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AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS
The Pomaderris Garden A Handbook for Guides
Glenys Bishop, Steve Galliford, Peter Heaume, Gillian Redmond
22-May-19
1
Contents 1. Introduction to Pomaderris............................................................................................................. 2
Characteristics of the Genus ............................................................................................................... 2
Distribution of the Genus .................................................................................................................... 5
2. Establishing the Pomaderris Garden ................................................................................................... 5
Background ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Aims of the Pomaderris Garden .......................................................................................................... 5
Garden Layout ..................................................................................................................................... 6
The Pomaderris Project ....................................................................................................................... 6
3. Pomaderris Evolution, Genetics and Survival ..................................................................................... 7
How does the evolution of the Rhamnaceae compare to the Gymnosperms? ................................. 8
Why is Pomaderris found only in Australia and New Zealand? .......................................................... 8
Avoiding Extinction ............................................................................................................................. 8
4. It Makes You Wonder... ...................................................................................................................... 9
5. Pomaderris in the Home Garden ...................................................................................................... 11
6. Species List ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Species Descriptions ......................................................................................................................... 11
7. Pomaderris species growing in other sections of the garden ........................................................... 22
8. Protocol for Collecting Plant Material .............................................................................................. 22
9. References ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Appendix A: Section 338 Map Species Legend ..................................................................................... 25
Appendix B: map of section 338 indicating the location of plantings .................................................. 26
2
The Garden in September 2018.
1. Introduction to Pomaderris
Pomaderris is a genus in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae – a cosmopolitan family of
dicotyledonous plants represented in Australia, America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Worldwide there
are about 58 genera containing about 925 species. The Rhamnaceae are among the 20 largest
families of flowering plants in Australia and are represented by over 160 species in 17 genera,
including Cryptandra, Discaria and Spyridium in south-eastern Australia.
Characteristics of the Genus
Pomaderris plants are characterised by their abundant and often spectacular cream-yellow flowers
produced in spring. They are shrubs or small trees with hairy young growth.
The name of the genus comes from the Greek poma, meaning lid, and derris, meaning skin or
leather, referring to the membrane-like cover of the capsule. See Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Capsules of P. elliptica showing the “lid” of the capsule
Leaves
The leaves are simple and alternate, i.e. each leaf has a single blade and leaves are arranged in a
spiral around the stem (in contrast to leaves that are held opposite to each other on a stem). The
stipules are brown and may be shed early. See Figure 2.
Figure 2. Illustration of a simple leaf with stipule and alternate leaf arrangement.
Simple leaf with stipule Alternate leaf arrangement
Source: [25].
The undersurface of each leaf bears stellate (star-shaped) hairs or a mixture of stellate and simple
(single unbranched) hairs.
The leaf shape depends on the species. Some of the common leaf shapes in Pomaderris are shown in
Figure 3.
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Figure 3. Leaf Shapes
Elliptical
Oval in outline,
symmetrical
and widest
about the
middle (like a
squashed
circle)
Ovate or lanceolate
Shaped like a longitudinal section through
an egg and broader below the middle.
Lanceolate leaves are narrowly ovate.
Obovate
Egg-shaped,
with the
narrow end at
the base
Rhombic
An oblique four
sided shape,
broadest about
the middle, with
approximately
equal sides and
lateral obtuse
angles
Sources: [26,27]
Flowers
The inflorescence is a small cyme (pronounced ‘sime’), mainly further grouped into terminal panicles
or corymbs, sometimes in tight clusters or solitary. (In a cyme, the terminal bud forms a terminal
flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds, i.e. the terminal flower is the
oldest.) See Figure 4. The flowers are small, whitish to yellow. The sepals are often reflexed (bent
sharply downwards or backwards). There are five petals but they can be absent or shed early. The
fruit is a capsule, separating into three sections each containing a seed.
Figure 4. Three types of cymes.
Cyme maturing from the
bottom
Cyme maturing from the top
Cyme maturing from the
centre
Source: [28]
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Distribution of the Genus
As at February 2019, there is a total of about 70 species of Pomaderris. In Australia there are
approximately 65 species. The occurrence is mainly in the eastern states with the majority in NSW
and Victoria and as at February 2019, there are 13 species of Pomaderris found in the ACT. They
grow in heathland, shrubland, woodland and open forest from near sea-level to about 2200 m
altitude. Some species are also found in WA, SA, Queensland and Tasmania. In general, Pomaderris
species occur in areas that have some shade.
Species diversity is centred in south-eastern Australia with pockets of high diversity along the
Murrumbidgee corridor in the ACT, the Mulloon area of Tallaganda National Park and the Mayfield
area of the Shoalhaven. Several species may co-occur in such areas. They are very responsive to fire,
showing mass germination after bushfires; and to disturbance, often colonising roadsides after
roadbanks are constructed.
The only country, beyond Australia, where they are found is New Zealand, which has 10 species. Five
are endemic, four are native plants shared with Australia, and P. aspera has naturalised after being
introduced as a garden plant from Australia.
Sources: References 4, 8, 14, 17, 21.
2. Establishing the Pomaderris Garden
Background
In May 2016, it was thought that the existing collection of the Rhamnaceae family in section 31
looked tired and overgrown. The Living Collections and Horticulture Working group decided to
renovate this garden and create a new section 338 as the Pomaderris Garden.
Aims of the Pomaderris Garden
The ANBG has several aims for the Pomaderris Garden. The first is to focus on what is significant
about Pomaderris, as a genus, its rarity and distribution and, possibly, relatives in New Zealand. The
Pomaderris Garden does not, and is not planned to, have all Australian Pomaderris species but the
initial plantings were chosen to display an interesting collection of the genus and some of its
threatened species. There are additional species in other parts of the gardens, including the
Research and Conservation Garden, 189b, and these are listed in chapter 7.
Another aim of the Pomaderris Garden is to raise public awareness of the members of this little-
known genus and to inspire gardeners to grow them. The garden endeavours to make Pomaderris
attractive and interesting, tempting the visitor with the hardiest species that will afford greater
chance of success when grown. This aim has been addressed by showcasing a number of frost-
tolerant species from south-eastern Australia including several that are rare and endangered,
namely P. bodalla, P. brunnea, P. cotoneaster, P. delicata,P. pallida, P. reperta and P. walshii.
A third aim is to inspire visitors to grow Pomaderris by a display that is representative of home
gardens. In particular, Pomaderris provides a good alternative for hedging and screening, and, seeing
this, visitors may be encouraged to replace cotoneasters in their gardens with P. walshii or P.
delicata. Plants in this garden will be lightly pruned to demonstrate their use as garden plants.
A hedge has been planted along the Pomaderris Garden boundary to screen the intrusive view of the
boundary road. A number of species have been included in this hedge and this collection will be
6
developed over time. These hedge plants will be pruned as they would be in a domestic garden to
encourage fresh growth and to maintain the hedge shape. Some may even be contoured into
sculptured forms for those who enjoy topiary. While a hedge is a departure from the Living
Collections policy of plantings having an informal natural setting, it will help to inspire the public to
include Pomaderris species in their gardens.
Garden Layout
A map of Section 338 and the location of plantings is provided at the end of this handbook.
This is a garden in progress. As research continues, more species will become available and there will
be periodic updates to the plantings. The policy is not to let the space become congested. If plants
die, replacements will be available in the nursery and any surplus will be provided to the Growing
Friends for sale.
The layout highlights attributes of Pomaderris species. Each grouping of plants will contain only one
or two species, making it easier for guides and the public to identify the plants. Paths allow visitors
to get close to the plants.
The garden has several microhabitats created by the landscaping. In the lower part of the garden
there are water-harvesting depressions, which fill after rain. From there the water slowly seeps into
the very heavy subsoil, thus keeping it damp and overcoming the water repellence of the clay.
Species that like moisture can be planted near the depressions and less irrigation will be required.
Note also that when the depressions have filled with water, they can also overflow into the drain.
In general, Pomaderris species occur in areas that have some shade. Some areas of this garden have
shady periods while others are in full sun.
The Pomaderris Project
Early Work
David Taylor of the ANBG was the Principal Investigator of a three-year project, Seed biology,
cytology and production of threatened Pomaderris, following work that had already begun on
Pomaderris delicata. Collaborators included representatives from the Office of Environment and
Heritage NSW, ACT Government Conservation Research, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity
Research, University of Wollongong, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mt Annan, CSIRO and
representatives from the South East Bioregion Regional Botanic Gardens Group1. This three-year
project was scheduled to end on 31 May 2019.
The project objectives were:
1. Source, collect, and secure seed and living plant material of a minimum of five Pomaderris
species selected largely from NSW and the ACT that were threatened or likely to become
threatened in the future, in quantities suitable for both long term storage, as ex situ
collections and available for active restoration opportunities, with the materials so collected
being maintained across institutions;
1 The South East NSW Bioregion working group consists of Australian National Botanic Gardens, Wollongong
Botanic Gardens, Booderee Botanic Gardens, Eurobodalla Regional Botanic Gardens, Australian Botanic Gardens Mt Annan, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Illawarra Grevillea Park
7
2. Enhance the methodology used to establish production areas and translocation programs by
investigating the biological traits (seed germination and cytology) that may affect the
reproductive success of Pomaderris species in the wild or in cultivation;
3. Produce threatened and at-risk Pomaderris plant material ready for translocation.
The Role of the ANBG Nursery in this Project
Collection from the wild was the first phase. Cuttings of Pomaderris delicata were taken in 2014
after attempts to collect seed in the field for propagation were unsuccessful because wild seeds
were rare and not viable [6].
The second phase entailed growing many plants of the same species together and collecting the
seeds produced. This is called a seed orchard. A seed orchard for Pomaderris delicata was
established in ANBG section 189a, which is caged.
In contrast to the collections from the wild, the plants in the seed orchard produced lots of seed and
it was planned that some of these would be used for translocation. A pilot seed orchard, with no
controls on cross-pollination, produced about 200,000 seeds whereas only about 100 seeds were
able to be collected from the wild. A trial translocation of some plants grown from seeds from the
orchard was made to the P. delicata population in the roadside verge on Cullulla Road west of
Nerriga. These translocated plants were growing well in late 2018 and the nursery planned to collect
further seeds and cuttings from them.
In May 2015, staff from the partnership agencies and local volunteers planted out over 500
additional shrubs near Tarago and Goulburn with the aim of improving the viability of the
populations at both sites [16].
In 2018, a further development was planned to use bee pollination in screen-meshed tents to
prevent cross-pollination and hybridisation. More information about hybridisation, and why it is
sometimes undesirable, is in chapter 3 of this handbook.
When collecting seeds or cuttings from the wild, it is important to identify suitable population
sources and ensure that any plants and seeds propagated from them have traceable links to
parentage for future research and use in species recovery. The protocol for collection is discussed in
chapter 8 of this handbook.
3. Pomaderris Evolution, Genetics and Survival
Pomaderris is a genus of flowering plants within the family Rhamnaceae. The Rhamnaceae first
evolved when Gondwana began to break up. The climate of Gondwana was very moist and cool. As
the parts of Gondwana broke off and drifted north the climate became drier and warmer. This
meant that only plants that could adapt to this changing environment would persist, a case of
“survival of the fittest”.
Those plants on the Australasian continent evolved into what we now know as several genera,
including Pomaderris. On the North American continent evolution took different paths and other
variants of the family evolved. On both continents some species have dwindling populations and
restricted distributions, compromising their long term survival; evolution continues.
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How does the evolution of the Rhamnaceae compare to the Gymnosperms?
The gymnosperms , such as the Araucariaceae, evolved long before the flowering plants and were
well established before Gondwana broke up. They provide a comprehensive fossil record over a
longer period of time than the more recently evolved flowering plants. Those fossils and surviving
species are evidence for the theory of continental drift. The Rhamnaceae (as part of the flowering
plants) originated sometime after the gymnosperms.
Why is Pomaderris found only in Australia and New Zealand?
The Rhamnaceae family originated as Gondwana broke up. The family was fragmented early in its
evolution. Once the genus Pomaderris evolved, and continental drift progressed, the Australian
environment became less tropical and much drier. The species with a wider range of climate
tolerance are now present in diverse habitats, while others are rare and have narrower ranges.
For all plants, not just Pomaderris, there is a catch to survival. Adaptation to a specific environment
can mean a narrowing of the genotypes; all individuals tend to be similar. They may no longer
possess the genetic ability to respond to subsequent changes in their environment. This amounts to
an evolutionary cul-de-sac. A changed environment may be inhospitable to the existing plants. It
would appear that this is happening to some of the rare Pomaderris species.
Work at the CSIRO up to 2018 has provided new insights into the genetics of Pomaderris. While most
plants and animals have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, many species of
Pomaderris appear to have three or more sets of chromosomes. This is called polyploidy. The CSIRO
research indicates that some polyploid species of Pomaderris produce embryos asexually, meaning
offspring may be genetically identical. This strategy ensures that plants remain ideally suited for
present conditions but may make them vulnerable as conditions change, because they lack the
diversity to adapt.
Not all the Pomaderris species are rare and endangered. Perhaps these species have a more diverse
genetic make-up and so are not in a comparable evolutionary cul-de-sac.
Avoiding Extinction
So, what are the issues when collecting rare plants to help avoid extinction? How best to mess with
Nature!
As some species of Pomaderris are rare in the wild, botanists, seedbanks and horticulturists collect
and propagate them as an insurance policy against extinction. Collection from the wild follows
protocols to address issues to do with protecting and documenting genetic diversity.
The genotype of a plant determines its structure and function. A single characteristic may have
several forms (e.g. tall or short) and this is controlled, in part, by different alternative genes for a
given characteristic. Environmental factors also play a part.
Variation between plants is important, because some “versions” (phenotypes) of plants survive
better than others, especially when the environment changes. This is part of the mechanism of
evolution.
When plants are collected from the wild it is important to sample the entire genetic diversity of a
population and collect as many different phenotypes as possible. Protocols guide best practice.
9
The collection of seeds is the ideal way to capture genetic diversity. Embryos are usually formed
sexually so genes have been mixed when the pollen and ovules combined. It is even better if the
seeds come from plants that have been cross-pollinated, i.e. the seeds have different parents.
However not all plants in the wild produce viable seeds.
If seeds cannot be collected, the alternative is to propagate from cuttings. All the plants grown this
way are genetically identical to the parent plants. This may be desirable as it gives predictable results
(e.g. for Canberra street trees or for a favourite orchid) but not when future-proofing a species
against extinction. Thus cuttings should be collected from many different plants, not just from a
couple of plants. The protocols ensure collections are as diverse as possible.
Once the cuttings are growing it may be possible to cross-pollinate and mix the different characters
of the species to recreate a diverse population; a step towards ensuring the survival of the species.
Some cuttings of Pomaderris species growing at the ANBG in 2018 were in “orchards” where, it is
hoped, they will produce viable seed.
Another advantage of seed over cuttings is they may be “banked” for long-term storage.
4. It Makes You Wonder... Stories may make it easier for visitors to engage with Pomaderris. These can compensate for the
plants’ lack of visual impact. They also provides an opportunity to explain more about the work of
the Gardens to propagate and conserve rare or endangered plants. Of course, telling stories about
the work on rare and endangered plants can be told anywhere in the gardens.
Here are some topics people may find engaging:
1. Why do some species of Pomaderris become rare?
A new climate may be hostile for that plant. The ancestors of present-day Pomaderris
species evolved before the break-up of Gondwana and travelled with the Australasian
continent as it drifted and became drier, a change from when the climate was more
tropical/moist. Species may have a limitations on their capacity to adapt to the changed
environment.
Land may be cleared which can lead to local extinction if the species has a restricted
distribution.
Fires: more frequent fire or less frequent fire, and intensity of fires may have an impact.
Insect pollinators of the species may be eliminated from their environment or may no longer
be present during flowering (as can happen in a changing climate).
Animals may graze the plants.
Fungal infections in the soil may affect the health of the plants.
2. Why is the Australian National Botanic Gardens trying to prevent extinctions?
It is part of the Gardens’ mission.
Plants can be useful to humans (they are often the source of useful chemicals, such as
aspirin from willows); plants saved from extinction may prove useful in the future.
The work done on one species will provide valuable experience and new knowledge. This
may ultimately be of benefit in unexpected ways, just as the space industry has had spin-offs
in useful non-space applications.
10
Plants that are vulnerable to extinction may be useful indicators of shifts in climatic patterns.
Effects on their small populations will be easily observed. They can be thought of as the
canary in the coal mine.
3. Why have hairy leaves?
Pomaderris have hairs on their leaves, particularly on the lower surface. The hairs vary in
shape. Some are single hairs, others branch to form star shapes (so-called stellate hairs). The
hairs on Pomaderris are useful characters in species identification. The lower surface of
leaves have small openings (stomata) to take in carbon dioxide from the air. Plants use the
carbon dioxide to make sugar using the sun’s energy. When it is hot or windy, leaves will also
lose water through those stomata. That can dry the plant out and make it difficult to survive
dry periods.
Having hairs is like a coat; it helps to shade and insulate the leaf surface and so there is less
water loss. Various species of plants growing in hot or dry climates have hairs to reduce
water loss from the leaves. It can be said that the “hairs are an adaptation to minimise water
loss”.
Fallen leaves can be examined under the adjustable microscope in the Visitor Information
Centre to show the hairs.
4. What is the advantage of polyploidy?
Most plants have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.
When a plant reproduces sexually it results in a mixture of genetic material in the offspring.
In this way, new plants can differ from their parents.
Those plants that have different mixes of characteristics may have a greater chance of
survival. Hence the saying “survival of the fittest”.
However, plants in very demanding environments may have a combination of genes
optimised for survival. Variation may produce weaker offspring, which may not survive.
Variation may be undesirable.
We know that some Pomaderris species (and other plants) have produced offspring with
three or more sets of chromosomes. This is called polyploidy.
Polyploidy is a topic in itself (see Chapter 3). However, suffice to say, polyploidy can make it
difficult to mix and match genes to create variation. This can be an advantage if there is a
need to “lock in” a particular set of characteristics for a very narrow niche in the
environment. It is thought this is why some Pomaderris populations have remarkably
uniform genetic compositions.
Uniform genetic make-up means all progeny from the parent plants are ideally suited for the
demands of surviving in their narrow environmental niche.
If that niche changes in some way it is possible the Pomaderris species will lack a winning
new combination of characteristics and then they risk extinction. They are in an evolutionary
cul-de-sac.
Some Pomaderris species have ended up in this predicament.
Interestingly, some related genera in Rhamnaceae found in North America are in a similar
predicament.
The ANBG project to propagate rare and endangered plants takes this scenario into account
as it collects plants and attempts to propagate them.
11
5. Pomaderris in the Home Garden
Home gardens along the coast and mountains of south eastern Australia are within the range of
many of the naturally occurring Pomaderris species and so plantings may be successful. Beyond
those regions more careful selection of plants may be necessary. Pomaderris species and advice can
be obtained from specialist nurseries. Pomaderris are useful for growing in shaded sites, especially
beneath established trees. Most species respond well to pruning from an early age and can be
formed into hedges.
Pomaderris generally prefer acidic soils and like to be in moist conditions year-round when young.
Established plants will tolerate extended dry periods. Most species will survive light frost while some
species are hardier and will tolerate heavy frosts. Pomaderris aspera, P. elliptica and P. ferruginea
are some of the frost-hardier species.
Pomaderris respond well to light applications of native (low phosphorus) fertiliser, but too much
fertiliser may result in the growth of foliage at the expense of roots, resulting in unstable plants.
Little is needed in terms of pest control; pests and diseases rarely cause problems.
Pomaderris may be cultivated from seeds or cuttings. Success has been achieved by heating seed to
150 degrees for 10 minutes before planting and also from immersing seed in boiling water for 15
seconds before planting. When collecting cuttings, the best strike rate results from firm young
growth. If the cuttings are too soft the plant tends to wilt and is not recoverable.
A comprehensive description of the cultivation of Pomaderris species can be found in [12].
6. Species List
Species Descriptions
The following species have all been planted in section 338. The first seven are rare species that are
part of the Pomaderris Project (see chapter 2). The remaining 17 are in alphabetical order.
A complete numbered list of references is shown in chapter 9.
Most of the material for the species in this chapter was compiled from references 8, 15, 17 but
where other sources were used they are indicated by the numbers in [ ].
1. Pomaderris bodalla
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: not listed, NSW: Vulnerable
Name Details
Meaning: Bodalla is a small town on the south coast of NSW in the shire of Eurobodalla, in an area
where this plant is found.
Common Name: Bodalla Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Bodalla Pomaderris is a shrub 2–4 m high. The young stems have spreading rusty simple hairs and
dense greyish star-shaped hairs. The leaves are elliptic, broad-elliptic, broad-obovate to rhombic,
mostly 2-3 cm long and 12-15 mm wide. The upper leaf surface is dark green with no hairs and the
lower surface has sparse spreading rusty hairs above short greyish star-shaped hairs. The flowers are
cream and held in loose, irregular clusters.
12
Distribution
Bodalla Pomaderris is endemic to NSW and is currently known to occur on the south coast between
Bodalla and Merimbula, and in the upper Hunter Valley near Muswellbrook. There are ten
populations of Bodalla Pomaderris currently known, and a further two imprecisely described
locations from which the species was collected approximately 40 years ago. The majority of
populations are small, with seven of the populations having estimated sizes of less than a hundred
plants. All populations have locally restricted distributions. The largest known population is in
Wollemi National Park and is unlikely to include more than one thousand plants. Bodalla Pomaderris
is in the conservation reserves of Kooraban National Park on the south coast, and in Wollemi
National Park and Wingen Maid Nature Reserve in the north of its range. Other populations on the
south coast are located in State Forests and on private land. More research is required to locate new
populations. [Information current on 1 Dec 2017.]
Habitat
On the south coast Pomaderris bodalla occurs in moist open forest along sheltered gullies or
along stream banks. In the upper Hunter Valley, it occurs in open forest or woodland on open
slopes.
Miscellaneous
There is a video on the collection of cuttings of P. bodalla at Merimbula. See [1 and 2].
Threats [ 15a]:
Two populations are at immediate risk from road maintenance activities and residential
development.
Cool burns kill juvenile plants and are not hot enough to stimulate seed germination.
Two populations on private land are accessible to livestock and may be threatened by
trampling, grazing or small-scale clearing activities.
All populations may be threatened if fires recur at high frequencies in their habitat, which
may result in death of standing plants and depletion of seed banks.
Disturbance associated with logging operations on State Forest or private land may also be a
threat to some populations of the species.
Several populations of P. bodalla are small and therefore subject to declines or extinction
related to random events.
2. Pomaderris brunnea
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Vulnerable, NSW: Endangered
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘brunneus’ meaning brown.
Common Name: Brown or Rufous Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Grows up to 3 m tall with distinctively hairy stems, long and brownish over a thick white hairy
undercoat. The leaves are up to 4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide with toothed margins. Upper surface is
hairless, the lower surface densely hairy like the stem. Small yellowish flowers have no petals and
form dense clusters at the ends of the branches.
Distribution
Found in limited area around Colo, Nepean and Hawkesbury rivers including Bargo area and near
Camden, also on New England tablelands near Walcha and in far eastern Gippsland in Victoria.
13
Habitat
Occurs in moist woodland or forest on clay and alluvial soils of flood plains and creek lines.
3. Pomaderris cotoneaster
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Endangered, NSW: Endangered
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘cotoneum’ meaning quince + ‘aster’ meaning resembling.
Common Name: Cotoneaster Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub to 4 m. Leaves are similar in shape to those of the genus Cotoneaster, including an occasional
indent at the leaf tip. Another feature of P. cotoneaster is its hairs. They are white and star-shaped
and easily seen on new growth and the underside of leaves. Flowers are cream and appear in
October and November.
Distribution
NSW, western slopes and near the coast in south eastern NSW. Limited dsitribution in Victoria
(Genoa River). NSW has four management sites to try to preserve the species. They are:
Goobarragandra River (east of Tumut); Badgerys Lookout (Tallong); Bungonia National Park;
Tantawangalo Creek (Bega Valley).
Habitat
Pomaderris cotoneaster has been found in a range of habitats: forests in deep friable soil, amongst
rocks beside a creek, in steep gullies between sandstone cliffs.
Population sizes range from a few plants to several hundred and it is not obvious why they grow
where they do; local habitats vary but do not seem to influence the plants.
4. Pomaderris delicata
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Critically Endangered, NSW: Critically Endangered
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘delicatus’ meaning dainty, charming.
Common Name: Delicate Pomaderris
Form of Plant
A shrub 1–2 m tall. Its leaves are elliptical (to 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide). The undersurfaces of
leaves are covered with grey star-shaped hairs and a few simple hairs on the veins. The flowers
appear in spring, are golden yellow, and have petals (unlike some other Pomaderris species).
Distribution
This species is protected in Pomaderris Nature Reserve on Mountain Ash Drive to the east of
Goulburn. It also occurs in the roadside verge on Cullulla Road and in Nadgigomar Reserve (both to
the west of Nerriga). The last is a translocation site. [15 c and 15 d]
Habitat
At known sites, the Delicate Pomaderris grows in dry open forest dominated by Eucalyptus sieberi
with a dense she-oak understorey. Soils are shallow and derived from sandstone and siltstone.
Miscellaneous
This plant is Critically Endangered and threats include [ 15 b]:
14
Habitat disturbance during road and infrastructure construction and maintenance.
As the area occupied by Delicate Pomaderris is so small, it is potentially threatened by any
disturbance.
The response of Delicate Pomaderris to fire and other disturbance is unknown.
Clearing of understorey may affect populations on private land.
There is potential for incursions from cattle, sheep, feral goats and various weeds from
private lands adjacent to suitable habitat.
A targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the NSW Office of
Environment & Heritage Saving Our Species program.
ANBG
For an interesting comment about this species, see The Pomaderris Project section in
chapter 2.
5. Pomaderris pallida
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Vulnerable, NSW: Vulnerable
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘pallidus’ meaning pale.
Common Name: Pale Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub 1–1.5 m high, narrow oblong leaves. Stellate hairs on the underside of the leaves are visible
under magnification; flowers pale yellow, no petals; protruding stamens.
Flowers September to December.
Distribution
Found along the Murrumbidgee near Canberra, various sites in ACT and possibly other sites to north
and south of ACT. [13, 29]
May occur in Victoria. [9]
Habitat
Found at numerous small sites along the elevated parts of river banks and very steep upper slopes
and cliffs of river valleys at 480–600 m above sea level
Miscellaneous
Probably does not have horticultural appeal. [9]
6. Pomaderris reperta
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Critically Endangered, NSW: Critically Endangered
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘repertus’ meaning rediscovered (so named because it was first described
after a successful targeted search for the plants near Denman).
Common Name: Denman Pomaderris. Denman is on the Golden Highway between Muswellbrook
and Dubbo in the upper Hunter Valley.
Form of Plant
Shrub to 3 m with very hairy young stems. Leaves to 35 mm long and 20 mm wide.
Distribution
15
Recorded from a small number of sites along a single ridgeline near Denman in the upper Hunter
Valley.
Habitat
Woodlands in association with Eucalyptus species in sandy loam soils on sandstone or conglomerate.
Miscellaneous
This plant is Critically Endangered and threats include [ 15 e]:
A limited distribution and small total population size place the species at risk from demographic and environmental uncertainties, and natural catastrophes (e.g. fire).
Information on where the species occurs and relevant threatening processes is limiting its management at some locations.
7. Pomaderris walshii
Pomaderris Project Plant
Conservation Status
Commonwealth: Not listed, NSW: Critically Endangered
Name Details
Meaning: walshii after the botanist Neville Walsh, a prominent Pomaderris researcher from the
Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.
Common Name: Carrington Falls Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub or small tree up to 3 m. Leaves oval with pointy tip. Undersurface of leaves covered with
white hairs mixed with other rusty hairs. Mix of simple and stellate hairs.
Flowers cream to yellow in clusters of 100–200 from July to November
Distribution
Very restricted. Upper catchment of the Kangaroo River, near Robertson, above Carrington Falls,
NSW. There may be only about 40 plants in the wild.
Habitat
Near river in scrubland and open grassy forest. In association with Callicoma serratifolia,
Ceratopetalum apetalum, Grevillea rivularis, Eucalyptus fastigata.
Miscellaneous
Gardening Australia video about this species. [3]
Being cultivated at the Wollongong Botanic Garden.
Has been collected from Budderoo National Park near Robertson.
Most collections made when in flower.
See [15f] for threats
The following species are not part of the Pomaderris Research Project.
8. Pomaderris andromedifolia
Name Details
Meaning: Andromeda is the genus name for the northern hemisphere Bog Rosemary; folia is Latin
for leaves. The name refers to a perceived similarity between the leaves of this species and those of
the genus Andromeda.
Common Name: Andromeda Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub 1–2 m. Leaves of variable shape and 1–5 cm long.
Distribution
16
Along the eastern side of Great Dividing Range Vic to Qld, including the ACT. [10]
Habitat
Widespread, in open forest especially along the escarpment in NSW.
9. Pomaderris aspera
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘asper’ meaning rough.
Common Name: Hazel Pomaderris, since its leaves and seeds resemble the European Hazel plant.
Form of Plant
Plant can grow as tall as 12 m.
Has rusty hairy new growth with large soft elliptic to lanceolate leaves with deeply-impressed veins;
dark green above, paler below.
Cream flowers appearing October to December, in large terminal bunches, lacking petals, hairy on
the outside.
Bark takes on interesting markings as lichens colonise it.
Distribution
Common throughout eastern ranges in forests on moister slopes in the ACT, NSW and Vic.
Habitat
Forests on moister slopes.
Aboriginal Uses
Aboriginal peoples used the wood for pegs for stretching skins.
Miscellaneous
Not especially good for attracting birds but provides food for caterpillars.
10. Pomaderris aurea
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘aureus’ meaning golden.
Common Name: Golden Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Compact shrub, 0.5–2 m. Leaves are elliptic to ovate and up to 30mm long, dark green on top. Silver
and rust coloured hairs coat the underside of leaves. Flowers golden yellow, September–October.
Distribution
Pomaderris aurea occurs mainly in eastern Victoria extending slightly into southeastern NSW.
Habitat
Scattered and dryish foothill forests and heathy woodlands ascending into wetter montane forests.
Miscellaneous
A photograph of Pomaderris aurea is shown on the front cover of the ANBG Living Collection Policy
2016 – 2022 (identified as Pomaderris humilis, a synonym).
11. Pomaderris. betulina subsp. betulina
Name Details
Meaning: from Betula, the generic name for Birch species.
Common Name: Birch Pomaderris
Form of Plant
A spreading, sometimes diffuse shrub up to 1 m high.
The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous (hairless) or sparsely hispid (bristly hairs); the
undersurface has prominent rusty star-shaped hairs. Leaves ovate to obovate or oblong, 10–20 mm
17
long, 4–7 mm wide. Flowers in compact terminal panicles. The floral tube and sepals have long, soft
hairs. Young branches are closely covered with short soft hairs which are only slightly brownish. It
flowers in spring.
Distribution
There are two subspecies. Pomaderris betulina. subsp. betulina occurs in eastern inland Victoria,
eastern NSW (where it grows chiefly in the ranges south from Torrington), and into southeastern
Qld. The second subspecies, P. betulina subsp. actensis, is restricted to rocky valleys of the ACT and
bordering parts of NSW.
The main differences between the two subspecies are that subsp. betulina sepals are shorter, the
secondary veins on the upper surface of the leaves are much more strongly impressed and the leaf
margins are more distinctly recurved than subsp. actensis. [22a]
Habitat
Open forest, woodland or shrubland; often in damp places.
12. Pomaderris cinerea
Name Details
Meaning: from the Latin ‘cinereus’ meaning ashen.
Common Name: Grey Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Small tree up to 5 m high or smaller shrub. Leaves 2–5 cm. Flowers in summer.
Distribution
South of Moruya, possibly into Vic.
Collected at Mount Imlay, NSW.
Habitat
Moist forests
13. Pomaderris elachophylla
Name Details
Meaning: from the Greek ‘elacho’ meaning small, short, and ‘phyllon’ meaning leaf.
Common Name: Lacy Pomaderris or Small-leaf Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Pomaderris elachophylla is a twiggy shrub up to 3 m tall with small round leaves about 5 mm long.
Flowers are small and cream-coloured, borne near the ends of branches in November and
December, without petals but with long stamens. The branches are densely covered with rusty star-
shaped hairs.
Distribution
This species is more coastal than P. cotoneaster, occurring towards the south of NSW. It also occurs
through central and coastal Victoria and in Tasmania.
Habitat
Pomaderris elachophylla is known to occur in dry sclerophyll forests of the NSW southern tablelands,
subalpine woodlands such as near Michelago and wet sclerophyll forests on southern escarpments,
such as Brown Mountain.
Miscellaneous
Listed as Endangered in NSW but no status listed by the Commonwealth.
14. Pomaderris elliptica
Name Details
18
Meaning: elliptica is derived from the Latin ‘ellipsis’, elliptical, referring to the shape of the leaves.
Common name: Smooth Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Tall erect or rounded shrub with densely creamy hairy branchlets, 1.5–4 m tall, 1–3 m wide. Mid
green ovate to elliptic leaves 3–9 cm x 15–45 mm, smooth on top, fine whitish mat of short star-
shaped hairs below; tip pointed or blunt, margins wavy; pale yellow flower clusters are
hemispherical or pyramidal up to 12 cm across, i.e. they form a corymb, held above the foliage. This
species is closely related to P. discolor but distinguished by the flat to wavy (not recurved) leaf
margins and the larger, brighter yellow flowers; more common than P. discolor. [8, 17, 24a]
Distribution
Widespread in open forest on the coast and tablelands south from Taree, and west to Rylstone in
NSW. From the NSW border to west of Port Philip Bay in Victoria and widespread in Tas.
Habitat
Sclerophyll forest.
Miscellaneous
Pomaderris multiflora is a synonym
15. Pomaderris eriocephala
Name Details
Meaning: Specific name is from the Greek ‘erio’ meaning woolly, and ‘cephalos’ meaning head.
Common Name: Woolly-headed Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Small to medium shrub with spreading habit 1–3 m tall with rusty young growth, leaves are elliptic
to almost round, 1.5–4 cm long, flattish, dark green with short stiff hairs above, underside greyish
with soft simple hairs. Flowers small, often profuse, petals narrow or absent.
Distribution
This plant is found from north-eastern NSW to eastern Victoria, (including the ACT, Namadgi etc.) at
300–870 m altitude.
Habitat
Open forest and woodland growing in rocky, shallow soils, often associated with waterways.
16. Pomaderris ferruginea
Name Details
Meaning: Species name from the Latin ‘ferrugineus’ meaning rust-coloured.
Common Name: Rusty Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Flowers late winter into spring. Flowers cream.
Distribution
Eastern Australian coast and coastal Vic.
Habitat
Open sclerophyll forests and stream banks.
Miscellaneous
Host plant for the Yellow Jewel Butterfly.
17. Pomaderris helianthemifolia subsp. hispida
Name Details
19
Meaning: Helianthemum is genus of northern hemisphere plants with saucer-shaped flowers; folia is
Latin for leaves. The species name helianthemifolia refers to a perceived resemblance between the
leaves of this plant and those of members of the genus Helianthemum.
The subspecies name is from the Latin hispidus, meaning “with stiff coarse hairs or bristles”. Plants
of this subspecies are described as having a hispid upper leaf surface.
Common Name: Blunt-leaf Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Small shrub to about 2 m. Flowers cream or yellow, appearing in October November. Leaves are
narrow, up to 45 mm long but only up to 10 mm wide.
Distribution
NSW and Vic. In Vic most sites are on the NSW border with a few others in Gippsland. In NSW it is
known in the northern tablelands, southern tablelands and the south west slopes. Pomaderris
helianthemifolia subsp. hispida is one of three known subspecies of P. helianthemifolia, all of which
occur in Victoria. Only this subspecies occurs in NSW.
Habitat
Scattered rocky sites mostly near watercourses.
Miscellaneous
Listed as rare in Vic.
One of many Australian native plants whose existence are threatened by the impact of deer in
NSW alpine regions.
18. Pomaderris intermedia
Name Details
Meaning: Species name from the Latin intermedius, to intervene, a term not explained in the original
publication.
Common Name: Lemon Dogwood
Form of Plant
Grows up to 3 m high, spreading to 2 m wide.
Distribution
Open forests of east coast and ranges of northern NSW & through woodlands and heaths of
southern-central Vic. Also, harder to find, in north-east Tas & Bass Strait islands. It occurs extensively
on the higher slopes of Black Mountain.
Habitat
Open forests, woodlands and heaths.
Miscellaneous
First grown in England in 1825.
19. Pomaderris paniculosa subsp. paralia
Name Details
Meaning: paniculosa means in panicles, referring to the flowers.
Common Name: Shining Dogwood, Shining Coast Pomaderris, Coast Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Compact but much-branched shrub, to 2 m tall, leaves rather thick, undersurface & leaf margins
covered by hairs, upper surface hairless & shining.
Once regarded as part of coastal Bassian Dogwood (Pomaderris oraria subsp. oraria), from which it is
distinguished by its hairless upper leaf surface.
20
Distribution
Along most of the coastline of Vic, also northeastern Tas (rare), King Island and Flinders Island, along
the SA coast from Ceduna to Mt Gambier, including Kangaroo Island, and near Esperance in WA.
Habitat
Coastal dunes, cliffs & estuary shorelines.
Miscellaneous
Rare – protected under the Threatened Species Protection Act, Tasmania 1995. [ 18, 19, 23]
20. Pomaderris pauciflora
Name Details
Meaning: ‘pauci’ Latin for ‘few’ or ‘sparse’, ‘flora’ Latin for flower, in reference to the relatively few-
flowered inflorescences.
Common Name: Mountain Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Shrub 1–3 m high. Leaves narrow-elliptic to obovate, 5–20 mm long, 2–8 mm wide. Simple or stellate
hairs on the undersurface of the leaves result in a grey appearance. Cream flowers.
Distribution
East Gippsland and the Snowy Mountains/Great Dividing Range [8]. Habitat
Riparian habitats.
Miscellaneous
Status is rare in Victoria.
21. Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides
Name Details
The species name from ‘phylica’, a South African shrub and ‘folia’, leaf.
The name of the subspecies is derived from the Greek ‘ereike’ meaning heather or heath and ‘oides’
meaning similar to, i.e. looks like heath.
Common Name: Revolute Narrow-leaf Dogwood, Narrow-leaf Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Small, fine-leaved shrub. May grow to 2 m. Leaves are up to 1.25 mm wide and up to 8 mm long. The
edges of the leaves are rolled towards the underside. The upper surface is rough to touch with an
indented midrib. Flowers are yellow and occur in late spring.
Distribution
East and north coasts of Tas, eastern Vic and in NSW mainly in south eastern regions with some
outliers to the north. There are two subspecies of P. phylicifolia: subspecies ericoides and subspecies
phylicifolia. Generally subsp. ericoides occurs at higher altitudes than subsp. phylicifolia but they do
co-occur in some locations. The two subspecies also have different leaves, subsp. phylicifolia having
leaves longer (8–15 mm) and wider (1–6 mm). The lower part of the leaf blade is obscured by the
rolling under of the leaf margins in subsp. ericoides but not in subsp. phylicifolia. [19]
Habitat
This plant is a naturally short-lived, early coloniser of disturbed areas [14, 19].
Miscellaneous
Insects are the most likely pollination vector for this species (A. Hingston pers. comm.)
22. Pomaderris prunifolia var. prunifolia
Name Details
21
Meaning: prunifolia from the Latin prunus, plum, and folia, leaf, referreing to a perceived similarity
of leaves of this species to those of plum trees.
Common Name: Plum-leaf or Prunus Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Open rounded shrub, 1–4 m, with coarse rusty hairs covering branchlets. Rough dark green ovate to
oblong leaves, 12-80mm x 7-35mm, veins impressed, hairless to few hairs above, whitish below with
few long rusty hairs on veins, margins with slight depressions or teeth. Axillary or terminal clusters of
cream to yellow flowers to 8cm long, outer hairs rusty, both small and star-shaped and longer and
simple. Petals absent.
Distribution
Through eastern Australia, mainly east of the Dividing Range, from Stanthorpe in southeastern Qld,
south to the Grampians in western Vic. There are currently two recognised varieties of P. prunifolia:
var. prunifolia in Australia and var. edgerlyi, a prostrate shrub endemic to New Zealand [5].
Habitat
Moist well drained to drier shallow, rocky soils in dryish woodlands near to watercourses. Partial to
dappled shade.
[7, 17, 22b,24b]
23. Pomaderris racemosa
Name Details
Meaning: From Latin, racemosus, clustered or clustering, referring to the arrangement of the flowers
in racemes.
Common Name: Slender Pomaderris
Form of Plant
A shrub or sparsely branching small tree 2–5 m, with greyish or rusty hairy young growth, branches
spreading to erect, leaves smallish, thin, ovate, dark green above, pale greenish beneath. Flowers
yellow, in small racemes in axils on small branchlets, petals absent, sepals deciduous.
Distribution
Southern Vic, central and eastern Tas, and far southeastern SA.
Habitat
Moist forest and shrubland, often near watercourses at 30–850m altitude. [11, 12, 22]
24. Pomaderris velutina
Name Details
Meaning: Species name from the Latin ‘velutinus’, meaning velvety, in reference to the leaves.
Common Name: Velvety Pomaderris
Form of Plant
Small to medium shrub 1–3 m tall with greyish hairs and longer rusty hairs on young growth,
branches spreading to erect, branchlets densely hairy with long rusty hairs, leaves ovate, mid-green
and faintly velvety above, densely hairy below with longer rusty hairs. Flowers small, greyish in bud,
opening yellow, profuse and very conspicuous, petals present.
Distribution
South-eastern NSW and eastern Vic at 240–1000 m.
Habitat
Rocky sites beside waterways, in shrubland, woodland and open forest. [12]
22
7. Pomaderris species growing in other sections of the garden (not 338 or 189a)
If you are interested in what Pomaderris plants look like after several years’ growth then looking in
other parts of the ANBG can be illuminating. You can locate many plants within the Gardens using
Find A Plant: https://www.anbg.gov.au/fap.
The following table includes some of those plants; the plants from the Pomaderris Project are listed
first. This list is not comprehensive and was accurate in July 2018.
SPECIES SECTION NOTES
P. brunnea 191d,
189a
Pomaderris Project Plant. At least nine plants that are 4–5
m high in 191d. In 189a there are several plants that are 5
m high.
P. delicata 189a Pomaderris Project Plant. Several growing in an “orchard”,
about 50 cm high.
P. pallida 99,38 Pomaderris Project Plant. Several mature plants in section
38 about 1 m high.
P. andromedifolia 85 Plant 3 m high
P. eriocephala 175 Large specimen south side of section.
P. ferruginea 191q One very large plant 4–5 m high.
P. helianthemifolia 123, 128 Large spreading plant 1.5 m high.
P. intermedia 225, 166,
164
P. intermedia occurs naturally on Black Mountain. It occurs
in various sections of the Gardens in addition to these.
P. oraria 99 Spreading plant.
P. paniculosa 123 Several 2.5 m high.
P. phylicifolia 41, 4 One large spreading. 2 m high in 41. In section 4 there are
three plants growing in a very shaded section, 50 cm high.
P. racemosa 105 3 plants 3 m high.
P. velutina 126,53 Interesting to contrast these two plants as they show the
way habitat can influence growth.
There are other specimens and further species but be aware that several of the older specimens are
unlabelled and may be difficult to spot until you become familiar with the genus.
8. Protocol for Collecting Plant Material
The South East NSW Bioregion working group has pioneered much of the development, trial and
initial implementation of a method for collecting plant material from populations of threatened
plants.
It is critically important to be able to link ex situ individuals, e.g. those grown in the nursery, to
parentage or wild origin which identifies the population source and potential genetic diversity
available for research, plant production, seed orcharding and options for translocation or landscape
enhancement.
23
The Pomaderris Project is an example of a conservation project that requires adequate
representation of the genetic diversity found in the wild populations. The collection protocol enables
control of the genotypes when augmenting, re-establishing or translocating species in the wild.
The three key aims of the protocol that has been developed are standardising collection methods,
capturing key information and ensuring lineages are retained from sourced wild material. Two key
components of the protocol are:
The field collecting and sampling method has to consider the number and size of plants in
each population;
Each genotype collected needs to be traceable from the propagation and production phase
through to translocation readiness.
The protocol consists of a checklist, instructions for collecting and labelling vegetative material and
also seeds, advice about timing and frequency of collecting, and a detailed example of a field book
entry.
Material in this chapter was obtained from:
The South East NSW Bioregion Working Group, Martin Henery, Tom North, Lydia Guja, Caroline
Chong “Collecting Management—Documenting conservation collections using a Genotype collecting
method “(Personal communication).
A paper on this topic was presented by David Taylor at the Botanic Gardens Australia and New
Zealand Conference in October 2017.
9. References
Most of the material for the species was compiled from references 5, 12, 13 but where other
sources were used they are shown in this list.
Videos
1. https://vimeo.com/203028367
2. https://open.abc.net.au/explore/177074
3. Gardening Australia video about this species https://open.abc.net.au/explore/176029
Text and Graphical Documents
4. ACT Census of Vascular Plants
http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-2012/vascular-2012.html
5. Allan, H.H (1961) Flora of New Zealand, R.F Owen Government Printer: Wellington
6. ANBG field trips http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/collecting/field-trips.html
7. Andre Messina, Neville G. Walsh and Trevor Whiffin (2010) Recognition of a new species of
Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae) in eastern Victoria based on morphological and chemical data,
Muelleria: 28(2) https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/documents/Muelleria_28(2),_Messina.pdf
8. Atlas of Living Australia https://www.ala.org.au/
9. Briggs, J.D. & J.H. Leigh (1996). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants - Revised Edition.
Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing ISBN 0 643 05798 6
10. Canberra Nature Map
https://canberra.naturemapr.org/Community/Species/6164
11. Costermans, Leon (ed) (2009) Native trees and shrubs of south eastern Australia
24
12. Elliott, W.R. & Jones, D.L. (1997) Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cultivation,
vol 7.
13. Department of Environment and Energy website
http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=13684
14. Flora of New Zealand
http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Pomaderris.html
15. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage
a. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=20031
b. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10649
c. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-
management/documents/pomaderris-nature-reserve
d. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-
management/documents/nadgigomar-nature-reserve
e. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10657
f. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=20054
16. Parks Australia, News from your Gardens
https://parksaustralia.gov.au/botanic-gardens/e-news/winter-2015.html#bf-jul15
17. PlantNet NSW Flora Online http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/
18. Seeds of South Australia http://saseedbank.com.au
19. Tasmanian Threatened Species Link http://www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au/
20. Threatened Species Section (2017). Notesheet for Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides
(revolute narrowleaf dogwood) and Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. phylicifolia (narrowleaf
dogwood). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania.
http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/threatenedspecieslists
21. The University of Auckland New Zealand Plants
http://www.nzplants.preview.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/seed-plants-
flowering/rhamnaceae/pomaderris-edgerleyi.html
22. VicFlora Flora of Victoria
a. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/b9c9ddde-21f2-434c-a505-
a85796ed63c8ic
b. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/key/2480
23. Victorian Resources Online vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au
24. Yarra Ranges Local Plant Directory
a. fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Residents/Trees_Vegetation/Yarra_Ranges_Plant_Director
y/Yarra_Ranges_Local_Plant_Directory/Middle_Storey/Shrubs_1_12m_-
10m/Pomaderris_elliptica_var_elliptica
b. fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Residents/Trees_Vegetation/Yarra_Ranges_Plant_Director
y/Yarra_Ranges_Local_Plant_Directory/Middle_Storey/Shrubs_1_12m_-
10m/Pomaderris_prunifolia_var_prunifolia
25. W.P. Armstrong (2017) Leaf terminology part 1, Wayne’s Word, Palomar College, California.
http://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/termlf1.htm
26. https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-
keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/41_leaf_shape.html
27. UI Plants, Botanical Terminology: Leaf Shapes, University of Illinois
http://woodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu/shape/index.html
25
28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence
29. Farrow, Roger; Cornish, Ros; Walker, Jo (2014) A Plethora of Pomaderris: Our local diversity
hotspot, Journal Australian Native Plants Society. (Canberra Region)
Volume 17 Issue 9 (Mar)
Appendix A: Section 338 Map Species Legend
1 P. brunnea 13 P. ferruginea
2 P. helianthemifolia 14 P. eriocephala
3 P. walshii 15 P. elliptica
4 P. phylicifolia 16 P. racemosa
5 P. andromedifolia 17 P. aurea
6 P. paniculosa 18 P. aspera
7 P. cotoneaster 19 P. elachophylla
8 P. velutina 20 P. cinerea
9 P. bodalla 21 P. pallida
10 P. reperta 22 P. prunifolia
11 P. intermedia 23 P. delicata
12 Pomaderris sp. 24 P. adnata
26
Appendix B: map of section 338 indicating the location of plantings As at November 2018
top related