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Thailand Motorcycle Accident Situation หนังสือรายงานสถานการณ์อุบัติเหตุทางถนนของประเทศไทย

Assoc. Prof. Kunnawee Kanitpong

• Thailand Accident Research Center (TARC)

Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

• ThaiRoads Foundation

23 March 2015

Presented at the 70th Session of UNECE Road Safety Forum

Thailand Info…

Population: 64,456,695

Registered Vehicle: 32,476,977

Driver Licenses : 40,366,962

Male: 29,483,525

Female: 10,720,913

Total Road Length : 117,386 km.

National Highways: 68,098 km.

Rural Highways: 49,080 km.

Expressway: 208 km.

VKT National Highways: 213,438 MVKT

GDP : 8,830,957 million-baht

Fuel Consumption in Transportation

: 30,214 million-litre Source: ThaiRoads, 2012

1

Fatalities and Injuries

due to Road Crashes

11

,31

5

12

,72

2

12

,72

2

13

,35

4

12

,81

1

12

,34

0

11

,04

1

10

,42

1

9,9

89

9,6

86

13,244 13,766 14,033 14,059

12,040 11,988 11,652

13,116 14,012 13,766

12,858 12,693 12,492 11,561

10,717 10,742 9,910

7,634

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555

Road A

ccid

ent Fata

litie

s

สตช Police MOPH MOPH (After Data Linkage)

Road Fatalities from Different Accident Databases

Source: Ministry of Public Health, 2012

2

Road Crash Severity

All road network (Royal Thai Police)

National Highways (DOH)

Severity Index and Fatality Index from Road Crashes

Severity Index Fatality Index

Severity

Index

Severity

Index

Fata

lity Index

Fata

lity Index

3

Who is at Fatal and Injured Risk?

Vehicle Types involved in Road Crashes per 10,000 registered vehicles

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

รถจักรยานยนต์

รถยนต์

รถกระบะ

รถตู้

รถบรรทุก

Source: Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Transport

Motorcycle

Passenger Car

Pick-up

Van

Truck

Passenger Car

Motorcycle

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553

รถยนต์ 4 ล้อ

รถบรรทุก

รถโดยสาร

รถจักรยานยนต์

Injuries involved in Road Crashes per registered vehicles Classified

by Vehicle Types

Source: Ministry of Public Health

Motorcycle

4-wheel car

Bus

Truck

Motorcycle

Bus

4

Motorcycle Use

in Thailand

Rank No. Number of Motorcycle per 1,000 Population

1. Vietnam 358

2. Malaysia 332

3. Thailand 251

4. Indonesia 250

5. Uruguay 182

6. Italy 166

7. Republic of Dominican 136

8. Greece 127

9. Mauritius 123

Highest Motorcycle per Capita in 2010 Source: Global Status Report on Road Safety (2013)

Number of New Registered Motorcycle , 1993- 2011 Source: Department of Land Transport, Misnistry of Transport

-

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

Motorcycle

59% Passenger Car

18%

Pick-up

17%

Others

6%

Proportion of Registered Vehicles in 2012 classified by Vehicle Type

Source: Department of Land Transport

84%

29%

22%

18%

13%

12%

9%

4%

84%

25%

24%

19%

11%

11%

10%

4%

สะดวกรวดเร็วกว่ารถโดยสาร เช่น ไม่ต้องรอ ไม่ต้องต่อรถ ไม่ติดขัด

ประหยัดค่าใช้จ่าย

ไม่มีรถโดยสารว่ิงผ่านละแวกบ้านหรือท่ีท างาน

ต้องเดินมาขึ้นรถไกลหรือไม่สะดวก

ขับขี่สนุก เพลิดเพลิน เป็นการพักผ่อน

จ าเป็นต้องบรรทุกสิ่งของ

ใช้ตามคนใกล้ชดิ เช่น พ่อแม่ ญาติพี่น้อง เพื่อนฝูง

อื่นๆ ผู้ขับขี่ ผู้โดยสาร Others

Why people choose motorcycle for their transportation mode? Source: Self-Reported Questionnaire Survey by ThaiRaods Foundation and Road Safety Watch Network (2510)

Convenient and agility (no need to wait and less traffic congestion)

Low price

Cannot access to public transport

Long distance to access public transport

Recreational purpose

Need to carry stuff

Influenced by parents, relatives, and friends

Rider Passenger

45%

24% 24%

29%

34%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

15 - 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 60 มากกว่า 60

30%

40%

35%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

ชาย หญิง รวม Male

Proportion of Motorcycle Riders with No Driver License

Classified by Age and Gender Source: Self-Reported Questionnaire Survey by ThaiRaods Foundation and Road Safety Watch Network (2510)

Older than 60

Female Total

5

Motorcycle Crash

in Thailand

Pedestrian

3.0%

Passenger Car

25.0%

Motorcycle

39.2%

Pick-up Truck

16.7%

10-wheel Truck or

more

2.6% 6-wheel Truck

1.8% Large Bus

2.1% Van

1.8%

Taxi

3.6%

3-wheel MC

0.9% Bicycle

1.3%

3-wheel Bicycle

0.4% Farm vehicle

0.2%

Others

1.4%

Proportion of Road Crashes classified by Road User Types

in 2002-2011

Source: Royal Thai Police

Proportion of Fatalities classified by Road User Types

in 2012

Source: Ministry of Public Health

Motorcycle 41%

Passenger Car 12%

Pickup Truck or Van 2%

Pedestrian 6% Bicycle

1%

Heavy Truck 1% Bus

0%

3-Wheelers 0%

Others 37%

Source: Ministry of Public Health

Proportion of Severe Injuries due to Road Crashes classified by

Road User Types in 2012

Motorcycle 77%

Passenger Car 4% Pickup Truck

or Van 4%

Pedestrian 4%

Bicycle 7%

Heavy Truck 1%

Bus 0%

3-Wheelers 1%

Others 2%

Number of Fatalities due to Motorcycle Crashes, 2010-2012 Source: Ministry of Public Health and Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd. (RVP)

Injuries Fatalities

Injuries due to Motorcycle Crashes in Thailand, 1994-2012

(Bangkok is not included)

Number of Motorcycles (‘000 veh) Source: MOPH

and DOLT

Number of Injuries Injuries per Number of Motorcycles

Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.

Motorcycle Collision Pattern in Thailand, 2010-2012

Injuries Fatalities

Lost Control/Roll Over

Vehicle collision

More than

2-vehicle Collision

Pedestrian Collision

Fixed Object Collision

Lost Control/Roll Over

Vehicle collision

More than

2-vehicle Collision

Pedestrian Collision

Fixed Object Collision

Other Vehicles Involved in Motorcycle Crashes, 2010-2012

Injuries Fatalities

Bus

Truck

Passenger Car

and Pickup

Motorcycle

Van

Bus

Truck

Passenger Car

and Pickup

Motorcycle

Van

Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.

Types of Motorcycle Crashes on National Highways, 2008-2012

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Pedestrain crash

Intersection-Head on collision

Intersection-Right angle

Straight-Head on

Straight_Right angle

Straight-U turn

Rear End

Side Swipe

Overtaking crash

Fixed object crash

Animal crash

Wrong direction

Run out of road on straight section

Run out of road on curve section

Others

Typ

es

of

MC

cra

sh

2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

Source: Department of Highways. Ministry of Transport

Rear End

Side Swipe

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Pedestrain crash

Intersection-Head on collision

Intersection-Right angle

Straight-Head on

Straight_Right angle

Straight-U turn

Rear End

Side Swipe

Overtaking crash

Fixed object crash

Animal crash

Wrong direction

Run out of road on straight section

Run out of road on curve section

Others

Typ

es o

f cra

sh

2008-2012

Fatal Crash Severe injured Crash Minor injured Crash PDO

Crash Severity by Types of Motorcycle Crashes, 2008-2012

Source: Department of Highways. Ministry of Transport

Straight Head-On

Wrong Direction

6

Motorcycle Crash

Risk Groups

15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 60+

2010 5.05 2.22 1.38 1.07 0.82 0.88 0.95 0.97 1.03 0.93

2011 7.29 3.16 2.17 1.83 1.50 1.56 1.31 1.62 1.87 1.73

2012 8.00 3.21 2.23 1.81 1.64 1.54 1.53 1.75 2.11 1.94

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

Fata

lity

/10,0

00 M

C h

old

ing

dri

ver

licen

se

MC Fatalities per 10,000 MC License by Age, 2010-2012

Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

2010 2011 2012

Fa

tali

ty/1

0,0

00 M

C h

old

ing

d

rive

r li

ce

ns

e

Year

Female

Male

Number of Motorcycle Casualties by Gender, 2010-2012

Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.

7

Motorcycle Casualties

จ ำนวนกำรเสียชวีติ จ ำแนกตำมช่วงอวยัวะทีบ่ำดเจ็บ

ศีรษะ

ทรวงอก

ช่องท้อง

กระดกูสันหลงั

ขำ

แขน

Motorcycle Fatalities by Injured Body Region More than 70% is Head Injuries

Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.

Head

Chest

Abdominal

Upper Extremity

Lower Extremity

Spine

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

UnemployedOther Civil Servant

Police/Military

State Enterprise EmployeePrivate Sector Employee

Labour

Trader/MerchantAgriculture Sector

Student

Priest

LawyerArtist

Fishery Sector

DriverCraftsman

Housewife

ConvictChildren (<6 yrs old)

Maid

OthersNot Available

Fatality

2012 2011 2012 2009 2008

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

UnemployedOther Civil Servant

Police/MilitaryState Enterprise Employee

Private Sector EmployeeLabour

Trader/MerchantAgriculture Sector

StudentPriest

LawyerArtist

Fishery SectorDriver

CraftsmanHousewife

ConvictChildren (<6 yrs old)

MaidOthers

Not Available

Injury

2012 2011 2012 2009 2008

Motorcycle Casualties by Occupation, 2008-2012

Injury

Fatality

Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)

Labour

Labour

Student

Student

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2008

2009

2012

2011

2012

2008 2009 2012 2011 2012

No 30112 33319 33576 33662 33265

Yes 18093 18669 17346 16594 15472

Injury

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2008

2009

2012

2011

2012

2008 2009 2012 2011 2012

No 1211 1293 1370 1306 1241

Yes 674 711 600 543 527

Fatality

Motorcycle Casualties by Alcohol Influence, 2008-2012

Injury Fatality

Alcohol No Alcohol Alcohol No Alcohol

Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2008

2009

2012

2011

2012

2008 2009 2012 2011 2012

No 42032 45325 44098 43771 44182

Yes 6235 6931 6453 7102 6291

Injury

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2008

2009

2012

2011

2012

2008 2009 2012 2011 2012

No 1981 2100 1981 1911 1918

Yes 198 194 168 175 138

Fatality

Motorcycle Casualties by Helmet Use, 2008-2012

Injury Fatality

Helmet No Helmet Helmet No Helmet

Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)

8

Helmet Use Rate

Helmet Use Rate of Motorcycle Users in Thailand*

2010

Rider 53% 54% 52%

Passenger 19% 24% 20%

Total 44% 46% 43%

2011

* Sample Size

1,484,669 MC Users in 2013

1,502,949 MC Users in 2012

1,244,140 MC Users in 2011

954,956 MC Users in 2010

2012 2013

51%

19%

43%

Rider and Passenger

Rider

Passenger

72% 46%

83% 56%

37% 19%

29%

34%

12%

เขตเมือง

ขนาดรอง

Urban Suburban Rural

by Age Group

52%

32%

7%

53%

34%

8%

49%

28%

7%

49%

23%

7%

2553

2554

2555

2556

Helmet Use Rate of Motorcycle Users 2010-2013

Rider and Passenger

Adult Young Kids Rider and Passenger Passenger Only

Land Traffic Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)

Not specific for motorcycle. Only for

some sections such as:

Section 35: The driver of truck, passenger car, motorcycle, vehicle of low speed or travelling at lower speed than those of other vehicles moving in the same direction shall keep to the curb side of the roadway as close as possible (Penalty $12-30)

Section 121: The rider of motorcycle shall sit on the saddle, provided for motorcycle rider. If the competent officer specifies in the registration to be able to carry passengers, the passenger shall ride at the back seat provided for the passenger, or in the side-car. (Penalty not more than $15)

Section 122: The rider and passenger of motorcycle shall wear a motorcycle helmet. (Penalty not more than $15)

(๓) สําหรับรถยนต์อ่ืนนอกจากท่ีระบไุว้ใน (๑) หรือ (๒) หรือรถจกัรยานยนต์ให้ขบัในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร เขตเมืองพทัยา หรือเขตเทศบาลไมเ่กินชัว่โมงละ ๘๐ กิโลเมตร หรือนอกเขต ดงักลา่วให้ขบัไมเ่กินชัว่โมงละ ๙๐ กิโลเมตร

Speed Limit for motorcycle in urban area is not more than 80 km/hr, and outside urban area is not more than 90 km/hr. (Penalty not more than $30)

Ministerial Regulations, and Motor Vehicle Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)

ผู้ ท่ีต้องการขอมีใบอนญุาตขบัข่ีรถจกัรยานยนต์ ต้องเป็นบคุคลท่ีมีอาย ุ15 ปีบริบรูณ์ขึน้ไป และใบอนญุาตขบัข่ีรถจกัรยานยนต์จะมีอาย ุ5 ปีนบัตัง้แตว่นัออกใบอนญุาตขบัรถ โดยจะได้รับหลงัจากมีใบอนญุาตขบัรถจกัรยานยนต์สว่นบคุคลชัว่คราว มาเป็นเวลา 1 ปี

Motorcycle driving license: Age > 15 years

Research Agenda on Motorcycle Safety

• Design Standard and Safety Considerations for Exclusive

Motorcycle lane

• Child Safety for Motorcycle Usage

• Behavioral Influence Model for Promoting Helmet Use for

Young Riders

• Speed Management of Motorcycle in Urban Area

Thank you..