the politics of open data: past, present and future
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The Politics of Open Data:!Past, Present and Future
22nd June 2015, Data Power, University of Sheffield Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg
Ongoing research agenda on the politics of “digital transparency” and “open data”.
What is the role of transparency and public information in democratic politics after the
“digital turn”?
Combination of historical, empirical and theoretical research to complicate, challenge and rethink
contemporary “politics of public information”.
The project is not just descriptive.
It aims to inform emerging genres of democratic intervention around data infrastructures and public
information systems as socio-technical assemblages.
What is at stake?
The politics of how information systems organise collective life.
Three parts of presentation.
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
1. Unpacking different historical threads which contribute to contemporary ideals and practises of open data.
2. Tracing current constellations of different actors, concerns and political projects associated with open data on digital media.
3. Rethinking politics of public information - looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms of interventions into data infrastructures.
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
1. Past!2. Present 3. Future
What is open data?
Definitions and principles.
Open Government Data Principles (2007):!https://public.resource.org/8_principles.html
UK Government Public Data Principles (2012):!http://data.gov.uk/library/public-data-principles
How information is disclosed.
Legal and technical re-usability.
What does this mean in practise?
Licenses and legal statements.
Open Definition - Conformant Licenses!http://opendefinition.org/licenses/
“Machine readable” formats.
Data portals.
Encouraging re-use, including through:
• Hackdays • App competitions • Fellowships
How is open data put to work? To what end?
Open data is not a free-floating, ahistorical concept, but a malleable idea whose meaning is continually reconfigured in response to shifting conceptions and practices of governance and
democracy in different contexts.
Open data as a reflection of different visions, ideals, norms and practises.
Studying open data as a way to explore “organising mythologies” of Western modernity.
Evolving constellations of ideas and practises associated with citizenship, democracy,
communication, participation, knowledge, technology, innovation, information, markets,
economics, governance and science.
The unlikely rise of open data.
From niche idea in legal/tech circles to international political stage.
Familiar histories of open data.
Key actors, key moments,coherent rhetoric and programme.
Open Government Advocates in Sebastopol, California (December 2007)
Government data shall be considered
open if it is made public in a way that complies with the
following principles… !
President Obama’s Open Government Initiative (January 2009)
My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of
openness in Government.
Prime Minister David Cameron’s “Transparency Revolution” (May 2010)
I want our government to be one of the most open and transparent in the world.
Open Government Partnership (September 2011)
We embrace principles of transparency and open
government with a view toward achieving greater prosperity, well-
being, and human dignity in our own countries and in an increasingly
interconnected world.
G8 Open Data Charter (June 2013)
Open data sit at the heart of a global movement to create
more accountable, efficient, responsive, and effective governments
and businesses, and to spur economic growth.
UN “Data Revolution” (August 2014)
Data are the lifeblood of decision-making and the raw
material for accountability.
How has this happened?
Gray, J. (2014), “Towards a Genealogy of Open Data”.!Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=260582
Raymond Geuss
Giving a ‘genealogy’ is for Nietzsche the exact
reverse of what we might call ‘tracing a pedigree’.
A pedigree A genealogy
1. Aims towards the positive valorization of some item
Does not aim to be legitimising (and may be taken as de-legitimising)
2. Singular origin Multiple, contested, diverse threads of development
3. Origin is an actual source of value Threads of development will likely not be a source of value
4. Unbroken line of succession from origin to present
Unlikely to be a single unbroken line of succession from multiple threads of
development to the present
5. Series of steps that preserve value in question
Different lines of development will not transmit value “down the genealogical
line to the present”
How did the concept of open data come to possess the meanings that has for different
actors today?
• economic value • enabling new markets • unlocking innovation • smart cities • “opening up” public services • government efficiency and cost savings • public sector reform • “smarter states” • open source and open access • civic hacking • transparency and accountability • e-democracy and public participation • data journalism and data activism • technical standards and formats • digital rights • copyright reform • access to information rights
Tracing different threads…
Political economics of information?
Joseph Stiglitz
Governments should only provide a service on-line if
private provision with regulation or appropriate taxation would not
be more efficient.
The “consensus view” in the US
Data is the new oil for the digital age.
Neelie Kroes!Former Vice-President of European Commission
Role of state in collective life?
Tim O’Reilly!Founder, O’Reilly Media
What if, instead of a vending machine, we thought of government as the manager of a marketplace?
Francis Maude!Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General
Openness is the first of my “five principles for
public service reform” that I developed when advising Spain about how to manage austerity
in public finances.
Role of information in democratic politics?
1800s: Information visualisation for advocacy 1950s: Computer Assisted Reporting (CAR) 1960s: Social Survey movements 1990s: Access to Information/FOI movements 2000s: “Radical transparency” activism, civic hacking and data journalism
Redistribution of responsibility from states onto citizens, civil society and private sector?
New ideals of citizenship?
1939 2009
1943 2013
New kinds of “data subjects”- from“armchair auditors” to “civic entrepreneurs”?
1. Past 2. Present!3. Future
How do these different historical threads play out in the present?
Open data as a highly digitally mediated policy issue.
Rogers, R. (2013) Digital Methods.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Winner of 2014 Outstanding Book Award given by the International Communication Association.
Digital methods are “methods of the medium” designed to repurpose digital objects such as tags, likes, links and hashtags to study issues.
– Digital Methods Initiative, University of Amsterdam
Unpicking and mapping the constellation!of actors, issues, visions, values, practises and projects associated with open data in
various forms of digital media.
Cross-platform analysis, including: !• Official documents • News media • Web • Wikipedia • Twitter • Github
A few examples from research in progress…
Open Data on Wikipedia
Timeline of creation of Wikipedia articles on open data
Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions
Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions
Economic growth is less prominent on Wikipedia than it is in other digital media.
Network of Wikipedia pages linking to open data page
Open data is more of a digital commons issue than an open government issue on Wikipedia.
Open Data in News Media
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
INVESTIGATIONS
PUBLIC FINANCE
COMPANIES
DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS
CRIME
POLITICS
WORKER CATEGORIES
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
EXECUTIVES
GOVERNMENT
CITIES
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS
NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS
ECONOMICS
CHARITIES
PHILANTHROPY
SOCIETY
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
CLIMATE CHANGE
LAW
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Topics of media articles on open data in Lexis Nexis
TOP SUBJECTS
LINKED TO
SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS
IN LEXIS NEXIS
DATABASE
*
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukTechWeb*The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Guardian (London)The Toronto StarBBC MonitoringThe Irish TimesThe Times (London)The AustralianThe New York TimesIndependent.co.ukThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Washington PostInternational New York TimesHaymarketITAR-TASSThe ObserverBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Courier Mail and The Sunday Mail (Australia)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Nation (Nairobi)*This Day (Lagos)Business Monitor NewsSouth China Morning PostThe Sunday Times (London)BusinessWorldNew ScientistThe New Zealand HeraldThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe East African (Nairobi)*M2 CommunicationsNational Post (12 hour delay)Australian Financial ReviewCommWeb*The Independent (London)Korea HeraldThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*The Nation (Thailand)The New Times (Kigali)Tampa Bay TimesVanguard (Lagos)
Africa NewsThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe ObserverBBC MonitoringThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukInternational New York TimesITAR-TASSThe Nation (Thailand)The New York TimesTechWeb*This Day (Lagos)
Africa NewsThe Guardian (London)The Times (London)telegraph.co.ukThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe Irish TimesM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe AustralianBirmingham PostIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe Nation (Thailand)This Day (Lagos)The Washington PostBBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeBusinessWorldThe East African (Nairobi)*The Globe and Mail (Canada)Korea HeraldThe Sunday Times (London)Vanguard (Lagos)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesThe AustralianTechWeb*M2 CommunicationsThis Day (Lagos)The Guardian (London)The New York TimesThe Toronto StarThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe ObserverThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewThe Gazette (12 hour delay)InformationWeekInternational New York TimesThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post (12 hour delay)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesTechWeb*The Washington PostThe Guardian (London)HaymarketThe Times (London)The AustralianIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverAustralian Financial ReviewThe New York TimesThis Day (Lagos)The Toronto StarInformationWeekM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Straits Times (Singapore)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)BBC MonitoringBirmingham PostBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Nation (Nairobi)*The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Independent (London)International New York TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)The New Zealand Heraldstandard.co.ukThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukVanguard (Lagos)The Age (Melbourne, Australia)Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeDaily Trust (Abuja)Europolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)The New Times (Kigali)The Sunday Times (London)
Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Washington PostM2 CommunicationsThe Times (London)International New York TimesHaymarketThe New York TimesAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukThe AustralianThe Daily Telegraph (London)TechWeb*This Day (Lagos)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Nation (Nairobi)*BBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*National Post (12 hour delay)The ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)The Business Times SingaporeCity A.M.The Globe and Mail (Canada)The New Times (Kigali)thetimes.co.ukBusinessWorldInformationWeekKorea TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)TechNews*Vanguard (Lagos)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)Birmingham PostBusiness Day (South Africa)Business Monitor NewsComputer Reseller NewsEuropolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)standard.co.ukThe Straits Times (Singapore)The Sunday Telegraph (London)
Transparency, anti-corruption and accountability
Democracy, participation and empowerment
Public service delivery, decision making and policy-making
Efficiency and waste
Unlocking innovation and enabling new applications and services
Economic growth and new businesses
The most frequently mentioned arguments for open data in mainstream media are
innovation and economic growth.
Open Data on Twitter
There are distinct groups of actors with different concerns around open data on Twitter.
The two most prominent topics are transparency and innovation.
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Smart cities network cluster
The UN “Data Revolution” and international development topics appear to be more closely associated with innovation than transparency.
Open Budget Data
Most prominent actors are intergovernmental organisations, multilateral initiatives, and international civil society organisations.
.org
.com
.eu
.net
.fr
.edu
.dk
size=weighted degree
OPEN BUDGET DATAWEBSITES INTERLINKANALYSIS/ degree > 5; edge weight > 5
tracker.publishwhatyoufund.org
usaid.govwbi.worldbank.org
web.worldbank.org
worldbank.org
wri.orgmakingallvoicescount.org
internationalbudget.org
iatistandard.org
foiadvocates.net
fiscaltransparency.net
developmentcheck.org
datauy.org
data.worldbank.org
blogs.worldbank.orgblog-pfm.imf.org
ati.publishwhatyoufund.org
article19.org
aidtransparency.net
aiddata.org
access-info.org
whitehouse.gov
weforum.org
twitter.com
twaweza.org
transparency.orgtransparency-initiative.org
sida.se
right2info.org
republiquecitoyenne.fr
opensocietyfoundations.org
opendemocracy.org.za
open-contracting.org
one.org
okfn.org
oecd.org
odi.org
observingbrazil.com law-democracy.org
interaction.org
imf.org
iatiregistry.orghewlett.org
gavi.org
gatesfoundation.org
freedominfo.org
fatf-gafi.org
ec.europa.eu
dfid.gov.uk
cgdev.org
tisne.org
sunlightfoundation.com
soros.org
rti-rating.org
publishwhatyoufund.org
pefa.org
openingparliament.org
opengovpartnership.org
opengovguide.com
ogphub.org
cabri-sbo.org afdb.org
accessinitiative.org
MFAN News
Development Progress
CGD
World Bank Data
Oxfam America
Friedrich Lindenberg
openDemocracy
IRIN News
Global Development
WBGLeadLearnInnovate
GovLoop
FTC
Jay Naidoo
The GovLab
School of Data
Global Partnership
Opening Government
Guardian Public
ARTICLE19 right2info
MPT
David Cabo
Integrity Action
Victoria Vlad
Duncan Edwards
DFID
USAID
Follow the Money
Joe Powell
Felipe Estefan
GSDRC
Indaba platform team
Ory Okolloh Mwangi
Amanda Glassman
Reboot
Oxfam International
Open Gov GuideGlobal Fin Integrity
How Matters
Gates Foundation
Ford Foundation
Nicholas Kristof
OpeningParliament
Albert @ IBP
Anders Pedersen
Laura Bacon
Tim Hughes
Ben Taylor
MakingAllVoicesCount
T/A Initiative
Personal Democracy
Juan Pablo Guerrero
Development Pros
IMF
BeyondBudgets
Open Contracting
Robert Hunja
Andrew Palmer
Andrew Clarke
Matt Andrews
OpenGov Indonesia
World Bank Gov
Alex Howard
Jane Dudman
Liz Ford
Alan Beattie
UNDP Europe and CIS
CKAN
Global Movement BTAP
OpenGov Hub
TechForTransparency
World Bank
Save the Children US
Sunlight Foundationgiulio quaggiotto
Paul Maassen
AsianDevelopmentBank
Access Info Europe
Poder Ciudadano
Integrity Watch
David Hall-Matthews
Joe Williams
Rachel Rank
Transparency Int'lUK
Aleem Walji
AfDB_Group
Claire Provost
katherine maher
Daniel Dietrich
Chile Transparente
DI Team
Sida
Transparency Germany
Development Gateway
CoST
Tim Kelsey
Melinda Gates Karin ChristiansenMo Ibrahim Fdn
Graham Gordon
Hapee
Marija Novkovic
ÁlvaroRamírez-Alujas
Helen Darbishire
Claire Melamed
Mark Tran
Robert Palmer
John Wonderlich
Digital Democracy
WDMMG
ARTICLE 19
Helen Clark
OKCon
Accountability Lab
Transparency France
16iacc
WB DigitalEngagement
Georg Neumann
Open Government
NIR-Integrity Action
Transparency USA
Fiscal Transparency
ePSIplatform
Lucy Chambers
Simon Rogers
Integrity Action CEO
Shanta Devarajan
Ellen Miller
Andy Sumner
Anne-Marie Slaughter
Justin Arenstein
Juliana Rotich
IATI
TI EU Office
The Indigo Trust
Africa Research Inst
Daniel Kaufmann
Claudia SchwegmannAshoka Changemakers
Jed Miller
Linda Raftree
Pernilla Näsfors
eric gundersen
Jonathan Gray
Rufus Pollock
Transparency Int'l
FreeBalance
Delaine McCullough
Steve Davenport
Jamie Drummond
warren krafchik
David Sasaki
EITI International
Open Knowledge
OpenSpending
Hewlett Foundation
G20 Transparency
Fundar
BudgIT
Alan Hudson
Open Gov Partnership
IPA
ONE
Duncan Green
Global Witness
Public Sphere WB
Omidyar Network
IDS UK
Publish What You Pay
Center on Budget
ODI
Jeffrey D. Sachs
Martin Tisne
Lawrence Haddad
Nathaniel Heller NRGI
Rakesh Rajani
aidinfo
Brookings FP
Open Society
CGAP
Global Integrity
William Easterly
Tiago Peixoto
PublishWhatYouFund
OpenBudgets
Owen Barder
Dambisa Moyo
World Bank ECA
European Commission
Beth Simone Noveck
Peace CorpsCAFOD Policy
For Effective Gov
Restless Development
FAO statistics AfricaProgressPanel
Grameen Foundation
OECD Development Ctr
Dominic Campbell
Eleanor Stewart
Panthea Lee
The Associated Press
Ethan Zuckerman
Renata Avila
Global Voices
ONE Campaign UK
NDI
AidData
Ushahidi
Silvana Fumega
TR Foundation
IICD
LA NACION Data
NDItech
Public Integrity
Gavin Hayman
Human Rights Watch
DFID Research
Open Data Research
Open Gov Standards
Pia Waugh
Fabrizio Scrollini
Project Open Data
Code for America
OpenSecrets.org
Creative Commons
Oleg Petrov
Sarah Schacht
Hudson Hollister
Data.gov
Socrata
Paul Maltby
Carlos Iglesias
Sandra Moscoso the Sam S. Lee
Open Institute
DataKind
OD4D
Data Innovation
Open Data Institute
Tim Davies
TransparencyCamp
FutureEverything
Guardian Data
EC Open Data Policy
Neelie Kroes
Denis Parfnov
Opendata.ch
UK Open Public Data
Sophia Oliver
Open Knowledge US
Zara Rahman
Tim Berners-Lee
Open Knowledge Italy
Christian Kreutz
OpenKnowledge Brasil
Tariq Khokhar
OKFN Labs
Chris Taggart
OKFestival
Andrew Stott
Jose M. Alonso
Gavin Starks
Joseph Kraus
Simon Burall
OECD
mysociety
UNOCHA
UN Spokesperson
UN Human Rights
The Economist
UNESCO
The White House
The Guardian
World Economic Forum
UNCTAD
WTO
Ravi Nepal
Justine Greening
MY World
Millennium Campaign
Raj Shah
World Bank Education
World Bank Live
World Bank Cities
AlertNet
GlobalGiving
World Bank Research
Dennis Whittle
Christine Lagarde
IFC
Hans Rosling
Calestous Juma
Josette Sheeran
World Bank Water
World Bank ICT
Banque mondiale
Nancy M. Birdsall
WIRED
United Nations Photo
UK Prime Minister
Alec RossGlobal Pulse
CFR
AmnestyInternational
IDRC | CRDI
Tim O'Reilly
developmentseed
Doctors w/o Borders
AmnestyInternational
Reuters Top News
Al Jazeera English
Paul Krugman
@NonprofitOrgs
Change.org
American Red Cross
(RED)
Jon Gosier
Harvard Biz Review
CARE (care.org)
Oxfam
Ian Thorpe
UNAIDS
Clinton Foundation
charity: waterRania Al Abdullah
Department of State
Matthew Bishop
Erik Hersman
Adele Waugaman
Foreign Policy
Financial Times
Foreign Affairs
Devex allAfrica.com
WWF
BBC News (World)
BBC Breaking News
Bill Gates
IFAD
Washington Post
Africa Renewal UN
UN Women
FAO Newsroom
Ashoka
ICT4D
WHO
UNFCCC
Wall Street Journal
We Can End Poverty
World Resources Inst
The Economist
UN Refugee Agency
Financial Times
World Economic Forum
UNICEF
GEF
Kiva
Huffington Post
UN Publications
The New York Times
FightPoverty
UN Environment
UN Foundation
ICT_Works
Ken Banks
UN Development
Aid Watch
infoDev
World Bank Africa
United Nations
WB Dev. Marketplace
World Food Programme
World Bank PSD
World Bank EduTech
World Bank Photos
World Bank Climate
World Bank Videos
World Bank Pubs
World Bank Asia
PWYP US
TrustLaw Governance
IEG - WB Group
UN Global Compact
Open dataUNdata
Reuters Africa
IFC Africa
Millennium Challenge
InterAction
UN Sustainable Dev.
The Economist
Charles Kenny
Forbes
Save the Children UK
IIED
Skoll Foundation
Chris Blattman
World Policy
sunlightlabs
Anderson Cooper
UN News Centre
BBC Africa
Hootsuite
Vijaya Ramachandran
Olav Kjorven
whydev.org
Ezra Klein
Global Justice Now
Alanna Shaikh
Tom Murphy
David Eaves
Mark Cardwell
Maya Forstater
Think Africa Press
Erik Solheim
Co-creation Hub
Foreign Office (FCO)
Post2015.org
Lauren Renee Pfeifer
Social Innovation
Eliza Anyangwe
Caroline Kende-Robb
Andris Piebalgs
Jon Snow
Barack Obama
G8 Presidency
TOP BUDGET ACTORS-FOLLOWEESNETWORK(5 or more followers only)
Most prominent topics are technical.
NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORSASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different sectors? Can we profile sectors according to their concerns around open budget data?
SECTOR
SIZE OF SECTOR=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE SECTOR RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Company
Open Government Data
Reuse
Data portal
Data formats
Accessible
Data quality
Analysis
Software
Data visualisation
Technology
Innovation
National
Local
Financial transparency
Transparency
Public administration
Trust and legitimacy
Civil society
Citizens
Democracy
Social change
International development
Health
Education
Efficiency
Financial management
Economic growth
CSO
Machine readable
Legal openness
Linked data
Complete
Timely
Accuracy
Ease of use
Data standards
Reconciliation
Intergovernmental organizationMultilateral open
International
Accountability
Participation
Participatory budgeting
Open budgeting
Open government
Index
Law
Access to information
Social justice
Human rights
Poverty
Poor
Marginalised
Social movements
Public services
Resource allocation
Agriculture
Journalism
Corruption
Waste
Auditing
Discussion of figuresGovernment
IGO
Fiscal discipline
Multilateral
News
Personal
Political Party
Reference
Research
Tax justice
More substantive social and political issues are comparatively marginal.
Corruption (24.4%) Journalism (22.2%) Democracy (20.0%) Access to information (20.0%) Public services (20.0%) Health (18.9%) Resource allocation (16.7%) Participatory budgeting (15.6%) Poverty (15.6%) Trust and legitimacy (12.2%) Human rights (7.8%) Agriculture (6.7%) The poor (5.6%) Tax justice (2.2%) Social justice (1.1%)
NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORSASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different sectors? Can we profile sectors according to their concerns around open budget data?
SECTOR
SIZE OF SECTOR=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE SECTOR RELATES TO
SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY
ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA
Company
Open Government Data
Reuse
Data portal
Data formats
Accessible
Data quality
Analysis
Software
Data visualisation
Technology
Innovation
National
Local
Financial transparency
Transparency
Public administration
Trust and legitimacy
Civil society
Citizens
Democracy
Social change
International development
Health
Education
Efficiency
Financial management
Economic growth
CSO
Machine readable
Legal openness
Linked data
Complete
Timely
Accuracy
Ease of use
Data standards
Reconciliation
Intergovernmental organizationMultilateral open
International
Accountability
Participation
Participatory budgeting
Open budgeting
Open government
Index
Law
Access to information
Social justice
Human rights
Poverty
Poor
Marginalised
Social movements
Public services
Resource allocation
Agriculture
Journalism
Corruption
Waste
Auditing
Discussion of figuresGovernment
IGO
Fiscal discipline
Multilateral
News
Personal
Political Party
Reference
Research
Tax justice
• Governments: public administration, financial management and efficiency.
• Civil society organisations: accessibility, ease of use and analysis.
• Margins: social movements, social justice, human rights, tax justice.
Analysis of sample of 120 projects associated with open budget data.
Data visualisations to increase!public understanding of public finance
Citizen budget monitoring
Following the money in journalism
Data for advocacy
Some data types and applications receive more attention that others.
Efficiency over resource allocation? Fiscal discipline over fiscal distribution? Granular spending data over revenue?
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
The politics of public information
Talk of “release”, “disclosure”, “publication”, “transparency”, “opening up” of public data
From the disclosure of datasets to shaping data infrastructures?
Based on two papers and research projects in progress.
1. Gray, J. & Venturini, T. (forthcoming) “Rethinking the Politics of Public Information: From Opening Up Datasets to Recomposing Data Infrastructures?”. 2. Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Working paper available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
In case of campaigning around company ownership, the disclosure of existing datasets was not enough.
Civil society organisations had to undertake a more creative, sustained and holistic engagement with shaping and influencing the development of data
infrastructures as socio-technical systems.
This included research and advocacy around: !• Costs, functionalities and user interfaces of
software systems that would run the register; • Changes to primary and secondary legislation; • Additional administrative requirements and their
impacts on different actors inside and outside the public sector.
Campaigners had to look beyond the question of what information is released, towards the question of what information is collected and generated by the public sector in the first place, how this is information is generated through data infrastructures.
To what extent do data infrastructures address needs and interests of civil society actors?
How to broaden the publics that shape data as well as the publics that use it?
Legal, social and technical measures for making open data initiatives more
responsive to concerns of civil society?
Bringing data infrastructures into orbits of democratic political life?
“Statactivism”
Bruno, I. and Didier, E. and Vitale, T. (2014) “Statactivism: Forms of Action between Disclosure and Affirmation”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2466882
Not just blanket critique or withdrawal of quantification and “metrification”.
Highlighting limitations of existing forms of measurement and proposing alternatives.
For example, gender equality, climate change, working conditions and health.
What should be measured and how?
What is not currently being measured?
Recent examples from data journalism.
New “action repertoires” for civil society actors to shape data infrastructures.
Role of not just datasets but data infrastructures in addressing major global challenges - from climate change to tax base erosion.
Not just dataset literacy, but data infrastructure literacy?
Not just dataset activism, but data infrastructure activism?
Conclusion
“The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future”
1. Past 2. Present 3. Future
1. Unpacking different historical threads which contribute to contemporary ideals and practises of open data.
2. Tracing current constellations of different actors, concerns and political projects associated with open data on digital media.
3. Rethinking politics of public information - looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms of interventions into data infrastructures.
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