the victorious church © john stevenson, 2008. class objectives to recall, summarize and evaluate...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
The Victorious Church
© John Stevenson, 2008
Class ObjectivesClass Objectives
• To recall, summarize and evaluate the fortunes of Christianity from the late patristic period (5th century) through the high middle ages of medieval Christianity (13th century).
• To describe how the doctrine of the Incarnation came to be defined by the early Church.
• To summarize and evaluate the rise and spread of the Monastic movement.
Class ObjectivesClass Objectives
• To recognize the factors that gave rise to the growth of the Roman Catholic Church and the office of the Papacy.
• To recognize and name the ecclesiastical differences between the Church in the East from that in the West which resulted in a profound schism.
• To define and describe what Scholasticism is and analyze what it reveals about medieval Christianity.
““Thou hast conquered, Thou hast conquered, Oh Galilean!”Oh Galilean!”
― Julian the Apostate― Julian the Apostate
10001 500 1500 2000
TheMedievalChurch
TheReformed
Church
TheAncientChurch
TertullianTertullian155-222155-222
We are but of yesterday, and we have filled every place among you - cities, islands, fortresses, towns,
market-places, the very camp, tribes, companies, palace, senate,
forum… (Apologeticus 37)
Church persecuted by Rome
1 100 200 500300 400
Edict of Toleration
Marcion
Polycarp
Constantine
Diocletian
Paul
Peter
John Tertullian
• Division of Empire• Persecution of Christianity• Retirement (305)
Edict of TolerationEdict of Toleration
Christians may again exist and rebuild the houses in which they used to meet, on condition that
they do nothing contrary to public order. (Quoted from Eusebius, History of the Church 8:17:5).
ConstantineConstantine
• Battle for the Milvian Bridge (312)
ConstantineConstantine
• Battle for the Milvian Bridge (312)
• “In this sign conquer”
• Edict of Milan: Restated & expanded the Edict of Toleration (313)
• Reunification of Roman Empire
• Favored status (324)
Christianity as Favored ReligionChristianity as Favored Religion
• Bishops given the right to judge civil cases
• Sunday made into a public holiday
• New Edict of Toleration: Christians not allowed to persecute pagans
What should be the attitude of What should be the attitude of Christians to the gaining of Christians to the gaining of
political power?political power?
Before ConstantineBefore ConstantinePurity within the
church
After ConstantineAfter ConstantineLess purity within the
church
Long periods of catechism training before receiving
baptism
Requirements to become a Christian
were minimized
Christians known for their strict lifestyle
Loosening of the standards
Martyr mentality among the pious
Monastic mentality began to emerge among the pious
Donatus MagnusDonatus Magnus(Died 355)
What about those who have been baptized or
married by fallen bishops?
Constantinople
Rome
Antioch
Jerusalem Alexandria
AriusArius
• Priest in Alexandria, Egypt
• Taught that Christ was a created being
• Christ was the first created being who then created all the rest of creation
• Deposed by Alexander, bishop of Alexandria
Council of Nicaea• Met at Nicaea in 325• 300 Bishops in attendance
(5 from west)• Alexander & Athanasius
versus Arius
Constantinople Nicaea
The Nicene CreedThe Nicene CreedWe believe in one God the Father
All‑sovereign, Maker of all things.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, only‑begotten, that is, of the substance of the FatherGod of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father…
DoceticDoceticChrist only seemed to be human
EbioniteEbioniteChrist only seemed to be divine
ArianArianChrist was created by God and then created all else
ApollinarianApollinarianChrist had no human spirit; Logos came and replaced it
MonoarchianMonoarchianJesus became the Christ as His baptism
EutychesEutychesHuman nature of Christ absorbed by the Logos
MonophysiteMonophysite Christ had only one nature
MonotheliteMonotheliteChrist had no human will; only one divine will
Adapted from Robert Walton
SabellianismSabellianismOne God reveals Himself in three ways
NestorianNestorianLogos indwelt the person of Jesus making Christ a God-bearer
Church CouncilsChurch Councilsof the 4of the 4thth and 5 and 5thth Centuries Centuries
Council of Nicaea
Council of Constantinople
Council of Ephesus
Council of Chalcedon
325
381
431
451
Jesus is of the same substance as the Father
Holy Spirit is co-eternal with the Father and Son
Jesus is one person, fully divine and fully human
The human and divine natures of Jesus are
unmixed
Church persecuted by Rome
Four Church
Councils
1 100 200 500300 400
Edict of Toleration
Marcion Arius
Polycarp Athanasius
Constantine
Fall of Rome
Paul
Peter
John
What was the rationale What was the rationale for the formation of the for the formation of the monastic movement?monastic movement?
St. AnthonySt. Anthony251-356251-356
• Christian in Egypt
• Heard a sermon on Christ’s words to the rich young ruler: “Go and sell all your possessions and follow me.”
• Gave away his possessions and moved into the desert, living the life of a hermit
Simeon StylitesSimeon Stylites390-459390-459
Removed himself to the top of a pillar in
Syria
What are some of the Biblical What are some of the Biblical pros and cons of a solitary pros and cons of a solitary
monastic lifestyle?monastic lifestyle?
PachomiusPachomius292-348292-348
• Born in Thebes
• Forcibly inducted into military
• Converted to Christianity
• Followed example of Anthony
• Organized nine groups of both male and female monasteries
Monasticism in the West
Communal living, but usually within some proximity to
civilization
Monasticism in the East
Desert living; sometimes in
community and sometimes alone
Emphasis on reaching out to
culture
Emphasis on escaping culture
Benedict of NursiaBenedict of Nursia480-542480-542
• Ran away to live in a cave at the age of 14.
• Established a monastery at Monte Cassino
• Rule of St. Benedict
Rule of St. BenedictRule of St. BenedictIdleness is the enemy of the soul. And therefore, at fixed times, the brothers ought to
be occupied in manual labor; and again, at fixed times, in sacred reading
(Documents of the Christian Church, P.133).
Rule of St. BenedictRule of St. BenedictThe brothers shall wait on
each other in turn so that no one shall be excused from the kitchen-work, unless he be prevented by sickness, or by preoccupation with
some matter of great necessity… (Documents of
the Christian Church, P.132).
Rule of St. BenedictRule of St. BenedictLet not the younger brothers have beds by themselves, but dispersed among the
seniors. And when they rise for the service of God let
them gently encourage one another, because the sleepy
ones are apt to make excuses (Documents of the Christian Church, P.129).
What are some of the Biblical What are some of the Biblical pros and cons of a communal pros and cons of a communal
monastic lifestyle?monastic lifestyle?
What sort of lifestyle changes What sort of lifestyle changes were necessary for one to were necessary for one to
become a monk?become a monk?
How did the monastic How did the monastic movement contribute to the movement contribute to the
Church and society?Church and society?
Church persecuted by Rome
Four Church
Councils
1 100 200 500300 400
Edict of Toleration
Marcion Arius
Polycarp Athanasius
Constantine
Fall of Rome
Paul
Peter
John
Augustine
Pelagius
Origen
Church persecuted by Rome
1 100 200 500300 400
Edict of Toleration
Marcion Arius
Polycarp Athanasius
Constantine
Fall of Rome
Paul
Peter
John
Augustine
Pelagius
Theodosius
Origen
How much diversity in matters How much diversity in matters of Christian doctrine should the of Christian doctrine should the
church tolerate?church tolerate?
Acts 20:28Acts 20:28Be on guard for yourselves
and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood.
Acts 20:29-31Acts 20:29-31I know that after my
departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock; 30 and from among your own selves men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them. 31 Therefore be on the alert…
ConstantinopleConstantinople
RomeRome
AntiochAntioch
JerusalemJerusalem AlexandriaAlexandria
Ambrose of MilanAmbrose of Milan
• Governor of Milan
• Civil strife over Arian controversy upon death of Bishop of Milan
• Ambrose called for peace and was nominated as bishop though unbaptized
• Gave away his property and studied for ministry
339 - 397
Ambrose of MilanAmbrose of Milan
• Withstood the Arians
• Justina, the regent for her son, demanded that the church adopt Arianism. Ambrose refused.
• Brought congregational singing into the church
• Excommunicated Theodosius in 390
339 - 397
JeromeJerome347-420347-420
• Traveled to Syria and learned Hebrew, later traveled through Palestine and Egypt
• Settled in Palestine where he devoted himself to writing
• Translated the Bible into Latin (Vulgate)
John ChrysostomJohn Chrysostom
• His nickname was Chrysostom (“golden-tongue”)
• Trained in law before studying for ministry
• He was a preacher at Antioch
• Appointed to be bishop of Constantinople
• Known for preaching exegetically from the Bible
347-407347-407
School of School of AlexandriaAlexandria
Sought the “deeper
meaning” by use of allegorical interpretation
School of School of AntiochAntioch
Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia
AlexandriaClement of
Alexandria, Origen
AntiochEmphasized the plain sense of the meaning of
the Bible in interpretation
John ChrysostomJohn Chrysostom
• The Empress Eudoxia had him exiled because she was displeased with his preaching on Elijah and Jezebel.
• He was banished to Pontus.
347-407347-407
AugustineAugustine354-430354-430
• Mother was Monica, a Christian
• Teacher of rhetoric in Milan
• Admired Ambrose for his speaking ability
• “Take up and read”
AugustineAugustine354-430354-430
Let us behave properly as in the
day, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual promiscuity and sensuality, not
in strife and jealousy…
AugustineAugustine354-430354-430
But put on the Lord Jesus Christ,
and make no provision
for the flesh in regard to its
lusts.
(Romans 13:13-14)
AugustineAugustine354-430354-430
• Bishop of Hippo, North Africa
• Confessions: Tells story of his coming to Christianity
• Rome sacked by Visigoths (410)
• City of God
The City of GodThe City of God• The Kingdom of God is not to
be found in today’s political arena
• The Christian’s true citizenship is in the city of God
Accordingly, two cities Accordingly, two cities have been formed by two have been formed by two loves: the earthly by the loves: the earthly by the love of self, even to the love of self, even to the contempt of God; the contempt of God; the
heavenly by the love of heavenly by the love of God, even to the contempt God, even to the contempt
of self. The former, in a of self. The former, in a word, glories in itself, the word, glories in itself, the
latter in the Lord.latter in the Lord.(City of God 16:28)
The earthly city, which does not live by The earthly city, which does not live by faith, seeks an earthly peace, and the faith, seeks an earthly peace, and the end it proposes, in the well-ordered end it proposes, in the well-ordered
concord of civic obedience and rule, is concord of civic obedience and rule, is the combination of men's wills to attain the combination of men's wills to attain the things which are helpful to this life. the things which are helpful to this life.
The heavenly city, or rather the part of it The heavenly city, or rather the part of it which sojourns on earth and lives by which sojourns on earth and lives by faith, makes use of this peace only faith, makes use of this peace only because it must, until this mortal because it must, until this mortal
condition which necessitates it shall condition which necessitates it shall pass away.pass away.
(City of God 19:17)
Augustine versus PelagiusAugustine versus PelagiusMan is born in sin
and spiritually deadMan is essentially
good
Man’s will was affected by the fall so that, apart from the Spirit, he does not
choose God
Man’s will is neutral; he has the free will to either follow God or
reject God
Salvation is a gift of God to undeserving
men
Salvation comes as men imitate Christ
Predestination Free Will
top related