the cardiovascular system the lymphatic system and respiratory system the transfer of nutrients...
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The Cardiovascular System The Lymphatic System
And Respiratory System
The transfer of nutrients throughout our body
Some Latin Prefixes & Suffixes You Should Know!
• Hemo/a-: blood
• Anti-: against
• Erythros-: red
• Leukos-: white
• -cyte: cell
• -penia: poverty, not enough
• -osis: too many
• Thrombos-: clot
• -stasis: halt, stop
Blood… the fluid of the
cardiovascular system• Provides to cells/tissues:
– Nutrients – Oxygen (O2)– Hormones/enzymes– Removal of wastes– Special cells to protect against
disease & infection (WBCs & antibodies)
• Regulates:– pH & ion composition of cellular fluids– Clotting capabilities to restrict blood loss – Body temperature
http://brucemhood.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/blood_cells.jpg
• What kind of tissue is blood?– Connective Tissue
• What makes blood fluid?– Plasma
• What are the 3 “formed elements” of blood?– Platelets– White blood cells –
leukocytes (WBCs)– Red blood cells -
erythrocytes (RBCs)
BLOOD
Plasma
Formed elements
Plasma proteins 7%Other solutes 1%
Water 92%
Platelets
WBCs
RBCs 99.9%
Plasma proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins
Other solutes
Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Organic wastesNeutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
BasophilsMonocytes
Functions of Blood
components• RBCs –
– Most abundant
– Transport of O2
• WBCs WBCs – – Body’s defense mechanism
against disease & infection
• PlateletsPlatelets –– Contain enzymes important
for clotting
• Formed elements made through hematopoiesis
• Blood…– Temperature = ~38°C
(100.4°F)– 5x more viscous than
water– Slightly alkaline; pH
7.35-7.45– Adult male = 5-6 L – Adult female = 4-5 L
Structure & Function of RBCs• Each RBC has ~280
million Hb molecules
• Hemoglobin (Hb) molecule responsible for transporting O2 & CO2 to & away from tissues– Single pigment molecule
of heme
• Iron (Fe) ion that interacts with O2 molecule = oxyhemoglobin
– Bright red
• Fe not bound to O2 = deoxyhemoglobin
– Dark red/burgundy
• Antigens –– Your Blood type
surface antigens (A, B & Rh)– Rh antigen (Rh factor)– Rhesus Protein
• Plasma contains antibodies that will attack antigens on “foreign” RBCs– Causes agglutination (clumping
together of RBCs) & hemolysis (breaking apart of RBCs) = cross-reaction
• Blood type determined by presence or absence of surface antigens– Type A (~40%)
• Antigen A present• Anti-B antibodies
– Type B (~10%)• Antigen B present• Anti-A antibodies
Type AB (~4%) = universal recipients
Both Antigens A & B present
Type O (~46%) = universal donors
Neither Antigens A & B present Both Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies
Blood Types
Make sure you understand the genotypes and the Rhesus Factor for all the bloodtypes.
Conditions associated with Blood
• Anemia– Shortage of RBCs or hemoglobin
– Affects delivery of O2 to tissues
– Can result in heart palpitations & failure• Sickle cell anemia
– Hemoglobin disorder caused by abnormally shaped RBCs
• Thalassemia– Inherited disorder resulting in mutation
of hemoglobin gene – Bone marrow transplants & blood
transfusions are methods used to combat the disorder
• Jaundice– Yellowish-brownish staining of skin &
sclerae (whites of eyes) caused by high levels of chemical called bilirubin in blood
– Bilirubin is a waste product that comes from old, destroyed RBCs & is removed from blood by liver (eliminated in the feces, giving it its brown color)
Normal RBCs Sickle cell RBCs
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells ((leukocytesleukocytes))
• Structure –– No hemoglobin
• Functions –– Defend body against
pathogens– Remove toxins, waste &
damaged cells
• Location & Movement –– Most WBCs in body in CTP or
lympathic organs– Circulating WBCs only small
fraction of total population– Use bloodstream as mode of
transportation to area of infection/injury
http://www.lymphomation.org/images/leukocytes-normal.gif
Conditions associated with WBCsWBCs
Leukopenia –
Inadequate number of WBCs
Leukocytosis –
Excessive number of WBCs
Leukemia –
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal production of WBCs
Platelets (aka – thrombocytes)
• Functions:– Cell fragments that play major role in
clotting system• Release chemicals important to
clotting process• Formation of temporary patch in
walls of damaged blood vessels• Active contraction after clot has
formed
– Continuously removed & replaced every 9-12 days by phagocytes in spleen
Hemostasis• Hemostasis – stopping of bleeding through
damaged vessels (clotting)• 3 Phases:
– Vascular Phase –• Local blood vessels constrict to stop loss of
blood – “vascular spasm”• Lasts ~30 mins.
– Platelet Phase –• Platelets activate, aggragate (clump
together) & stick to damaged surface to form “platelet plug”
• Release ADP, thromboxane A2, serotonin, clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factors, Ca2+ ions
• Begins within ~15 secs.– Coagulation Phase –
• Begins 30 secs. or more after injury• Conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble protein
fibrin– Clot retraction: platelets contract & pull torn
edges of vessel closer– Fibrinolysis: clot dissolves
Blood Detectives
video & questionnaireWhat can blood tell us about
ourselves?
How is blood used in diagnosing diseases or disorders?
What kinds of conditions are associated with the blood?
• As you watch the Blood Detectives video, fill in your questionnaire about each patient & their condition.
Organization of Cardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Circuit – blood vessels that carry blood to and from alveoli of lungs
• Systemic Circuit – transports blood to and from rest of body
Blood Flow
QUESTION:Why are arteries represented in red and veins represented In blue?
ANSWER:Arteries carry oxygen- rich blood from heart, while veins carry oxygen-deficient blood back to heart.
***NOTE: ALL BLOOD IS RED!!! Oxygenated blood is brighter red!
•Blood flows from heart through arteries and arterioles to capillaries•Blood flows from capillaries to heart through venules and veins
The Heart• Beats approximately
100,000 times/day, pumping 8,000 liters of blood
• SA Node is the pacemaker of the heart to allow it to pump
• Approximately the size of clenched fist
• Made up of 4 muscular chambers – Rt/Lt Atria & Rt/Lt Ventricles
Path of Blood Through Body
• Right Atrium receives blood from Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
• SVC – opens into posterior/superior portion of right atrium, delivering blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest
• IVC – posterior/inferior delivers blood from rest of trunk, viscera, and lower limbs
1st Coloring of Deoxyenated Blood
• Blood travels to Right Ventricle from Right Atrium through tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)
Path of Blood Through Body2nd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood
• Blood then passes into pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve
• Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
• These arteries branch into capillaries in lungs, where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
Path of Blood Through Body3rd Coloring of Deoxygenated Blood
• Blood travels from lungs through right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium
• From the Left Atrium it passes through the mitral valve (Left AV valve or bicuspid valve) into the Left Ventricle
Path of Blood Through Body1st Coloring of Oxygenated Blood
• Left ventricle is much larger than right ventricle because it needs to build enough pressure to push blood through systemic circuit
• Blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve into ascending aorta
• From ascending aorta it goes into aortic arch, and serves upper body by passing into the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, the left subclavian artery, and down the descending aorta
Path of Blood Through Body2nd Coloring of Oxygenated Blood
Heart Walls• Epicardium –
covers the outer surface of the heart
• Myocardium – muscle wall of the heart (forms both atria and ventricles) that contains blood vessels and nerves
• Endocardium – inner surface of heart, including the heart valves
Internal/External Anatomy of Heart
•Interatrial septum – wall between atria
•Interventricular septum – thicker wall between ventricles
APEX
Blood Supply to Heart• Myocardium (cardiac
muscle) needs its own constant supply of oxygen-rich blood
• The left and right coronary arteries originate at base of ascending aorta
• Blood pressure here is highest in all of systemic circuit
LABEL YOUR WORKSHEET
Heart Failure• ~5 million Americans have heart failure & prevalence
of heart failure approximately DOUBLES with each decade of life
• Heart failure –– Damage to heart causes weakening of the cardiovascular
system– Caused by fluid congestion or inadequate blood flow to
tissues.
• Heart failure may result from one or many causes– Affects circulation, lungs, neuroendocrine system & other
organs– Psychological & social impacts
Heart Failure Classifications
• Right Heart Failure - Inability of R side to adequately pump venous blood into pulmonary circulation
• Left Heart Failure – Inability of L side to pump into systemic circulation
• Forward Heart Failure - Inability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate to meet O2 demands of body at rest or during exercise
Heart Failure Classifications Cont….
• Backward Heart Failure - Ability of heart to pump blood at sufficient rate ONLY when heart filling pressures are abnormally high.
• Congestive Heart Failure - Fluid in lungs or body, resulting from inadequate pumping from heart and high heart filling and venous pressures
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