the middle east music in the cradle of great religions islam, iran, arabic, sufism, judaism ©...
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THE MIDDLE EAST
MUSIC IN THE CRADLE OF GREAT RELIGIONS
Islam, Iran, Arabic, Sufism, Judaism
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
MIDDLE EAST MAP
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
BACKGROUND PREPARATION
West Asia & North Africa Islam, Christianity, Judaism Ancient civilizations Influence on Europe Arabic, Turkish & Persian
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
ISLAM & ARABIC MUSIC
Site 1: Islamic “Call to Prayer”Site 2: Arabic Taqasim for ‘Ud and Buzuq
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
Non-music (vs. Music)
Koranic Chant Adhan – Call to Prayer Pilgrimage Chants (Hajj) Eulogy Chants & Chanted Poetry
“Alif Laam Raa. A book which we have revealed to you (Muhammad) so that you may lead the people from out of the darknesses into the light by their Lord's
leave to the path of the All-Mighty, the Praiseworthy.” [Koran 14:1]
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
Site 1: Islamic “Call to Prayer”
First Impressions Heightened speech
Aural Analysis Melismatic male voice “Allah” – God is Great
A muezzin performs the Call to Prayer
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Muhammad Koran
Muslim Mosque
Mihrab Mecca
The Ka’aba Minaret
Muezzin
The Ka’aba
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
The “Blue Mosque”
Sultanahmet Camii mosque in Istanbul, Turkey
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
(NON-MUSIC) VS. MUSIC
Family and Celebratory Music Occupational music
(Caravan, shepherd, work songs) Military Music
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
Site 2: Arabic Taqasim
First Impressions Improvising chordophones
Aural Analysis Ud and Buzuq Maqam – “Composition Kit”
Taqasim
Free Rhythm 24 pitches to the octave
Al’Ud Buzuq
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Islamic attitudes toward music Legitimate
Music for worship or function
Controversial “Art” or “Entertainment” Non-Islamic sacred music
Illegitimate Sensual music Haram
© TAYLOR & FRANCIS
IranIranSite 3: Dastgah for Santur and Voice
© Taylor & Francis
Largely mountainous Persian, not Arabic Predominantly Shi’a Muslim Theocracy since 1979
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinii(1900–1989)
© Taylor & Francis
First Impressions• Melancholy Melisma
Aural Analysis• Santur• Dastgah
Gusheh Radif
Santur
© Taylor & Francis
Schools of Dastgah Non-meter over
meter Classical
underground
© Taylor & Francis
EgyptSite 4: Arabic
Takht Ensemble
© Taylor & Francis
Arrival EgyptArrival Egypt
Pyramids & PharaohsSuez Canal – 1869Modern Era
Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel
© Taylor & Francis
Site 4: Arabic Site 4: Arabic TakhtTakht EnsembleEnsembleFirst Impressions
◦Graceful “belly” dance music
Aural Analysis◦Takht
Melody: ud, kemanja, kanun, ney Rhythm: riqq, tablah
(darabukka/dombak)
◦Dulab, Bashraf & Iqa-at
© Taylor & Francis
TakhtTakht Instruments Instruments
Front Row, L to R:
Ud, Kanun, Tablah
Above: Duff, Tablah, and Riqq
Right: Ney
© Taylor & Francis
Cultural ConsiderationsCultural Considerations
“Belly” DanceMusic evokes emotion
A “belly” dancer from Morocco
© Taylor & Francis
SufismSite 5: Dhikr Ceremony
© Taylor & Francis
Arrival: Sufism “Mystical” branch of Islam
Noted for their woolen (suf) robes
Most common in Turkey and Pakistan
Monasteries and dervish
© Taylor & Francis
Site 5: Sufi Dhikr Ceremony
First Impressions “Spinning top” vocal swirl Vocal cry over hearty chant
Aural Analysis Ney and “takht” instruments Unison singing with shifting tonal centerFollowed by: Melismatic chant in free rhythm Deep, raspy “Allah” chant
© Taylor & Francis
Cultural Considerations Dhikr –
“Remembrance”
Music as a“spiritual ladder”
Spiritual ecstasy - Oneness with Allah
“Whirling” dervishSufis “whirling” during dhikr ritual
© Taylor & Francis
Judaism
Site 6: Liturgical Cantillation
© Taylor & Francis
Arrival: Judaism
Israel– The Holy Land
The DiasporaSephardic – Ashkenazi
A man prays at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem
© Taylor & Francis
Site 6: Jewish Cantillation
First Impressions– Sung recitation
Aural Analysis– Shofar & Cantor– “Speech” rhythm– Melodic formulas
ShofarShofar
© Taylor & Francis
Cultural Considerations
Torah Synagogue
TorahTorah
© Taylor & Francis
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