not?
• Nostalgia – rail is old technology • Reduction of road capacity and investment • Bus is better – asphalt is better • Sceptical to a different development structure
(planned denser development) • Increase in operating costs • Auto users do not like to pay for investment and
possibly operations
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Non-issues during planning and public hearing process
• Noise • Design details • Overhead wires
– existing trolleybus and street lighting
• But now, major safety concerns!
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Major challenges
• Technical • Organization • Political • Approval process – Norwegian Railway Inspectorate
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Funding scheme: Local, regional and national cooperation
• Toll ring first established in 1985 for 15 years • The Bergen program for transport, development and
environment (extension of tolls for 20 years) • Cooperation between:
– Bergen kommune (City of Bergen) – Hordaland fylkeskommune (County of Hordaland) – Statens vegvesen (National Highway Authority)
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Bergen program: Investment budget
• Total budget for 20 year period: 2003-2022 • €1500 million
– 50% for road projects – 50% for public transport projects
• First two segment of light rail (13,4 km) – Budget: €400 million for infrastructure – Vehicles: €42 million
• Financing – 60% from tolls (€3 to enter central area) – 40% from national government (highway funds)
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Technical strategy
• Unique project in Norway • Limited experience and competence in Norway
with modern light rail systems • Inspiration from France, Spain, Portugal. • Technical foundation from German: BOStrab / VDV • Operations and safety: experience from Denmark,
Sweden, UK, Ireland • Assistance with vehicles from Helsinki, Bochum
and Chemnitz (Variobahn)
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Construction strategy
• Traditional public works project • Project divided in many parts:
– Geographic for civil works – Technical installations: track, signals, power
supply • Bybanekontoret / Bybanen Utbygging has
overall responsibility for project management including interfaces between the different systems and sections.
• Bybanen AS owns the technical specifications for the system
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Organizational strategy
• The City of Bergen established a project office in 2001: Bybanekontoret: Responsible for planning, design, construction and operations
• Responsibility for operations transferred to the County of Hordaland in 2008 - SKYSS
• Operations contracted by SKYSS to Fjord1 Partner (Fjord1 and Keolis)
• Vehicles delivered and maintained by Stadler Pankow • Infrastructure to be maintained by a new public company:
Bybanen AS • Future construction: Bybanen Utbygging • Long-term planning: Bergen kommune
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Hva skjer langs bybanen
Window to the city
Modern 100% low-floor vehicles Variobahn from Stadler
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On-time On-budget
Start of construction: 7th January 2008
Start of revenue operation: 22nd June 2010
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Long-term vision
A renewed and comprehensive high-quality public transport system based on bus, trolleybus, light rail and regional rail, as well as a coordinated feeder bus system and parking.
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Future plans
• Network in all directions • 2nd stage of Line 1 opened in
2013 • Construction to Bergen airport
– Opening in 2016 • Financing is main challenge for
further expansion • New workshop near the airport
is being built • Fleet will expand to 28 vehicles,
all extended to 42 meters.
5th March 2014
Experience after 3+ years • Too many passengers
– Prognose, about 23000 pass / workday – Experience, over 45000 pass / workday – Slower commercial speed than planned – Unexpectedly high traffic on Saturday / Sunday – Need for supplementary express buses – Positive fare recovery ratio
• Basis for city development • Stimulus for commercial investment • New ticketing system concurrent with start up – bad idea • Technical problems traced to lack of adherence to VDV
standards • Inexperienced organizations on all levels • Safety concerns: 1st fatality in 2013 5th March 2014
Activities in Nordic countries
• Sweden – Malmö, Lund and Helsingborg – Established a common project office for all three cities
• Denmark – Aarhus under construction – Odense and Copenhagen in planning – Aalborg under study
• Finland – Helsinki – continued expansion and new vehicles – Turku and Tampere under study
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