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Terrestrial exospheric dayside H-density profile at3-15Re from UVIS/HDAC and TWINS Lyman- α datacombined
Jochen H. Zoennchen1, Hyunju K. Connor2, Jaewoong Jung2, Uwe Nass1, andHans J. Fahr11Argelander Institut fur Astronomie, Astrophysics Department, University of Bonn, Auf demHuegel 71,53121 Bonn, Germany2Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Correspondence to:J. H. Zoennchen (zoenn@astro.uni-bonn.de)
Abstract.1
Terrestrial ecliptic dayside observations of the exospheric Lyman-α column intensity between 3-2
15 Earth radii (Re) by UVIS/HDAC at CASSINI have been analysed to derive the neutral exospheric3
H-density profile at the Earth’s ecliptic dayside in this radial range. The data were measured during4
CASSINIS’s swing by manoeuvre at the Earth on 18 August 1999 and are published by (Werner5
et al., 2004). In this study the dayside HDAC Lyman-α observations published by (Werner et al.,6
2004) are compared to calculated Lyman-α intensities based on the 3D H-density model derived7
from TWINS Lyman-α observations between 2008-2010 (Zoennchen et al., 2015). It was found, that8
both Lyman-α profiles show a very similar radial dependence in particular between 3-8Re. Between9
3.0-5.5Re impact distance Lyman-α observations of both TWINS and UVIS/HDAC are existing at10
the ecliptic dayside. In this overlapping region the cross-calibration of the HDAC profile against11
the calculated TWINS profile was done, assuming, that the exosphere there was similar for both12
due to comparable space weather conditions. As result of the cross-calibration the conversion factor13
between counts/s and Rayleighfc=3.285 [counts/s/R] is determined for these HDAC observations.14
Using this factor the radial H-density profile for the Earths ecliptic dayside was derived from the15
UVIS/HDAC observations, which constrained the neutral H-density there at 10Re to a value of 3516
cm−3. Furthermore, a faster radial H-density decrease was found at distances above 8Re (≈ r−3)17
compared to the lower distances 3-7Re (≈ r−2.37). This increased loss of neutral H above 8Re18
might indicate a higher rate of H ionization in the vicinity of the magnetopause at 9-11Re (near sub19
solar point) and beyond, because of increasing charge exchange interactions of exospheric H atoms20
with solar wind ions outside the magnetosphere.21
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Keywords. Atmospheric composition and structure (airglow and aurora; pressure, density, and tem-22
perature) – meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (thermospheric dynamics)23
1 Introduction24
The Earth’s exosphere is the outermost layer of our atmosphere that ranges from≈500km altitude25
to beyond the Moons orbit (Baliukin et al. 2019). Atomic hydrogen atom (H) becomes a dominant26
species above an altitude of≈1500km. The exosphere gains and loses hydrogen atoms as a result of27
the Sun - solar wind - magnetosphere - upper atmosphere interaction. Study of the exospheric density28
distribution and its response to dynamic space environments is key to understand the past, present,29
and future of the Earths atmosphere and to infer the evolution of other planetary atmospheres.30
The typical geocorona emission, i.e., solar Lyman-α photons resonantly scattered by hydrogen31
atoms, has been a widely used dataset to derive a terrestrial exospheric neutral H-density. Sev-32
eral spacecraft missions like Thermosphere - Ionosphere - Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics33
(TIMED; Kusnierkiewicz, 1997), Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral- Atom Spectrometer (TWINS;34
Goldstein & McComas, 2018), and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO; Domingo et al.,35
1995) have observed the geocorona from various vantage points, covering an optically thick, near-36
Earth exosphere below≈3 Re geocentric distance (e.g., Qin & Waldrop, 2016; Qin et al., 2017; Wal-37
drop et al., 2013) to an optically thin, far distant exosphere on top (e.g., Bailey & Gruntman, 2011;38
Cucho-Padin & Waldrop, 2019; Zoennchen et al., 2011, 2013). The exospheric density changes over39
various time scales such as solar cycle (Waldrop & Paxton, 2013; Zoennchen et al., 2015; Baliukin40
et al., 2019), solar rotation (Zoennchen et al., 2015), and geomagnetic storms (Bailey & Gruntmann,41
2013; Cucho-Padin & Waldrop, 2019; Qin et al., 2017; Zoennchen et al., 2017). This implies active42
response of our exosphere to a dynamic space environment through physical processes like thermal43
expansion, photoionization, and neutral charge exchanges as suggested in the previous theoretical44
studies (Chamberlain, 1963; Bishop, 1985; Hodges, 1994; and references therein). Also the possible45
contribution of non-thermal hydrogen to the exosphere is discussed (e.g., Qin & Waldrop, 2016;46
Fahr et al., 2018).47
Recently, exospheric neutral H-density at 10Re subsolar location becomes a particular interest48
due to two upcoming missions, the NASA Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI;49
http://sites.bu.edu/lexi) and the joint ESA-China mission, Solar wind - Magnetosphere - Ionosphere50
Link Explorer (SMILE; Branduardi-Raymont et al., 2018) with expected launches in 2023 and 2024,51
respectively. Soft X-ray imagers on these spacecrafts will observe motion of the Earths magne-52
tosheath and cusps in soft X-ray with a primary goal of understanding the magnetopause reconnec-53
tion modes under various solar wind conditions. Soft X-ray is emitted due to interaction between the54
exospheric neutrals and the highly charged solar wind ions likeO7+ andO8+ (Sibeck et al., 2018;55
Connor et al., 2021). Neutral density is a key parameter that controls the strength of soft X-ray sig-56
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nals. Denser hydrogen increase their interaction probability with solar wind ions and thus enhance57
soft X-ray signals, which is preferable for the LEXI and SMILE missions.58
The dayside geocoronal observations above 8Re radial distance are very rare. For estimating an59
exospheric density at 10Re subsolar location, Connor & Carter (2019) and Fuselier et al. (2010;60
2020) used alternative datasets: the soft X-ray observations from the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission-61
Newton astrophysics mission (XMM; Jansen et al., 2001) and the Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA)62
observations from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX; McComas et al., 2009), respectively.63
Their density estimates at 10Re show a large discrepancy, ranging from 4cm−3 to 59cm−3 with a64
lower limit from the IBEX observations and an upper limit from the XMM observations. However,65
these studies analyzed only a handful of events. Additionally, inherent difference of the soft X-ray66
and ENA datasets leads to different density extraction techniques, possibly contributing to the neu-67
tral density discrepancy. To understand a true nature of this outer dayside exosphere, more statistical68
and cumulative approaches with various datasets are needed.69
We estimate a dayside exospheric density in a radial distance of 3-15Re using rare dayside geo-70
corona observations obtained from the CASSINI UVIS/HDAC Lyman-α instrument on 18 August71
1999. This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces the CASSINI Lyman-α observations72
on 18 August 1999. Section 3 discusses the solar condition and interplanetary Lyman-α background73
during the observation period. Section 4 explains our density extraction approach. Section 5 esti-74
mates the conversion factor of the CASSINI UVIS/HDAC geocorona count rates to Rayleigh, and75
Section 6 derives the dayside exospheric density profiles from the converted geocoronal emission in76
Rayleigh. Finally, Section 7 discusses and concludes our results.77
78
2 The UVIS/HDAC Lyman-α observations during CASSINIs swing by at the Earth79
On its way to Saturn the CASSINI spacecraft performed a swing by manoeuvre at the Earth on 1880
August 1999. The UVIS/HDAC Lyman-α instrument (FOV≈ 3◦) was switched on before and mea-81
sured then continuosly Lyman-α intensities during the manoeuvre. When approaching the Earth the82
measured Lyman-α intensities were increasingly dominated by scattered Lyman-α emission from83
neutral H-atoms of the terrestrial exosphere. The intensity profile in [counts/s] (averaged over a84
1 min interval) from UVIS/HDAC is a rare observation of the exospheric dayside Lyman-α emis-85
sion near the Earth-Sun line up to 15Re geocentric distance. It is a nearly perfect scan within the86
ecliptic plane during≈ 1.5 hours and therefore nearly free from latitudinal and temporal variations.87
The profile was published by (Werner et al., 2004) and is shown in Figure 2 of their paper. From88
each measurement they had subtracted 4500 [counts/s] as correction for their estimate of the inter-89
planetary background intensity. For the geocentric distances 3-15Re this corrected profile can be90
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numerically approximated by the following fit function:91
Icorr(r) = 282920.2 ∗ (r + 2.0)−2.2 [counts/s] (1)92
with the geocentric distance r inRe. In Figure 1 is shown, that the fitted radial intensity function93
from Equation (1) (red line) approximates the profile from (Werner et al., 2004) (black line) very94
well. Values from Equation (1) need to be re-added with 4500 [counts/s] in order to retrieve the95
uncorrected intensities originally measured by UVIS/HDAC:96
I(r) = Icorr(r) + 4500 [counts/s] (2)97
The observational geometry (spacecraft position and viewing direction of UVIS/HDAC) during the98
swing by was also adopted from (Werner et al., 2004): On the Earth dayside CASSINI moved within99
the ecliptic plane towards Earth. CASSINI’s dayside trajectory as shown in (Werner et al., 2004 -100
see Figure 1 there) is nearly linear within 3-15Re. It can be numerically approximated as radial101
function of the GSE longitude:102
φGSE(r) = 6.7 + 80.14/r [◦] (3)103
with the geocentric distance r inRe. Following (Werner et al., 2004) in this trajectory segment the104
line of sight (LOS) of UVIS/HDAC pointed towards the positive GSE Y-axis away from Earth.105
3 Solar conditions and the interplanetary Lyman-α background106
On the swing by date 18 August 1999 the value of the total solar Lyman-α flux was 4.52· 1011107
[photons/cm2/s]. It has been mesured by TIMED SEE and SORCE SOLSTICE calibrated to UARS108
SOLSTICE level [Woods et al., 2000] (provided by LASP, Laboratory For Atmospheric And Space109
Physics, University of Boulder, Colorado). With the function given by (Emerich et. al., 2005), the110
line-center solar Lyman-α flux was calculated from this total solar Lyman-α flux for the derivation111
of the g-factor as used in Equation (4).112
The solar activity level as indicated by the solarF10,7cm-radio flux starts to increase in summer 1999113
from the low values of the solar minimum until 1998.114
When flying at the Earth dayside between 3-15Re the UVIS/HDAC LOS pointed to a region with in-115
terplanetary Lyman-α background of about 1400R. This value was taken from the SOHO-SWAN all116
sky map of the Lyman-α background of 17 August 1999 (SOHO-SWAN images provided via Web by117
LATMOS-IPSL, Universit Versailles St-Quentin, CNRS, France: http://swan.projet.latmos.ipsl.fr/images/).118
4 Approach119
During the swing by at the Earth the UVIS/HDAC instrument measured Lyman-α radiation reso-120
nantly backscattered from neutral hydrogen of the terrestrial exosphere and also from the interplan-121
etary medium. Due to their low velocities the contributing H-atoms can be considered as ”cold”.122
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Therefore, this backscattered radiation contains wavelengths with a relatively narrow bandwidth123
around the Lyman-α line center. The sole contribution of the interplanetary hydrogen was quantified124
by the value taken from SOHO-SWAN as described in the previous section.125
Within the exosphere the optical depth turns to be lower than1 at geocentric distances> 3 Re,126
which allows for the assumption of single scattering. Under this assumption for a particular solar127
Lyman-α radiation (manifested in the g-factor) the exospheric H-densityN(S) along a line of sight128
S produces a Lyman-α scatter intensityI in [R]:129
I =g
106
∫ Smax
0
n(S)ε(S)Ip(α(S))dS (4)130
with n(S) is the local H-density,ε(S) the local correction term for geocoronal selfabsorption/re-131
emission andIp(α(S)) the local intensity correction for the angular dependence of the scattering.132
Additionally to the solar radiation the dayside Lyman-α observations above 3Re analysed in this133
study are illuminated by a secondary Lyman-α radiation from lower atmospheric shells of the Earth:134
At the dayside lower, optically thick exospheric shells are face-on illuminated by the Sun. The re-135
emission created there acts as a secondary source of Lyman-α besides the Sun. The relative effect136
increases with decreasing geocentric distance. With theε(S)-term in Equation (4) the Lyman-α in-137
tensity profile can be corrected from re-emission of solar Lyman-α from lower atmospheric shells of138
the Earth. The applied method in this study, all considered correction terms and the usedε(r, θ, φ)139
map (shown in Figure 2) are in detail described in (Zoennchen et al., 2015).140
With usage of a given H-density distribution the Lyman-α column brightness can be calculated for141
any LOS and observing position within the optically thin regime based on the integral in Equation142
(4). The calculated values ([R]) can be converted into their observable intensities ([counts/s]) using143
a single instrumental factor ([counts/s/R]) - further refered as conversion factorfc.144
In this study two H-density models are used for comparison with UVIS/HDAC: the exospheric145
H(r, θ, φ)-density model derived from TWINS Lyman-α observations from 2008 and 2010 (Zoen-146
nchen et al., 2015) and a radial symmetric model as introduced by (Chamberlain, 1963) and fre-147
quently used for example by (Rairden et al., 1986), (Fuselier et al., 2010, 2020) or (Connor &148
Carter, 2019):149
nH(r) = n0 ·(
10 Re
r
)3
(5)150
with the geocentric distance r inRe. The H-density at 10Re subsolar point (n0) is set at 40cm−3,151
which is within the reported range of Connor & Carter (2019) that derivedn0 from the XMM soft152
X-ray emission.153
The comparison of the calculated profiles with the UVIS/HDAC profile was made for two reasons:154
First, to compare their radial dependency and second, to derive the conversion factorfc of UVIS/HDAC155
by cross-calibrating it against the calculated profile from the TWINS H-density model in the radial156
range 3.0-5.5Re (overlapping range). Dayside Lyman-α observations with impact distances inside157
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this overlapping range are available by both - UVIS/HDAC and TWINS. This method for evalua-158
tion of fc assumes, that the TWINS H-density model from 2008, 2010 also matches the exospheric159
H-density distribution on 18 August 1999 due to comparable space weather conditions. Both, the160
used TWINS and UVIS/HDAC observations were measured during quiet geomagnetic conditions161
(minimum Dst index≈ -30 nT; provided by the website of the WDC for Geomagnetism, Kyoto) and162
low solar activity (Solar 10,7 cm≤ 130).163
Nevertheless, it is known from other studies, that the terrestrial exosphere show H-density variations164
of about 10-20% caused by geomagnetic storms (i.e. Bailey& Gruntman, 2013; Zoennchen et al.,165
2017; Cucho-Padin& Waldrop, 2018). Therefore we expect an error of the conversion factor by this166
variations up to 20%.167
5 Comparison of the observed UVIS/HDAC profile with calculated profiles168
The observed dayside Lyman-α profile (column intensity) by UVIS/HDAC (approximated in Equa-169
tion (2)) was compared to the calculated Lyman-α profiles (column brightness) from two exospheric170
H-density models described in the previous section. CASSINI’s trajectory at the dayside between171
3-15Re, the LOS of HDAC, the interplanetary background and the solar conditions of the swing by172
day 18 August 1999 were considered by the calculation.173
Figure (3A) shows the uncorrected observed Lyman-α profile by UVIS/HDAC from Equation (2)174
in [counts/s] (black line) together with the calculated column brightness profiles in [R] based on the175
TWINS 3D H-density model (red line) and the1/R3 model (blue line) - all including interplanetary176
Lyman-α background. It is obvious from that figure, that between 3-8Re the radial dependence of177
the calculated profile using the TWINS 3D H-density model corresponds well to the UVIS/HDAC178
observed profile. The radial dependency of the1/R3-profile (blue line) deviates from the HDAC179
profile in this particular range.180
Figure (3B) shows the ratios of the observed and the calculated profiles: In the overlapping range181
(3.0-5.5Re) the averaged ratio between the UVIS/HDAC observations and the TWINS 3D H-density182
model (red line) is nearly constant with only slight variations between -2.1% and +1.2%. It is equiv-183
alent to the averaged conversion factor and was found to befc=3.285 [counts/s/R].184
For the1/R3 model (blue line) the ratio shows significant deviations from a constant value for lower185
radial distances<8Re. But for distances above 9Re the profile of this model turned also into a186
nearly constant ratio to the UVIS/HDAC data (average = 3.145 [counts/s/R]).187
188
Besides the cross-calibration method there is another independent way to approximatefc: (Werner189
et al, 2004) estimated the interplanetary Lyman-α background in the UVIS/HDAC observations with190
4500 [counts/s]. To be not contaminated with exospheric emission, this value had to be measured191
far enough outside the exosphere. The interplanetary Lyman-α radiation is also created by resonant192
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backscattering and is therefore comparable in its physical properties to exospheric emission. Using193
the Lyman-α background emission value from SOHO-SWAN in [R] for the UVIS/HDAC LOS, the194
conversion factorfc can be approximated on this separate way to:195
fc =4500 counts/s
1400 R= 3.215 [counts/s/R] (6)196
The two results forfc with fc=3.285 from the profile comparison using the TWINS H-density model197
andfc=3.215 from the background estimation by (Werner et al., 2004) are relatively close together.198
6 H-density profile derived from the UVIS/HDAC observations199
We applied the determined conversion factorfc=3.285 [counts/s/R] to convert the observed dayside200
Lyman-α profile by UVIS/HDAC from intensities [counts/s] into column brightness [R] between201
3-15 Re. Inverse usage of Equation (4) with known column brightnesses I(S) allows to fit the H-202
density profile. The H-density profile inverted from the UVIS/HDAC observations was fitted into203
the radial symmetric function:204
nH(r) = 370520 ∗ (r + 2.47)−3.67 [cm−3] (7)205
with geocentric distance r inRe. Figure (4) shows the fitted H-density profile (black line). From the206
nH(r)-profile the UVIS/HDAC observations can be calculated very precisely over the entire radial207
range 3-15Re within ± 2% error.208
Obvious in Figure (4) is a change in the radial dependency of the profile in the radial region above209
8 Re. At distances lower 8Re the H-density profile seems to fall with distance with a power law≈210
r−2.37 (red line in Figure (4)). It was fitted in the distance range 3-7Re to:211
nH(r) = 10198 ∗ r−2.375 [cm−3] (8)212
where the geocentric distance r is inRe. The black and red lines are in very good agreement at213
3-7 Re. Above>8 Re the situation has changed and the H-density falls with about≈ r−3, what is214
indicated by the very good agreement of the cyan with the black line there. The fit of the H-density215
profile between 9-15Re delivers ar−3 fall:216
nH(r) = 35.17 ∗(
10 Re
r
)3.02
[cm−3] (9)217
From theory an enhanced loss of neutral H atoms near the magnetopause and outside the magne-218
tosphere can be expected due to sharply increased interactions with solar wind ions in this region219
that produces soft X-ray photons and ENAs. The faster decrease withr−3 in the H-density profile220
above 8Re might indicate the higher ionization of cold exospheric neutrals near the magnetopause221
(located at 9-11Re in the vicinity of the sub solar point) and beyond.222
From the fitted H-density profile of Equation (7) the exospheric H-density at 10Re was found to be223
35cm−3 at the ecliptic dayside. From known variations of the neutral exosphere due to geomagnetic224
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storms up to 20% and with the summarized error from other contributions (i.e. from background,225
solar Lyman-α flux and so on) there is a total error in the H-density of about 25% expectable. Never-226
theless, from several facts we assume, that the found value of 35cm−3 at 10Re is more likely to be227
a lower limit: First, between 3-10Re the neutral exospheric response to geomagnetic storms is so far228
known as an increase and not as a decrase of neutral density (Bailey & Gruntman 2013, Zoennchen229
et al., 2017, Cucho-Padin & Waldrop 2018). Second, there are results from other studies, that an230
increasing solar activity also corresponds to an increase of neutral density in this radial range, either231
weak (Fuselier et al., 2020) or somewhat stronger (Zoennchen et al., 2015). The H-density model232
from TWINS used here based on observations in 2008 and 2010 near solar minimum during quiet233
days without storms. Therefore it represents likely an exosphere with neutral densities close to their234
lowest values.235
7 Discussion236
Ecliptic dayside Lyman-α observations of the terrestrial H-exosphere between 3-15Re by UVIS/HDAC237
onboard CASSINI were compared to calculated Lyman-α brightnesses using two different H-density238
models: First, the H-density model based on TWINS Lyman-α observations from 2008, 2010 and239
second, the1/R3-model introduced by (Chamberlain et al., 1963). The calculations considered the240
HDAC Lyman-α observations, CASSINIs trajectory and the HDAC LOS published by (Werner et241
al., 2004).242
As first result it was found, that the radial dependence of the HDAC observations and the calculated243
profile from the TWINS model are very similar, in particular in the radial range 3-8Re. The Cham-244
berlain model shows significant deviations from the observed profile in this lower range.245
To be able to convert the HDAC observations from [counts/s] into physical units [R] the averaged246
conversion factorfc=3.285 [counts/s/R] was derived in the radial range 3.0-5.5Re (overlapping re-247
gion) from the ratio between the HDAC observations and the calculated Lyman-α brightnesses from248
the TWINS model. Dayside LOSs with impact distances in the overlapping region are available249
from both instruments - HDAC and TWINS LAD. Additionally a second independent way was used250
to quantifiy the conversion factorfc=3.215 [counts/s/R] by calculating the ratio between the esti-251
mated background value given by (Werner et al., 2004) and the corresponding value taken from the252
SOHO/SWAN map. Both values found forfc are very close together.253
With usage offc=3.285 the HDAC observations are inverted into a radial symmetric H-density pro-254
file of the ecliptic dayside between 3-15Re. The derived density profile determined a H-density255
value of 35cm−3 at 10Re in the vicinity of the sub-solar point. The error is expected with 25%.256
Nevertheless, from different mentioned reasons it is more likely, that this value is closer to the lower257
limit.258
Also found was a faster decrease of the H-density for distances above 8Re (r−3) compared to the259
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lower region 3-7Re (r−2.37). This is consistent with an enhanced depletion of neutral H in the far-260
upsun direction beyond 8Re reported by (Carruthers et al, 1976) based on Lyman-α images from261
the Moon by Apollo 16 and also with observations of Mariner 5 (Wallace et al., 1970).262
The faster H-density decrease above 8Re in the up-sun direction as quantified in this study may263
indicate an enhanced ionization rate near the magnetopause and beyond, respectively, due to sharply264
increased interactions there of neutral H atoms with solar wind ions.265
Acknowledgements.The authors gratefully thank the TWINS team (PI Dave McComas) for making this work266
possible. Hyunju K. Connor gratefully acknowledges support from the NSF grants, AGS-1928883 and OIA-267
1920965, and the NASA grants, 80NSSC18K1042, 80NSSC18K1043, 80NSSC19K0844, 80NSSC20K1670,268
and 80MSFC20C0019. We acknowledge the support from the International Space Science Institute on the ISSI269
team 492, titled ”The Earth’s Exosphere and its Response to Space Weather”.270
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Figure Captions
Fig. 1. Black: UVIS/HDAC Lyman-α intensity profile [counts/s] (black line) from (Werner et al., 2004); the
origin of the two peaks were identified by (Werner et al., 2004) as (A) the Earthmoon and (B) distortion by the
radiation belt; Red: numerical approximation of the intensity profile from Equation (1).
Fig. 2. Local ratioε(r, θ, φ) of the local Lyman-α illumination (influenced by multiple scattering effects) and
the original solar illumination within the ecliptic plane calculated with a multiple scattering Monte Carlo model
(Zoennchen et al., 2015).
Fig. 3. (A) observed, uncorrected Lyman-α profile by UVIS/HDAC in [counts/s] from Equation (2) (black line)
and the calculated column brightness profiles based on the TWINS 3D H-density model (red line) and the1/R3
model (blue line), both including background and in [R]
(B) ratios between the UVIS/HDAC observed and the calculated profiles: with the TWINS H-density model
(red line) and with the1/R3 model (blue line).
Fig. 4. (Black line): Radial symmetric H-density profile (Equation (7)) fitted from UVIS/HDAC observations;
(Red line): Powerlaw fit of the H-density profile in the lower radial range 3-7Re; (Cyan line): Powerlaw fit of
the H-density profile in the upper radial range 9-15Re; The deviation of the red and the cyan lines from the
black line indicate, that the H-density profiles falls faster at larger distances>8 Re than at lower distances<8
Re.
13
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-36Preprint. Discussion started: 29 June 2021c© Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License.
14
Figures:
Fig. 1. Black: UVIS/HDAC Lyman-α intensity profile [counts/s] (black line) from (Werner et al., 2004); the origin of the two peaks were identified by (Werner et al., 2004) as (A) the Earthmoon and (B) distortion by the radiation belt; Red: numerical approximation of the intensity profile from Equation (1)
Fig. 2. Local ratio ε(r,θ,φ) of the local Lyman-α illumination (influenced by multiple scattering effects) and the original solar illumination within the ecliptic plane calculated with a multiple scattering Monte Carlo model (Zoennchen et al., 2015)
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-36Preprint. Discussion started: 29 June 2021c© Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License.
15
Fig. 3. (A) observed, uncorrected Lyman-α profile by UVIS/HDAC in [counts/s] from Equation (2) (black line) and the calculated column brightness profiles based on the TWINS 3D H-density model (red line) and the 1/R3 model (blue line), both including background and in [R] (B) ratios between the UVIS/HDAC observed and the calculated profiles: with the TWINS H-density model (red line) and with the 1/R3 model (blue line).
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-36Preprint. Discussion started: 29 June 2021c© Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License.
16
Fig. 4. (Black line): Radial symmetric H-density profile (Equation (7)) fitted from UVIS/HDAC observations; (Red line): Powerlaw fit of the H-density profile in the lower radial range 3-7 Re; (Cyan line): Powerlaw fit of the H-density profile in the upper radial range 9-15 Re; The deviation of the red and the cyan lines from the black line indicate, that the H-density profiles falls faster at larger distances >8 Re than at lower distances <8 Re.
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-36Preprint. Discussion started: 29 June 2021c© Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License.
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