the scholastics. where? where? the universities “scholastics” – in the schools
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The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Where? Where?
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Where?Where? The universities The universities
““scholastics” – in the scholastics” – in the schoolsschools
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Where? Where? The universities --The universities --
Especially the Sorbonne Especially the Sorbonne (the University of Paris)(the University of Paris)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who? Who?
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who?Who? Peter Lombard Peter Lombard (1105-1160)(1105-1160)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who?Who? Peter Lombard (1105-Peter Lombard (1105-1160)1160)
His book: His book: The SentencesThe Sentences
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who?Who? Peter Lombard (1105-Peter Lombard (1105-1160)1160)
His book: His book: The SentencesThe Sentences
Thomas Aquinas (1225-Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)1274)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who?Who? Peter Lombard (1105-Peter Lombard (1105-1160)1160)
His book: His book: The SentencesThe Sentences
Thomas Aquinas (1225-Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)1274)
His book: His book: Summa Summa TheologiaTheologia
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Who?Who? Peter Lombard (1105-Peter Lombard (1105-1160)1160)
Thomas Aquinas (1225-Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)1274)
Duns Scotus (1265-Duns Scotus (1265-1308)1308)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible•Tradition (Church Tradition (Church Fathers)Fathers)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible•Tradition (Church Fathers)Tradition (Church Fathers)•ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Goal?Goal?
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Goal?Goal?
To use Scripture and logic To use Scripture and logic to make sense of God, man, to make sense of God, man, and the world.and the world.
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Method?Method?
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
Method?Method?
Reason and dialecticReason and dialectic
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
The Way of SalvationThe Way of Salvation
The ScholasticsThe Scholastics
The Way of SalvationThe Way of Salvation““The death of Christ then The death of Christ then justifies us, when by it love justifies us, when by it love is awakened in our hearts."is awakened in our hearts." (Peter Lombard)(Peter Lombard)
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Where? Where?
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Where?Where?
Royal courts.Royal courts.
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Who?Who?
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Who?Who?
Dante, Petrarch (early, Dante, Petrarch (early, Italian)Italian)
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Who?Who?
Dante, Petrarch (early, Dante, Petrarch (early, Italian)Italian)
Erasmus, Reuchlin Erasmus, Reuchlin (late, (late, continental)continental)
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Source of truth?Source of truth?
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Source of truth?Source of truth?
Back to the Sources!!Back to the Sources!!
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Source of truth?Source of truth?
Back to the Sources!!Back to the Sources!!•The BibleThe Bible
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Source of truth?Source of truth?
Back to the Sources!!Back to the Sources!!•The BibleThe Bible•Classical (Greek and Classical (Greek and Latin) authorsLatin) authors
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Goal?Goal?
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Goal?Goal?To get rid of myths, To get rid of myths, traditions, and silly traditions, and silly Scholastic arguments, and Scholastic arguments, and get back to basic get back to basic Christianity.Christianity.
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Goal?Goal?To get rid of myths, traditions, To get rid of myths, traditions, and silly Scholastic and silly Scholastic arguments, and get back to arguments, and get back to basic Christianity.basic Christianity.
i.e., MORALITY & i.e., MORALITY & ETHICS.ETHICS.
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Method?Method?
Language and literature Language and literature studystudy
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Way of SalvationWay of Salvation
Do your best, and grace will Do your best, and grace will “kick in.”“kick in.”
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Way of SalvationWay of Salvation
Do your best, and grace will Do your best, and grace will “kick in.”“kick in.”
(But righteous pagans are (But righteous pagans are in heaven!)in heaven!)
The MysticsThe Mystics
The MysticsThe Mystics
Who?Who?
The MysticsThe Mystics
Who?Who?
Meister Eckhardt (1260-Meister Eckhardt (1260-1327)1327)
The MysticsThe Mystics
Who?Who?
Meister Eckhardt (1260-Meister Eckhardt (1260-1327)1327)
John Tauler (1300-1361) John Tauler (1300-1361)
The MysticsThe Mystics
Where?Where?
The MysticsThe Mystics
Where?Where?
Monasteries.Monasteries.
The MysticsThe Mystics
Where?Where?
Monasteries,Monasteries,
though some were though some were wandering preachers.wandering preachers.
The MysticsThe Mystics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible
The MysticsThe Mystics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible•TraditionTradition
The MysticsThe Mystics
Sources of truth?Sources of truth?•BibleBible•TraditionTradition•Direct illuminationDirect illumination
The MysticsThe Mystics
Goal?Goal?
The MysticsThe Mystics
Goal?Goal?
A direct, unmediated A direct, unmediated experience of God.experience of God.
The MysticsThe Mystics
Method?Method?
The MysticsThe Mystics
Method?Method?
Private prayer and Private prayer and contemplation.contemplation.
The MysticsThe Mystics
Way of SalvationWay of Salvation
The MysticsThe Mystics
Way of SalvationWay of Salvation
Through a mystical Through a mystical experience, the soul is experience, the soul is absorbed into the Divine.absorbed into the Divine.
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Who? Where? Who? Where?
Everybody, all over the place. Everybody, all over the place. That’s why we call them That’s why we call them common people. Why do you common people. Why do you ask such ridiculous questions? ask such ridiculous questions? Huh? Huh?
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Sources of truthSources of truth
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Sources of truthSources of truth•The Bible (though many The Bible (though many can’t read)can’t read)
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Sources of truthSources of truth•The Bible (though many can’t The Bible (though many can’t read)read)•The ChurchThe Church
–The Sunday service (liturgy, preaching)
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Sources of truthSources of truth•The Bible (though many can’t The Bible (though many can’t read)read)•The ChurchThe Church
–Traditions, holidays, legends about saints, etc.
The Common PeopleThe Common People
GoalGoal
Survival.Survival.
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Goal & methodGoal & method
Survival. Let the Survival. Let the professionals (priests, professionals (priests, monks, and nuns) take care monks, and nuns) take care of religion for you. Just do of religion for you. Just do what they tell you and don’t what they tell you and don’t worry about it. worry about it.
The Common PeopleThe Common People
Way of SalvationWay of Salvation
If you do your part, God If you do your part, God will do his.will do his.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?Third, it [theology] proceeds to the Third, it [theology] proceeds to the contemplation of truth in questions of contemplation of truth in questions of Sacred Scripture; and to this purpose Sacred Scripture; and to this purpose the method should be that of the method should be that of arguments. arguments.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?Third, it [theology] proceeds to the Third, it [theology] proceeds to the contemplation of truth in questions of contemplation of truth in questions of Sacred Scripture; and to this purpose Sacred Scripture; and to this purpose the method should be that of the method should be that of arguments. arguments.
Scholastic Scholastic (Thomas Aquinas)(Thomas Aquinas)
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?When we turn away from When we turn away from ourselves and from all created ourselves and from all created things, to that extent we are things, to that extent we are united and sanctified in the soul's united and sanctified in the soul's spark, which is untouched by spark, which is untouched by either space or time. This spark is either space or time. This spark is opposed to all creatures and opposed to all creatures and desires nothing but God.desires nothing but God.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?When we turn away from When we turn away from ourselves and from all created ourselves and from all created things, to that extent we are things, to that extent we are united and sanctified in the soul's united and sanctified in the soul's spark, which is untouched by spark, which is untouched by either space or time. This spark is either space or time. This spark is opposed to all creatures and opposed to all creatures and desires nothing but God.desires nothing but God.
Mystic Mystic (Meister Eckhart)(Meister Eckhart)
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?I have turned my entire attention to I have turned my entire attention to Greek. The first thing I shall do, as Greek. The first thing I shall do, as soon as the money arrives, is to buy soon as the money arrives, is to buy some Greek authors; after that, I shall some Greek authors; after that, I shall buy clothes.buy clothes.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?I have turned my entire attention to I have turned my entire attention to Greek. The first thing I shall do, as Greek. The first thing I shall do, as soon as the money arrives, is to buy soon as the money arrives, is to buy some Greek authors; after that, I shall some Greek authors; after that, I shall buy clothes.buy clothes.
Humanist Humanist (Erasmus)(Erasmus)
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?Blessedness consists primarily in Blessedness consists primarily in the fact that the soul sees God in the fact that the soul sees God in herself.herself.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?Blessedness consists primarily in Blessedness consists primarily in the fact that the soul sees God in the fact that the soul sees God in herself.herself.
Mystic Mystic (Meister Eckhart)(Meister Eckhart)
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?It is an unscrupulous intellect that It is an unscrupulous intellect that does not pay to antiquity its due does not pay to antiquity its due reverence.reverence.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?It is an unscrupulous intellect that It is an unscrupulous intellect that does not pay to antiquity its due does not pay to antiquity its due reverence.reverence.
HumanistHumanist (Erasmus) (Erasmus)
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?God ordained human nature to attain God ordained human nature to attain the end of eternal life not by its own the end of eternal life not by its own strength, but by the help of grace, strength, but by the help of grace, and in this way its act can be and in this way its act can be deserving of eternal life.deserving of eternal life.
Scholastic, Humanist, or Scholastic, Humanist, or Mystic?Mystic?God ordained human nature to attain God ordained human nature to attain the end of eternal life not by its own the end of eternal life not by its own strength, but by the help of grace, strength, but by the help of grace, and in this way its act can be and in this way its act can be deserving of eternal life.deserving of eternal life.
Scholastic Scholastic (Thomas Aquinas)(Thomas Aquinas)
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