taxonomy the study of the classification of living things taxa – group of one or more groups of...
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Taxonomy• The study of the
classification of living things• Taxa – group of one or
more groups of organisms • SIX hierarchical levels of
classification1. Domain EUKARYA2. Kingdom ANIMAL3. Phylum CHORDATA4. Class
MAMMALIA5. Order PRIMATES6. Family HOMINIDAE7. Genus HOMO8. Species SAPIENS
Increasing similarity
Most Inclusive
Increasing diversity
Least Inclusive
Binomial Nomenclature• Carolus Linnaeus
(1700’s)• System for
naming and classifying species
• Two characteristics1. Genus 2. Species
• Used by all countries in all languages to avoid confusion among scientists.– Homo sapiens– Canus lupus– Felis
domesticus
Proper Way of Naming • Three ways to properly
name and classify an organism
1. All Italics - capital letter of first name followed by lower case letter Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2. Italics - capital letter followed by period (.) and then lower case letter italics T. hudsonicus
1. Handwritten - always underline the name Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Common Name Family Scientific Name
Red squirrel Sciuridae Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Short-tail weasel Mustelidae Mustela erminea
Groundhog Sciuridae Marnota monax
Mink Mustelidae Mustela vison
Eastern chipmunk Sciuridae Tamias striatus
River otter Mustelidae Lutra canadensis
Fisher Mustelidae Martes pennanti
Muskrat Cricetidae Ondatra zibethica
Black-footed ferret Mustelidae Mustela nigripes
Group organisms with increasing similarities
Dichotomous Key• Tool used by biologists to
identify an unknown organism• Series of paired statements of
anatomical description that leads to an identification.
Key for Vertebrate Identification1. a) animal has a spine…………………..go to 2
b) animal has no spine………..…invertebrate2. a) animal has no gills and fins……..…. go to 3 b) animal has gills and fins…………….. Fish3. a) animal has no scales…………..........go to 4 b) animal has scales………………..….reptile4. a) animal has feathers …………………..bird b) animal has no feathers ……………..go to 55. a) animal has hair…………………….mammal b) animal has no hair………………..amphibian
Three Domain Classification System• Based on
– DNA analysis, Evolutionary history, Relationship among organisms
Include 1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
A. Gram positive bacteria B. Spirochetes C. Chlamydia D. Cyanobacteria
2. Archaea (Prokaryotes)A. ExtremeophilesB. HalophilesC. Methanogens D. Thermophiles
3. Eukarya (Eukaryotes) A. Protista B. FungiC. Plants D. Animals
Major Features of The Three Domains
Bacteria, Acrchaea, and Eukaryotes
Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes
Membrane-enclosed organelles Absent Absent Present
Peptidoglycan in cell wall Present Absent Absent
RNA polymerase One Type Several Kinds Several Kinds
Introns (noncoding regions of genes) Absent Present in some genes
Present
Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, chloramphenicol
Inhibited Not inhibited Not inhibited
Domain Bacteria• Lacks a nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles• Contain ribosomes• Pili – hair like structures used
to attach to other cells or objects
• Flagellum – tail like extension for motorboating (propeller)
• Cell wall • Nucleoid – chromosomal DNA• Plasmids – small circular pieces
of DNA• Capsule – composed of
polysaccharides, protects cell against phagocytosis
Bacteria are Pathogens• Klebsiella pneumoniae• Clostridium difficile• Escherichia coli• Staphylococcus aureus– MRSA
• Streptococcus pyogenes– Flesh eating disease
Common Shapes of Prokaryotes • Coccus (Round)– N. meningitidis – meningitis
• Bacillus (Rod)– B. anthracis - anthrax
• Diplococci (Pair)– N. gonorrhoea – gonorrhoea
• Streptococci (Chain)– S. pyogenes – scarlet fever
• Spirochete (Spiral)– T. pallidum – syphilis
• Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan • Reproduce Asexually via binary fission• Make energy using organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or
photosynthesis
Bacteria
Archaea• Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall• Reproduce via Binary Fission• Live in extreme environments• Methanogens– Live in environments that lack
oxygen – Produce methane gas– Live in landfills
• Extreme halophiles– Live in environments that love
salt – Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake
• Extreme thermophiles– Live in environments of extreme
heat – Volcanic vents deep in the ocean
Conjugation• Transfer of
genetic material between bacterial cells
• Creates genetic diversity
• Antibiotic resistance
Animal-like Protists• Sporozoans– Cannot move on their own
(nonmotile)– Reproduce both sexually
(gametes) and asexually (mitosis)
– Parasites – Transmitted through vectors
(insects)
• Plasmodium vivax– Causes malaria (most common) – Transmitted by female
anopholes (mosquito)
Plasmodium vivax • Mosquito bites– Infects human with
sporozoites• Sporozoites infect liver
cells– Develop into merozoites
• Merozoites infect RBC’s– Continue to infect RBC’s – Some develop into
gametocytes • Mosquito bites infected
human– Gametocytes fertilize,
develop into oocyst• Oocyst ruptures
releasing sporozoites
• Eukaryotes• Cellulose cell walls• Use photosynthesis for
energy (primary producers)
• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Plant-like Protists (Algae)
Plant-like protists • Dinoflagellates– Marine plankton (flagella)– Red tide
• Algal blooms produce dinotoxins • Toxic to humans
• Diatoms – Phytoplankton– Cell wall is made up silica
• Euglenoids – Contain chloroplasts – Also feed by phagocytosis
• Green Algae – Macroscopic seaweeds
• Eukaryotes • Chitin cell walls• Use organic chemicals for energy
(consumers/heterotrophs)• Decomposers (important in
ecosystems)• Moulds – consist of masses of mycelia,
which are composed of filaments called hyphae
– Reproduce asexually (spores) • Yeasts – Round shape – Reproduce asexually (budding)
Fungi
Yeast Reproduction• BuddingNew organism
develops from outgrowth on another cell at a particular site
• Ascus Spore bearing
cell in fungi
Plantae (Eukaryotes)• All are autotrophic (make own food)– Synthesizing organic molecules using photosynthesis– Immobile
• 10 divisions of plants • Characteristics of Plants include– Vascular tissue– Cone bearing– Flowering – Mosses, – Ferns
Animalia (Eukaryotes)• All are Heterotrophic • Multicelluar • Grouped into 35 phyla• Most reproduce
sexually (diploid stage)• Most species – sperm
fertilizes egg• Monophyletic– All animal lineages
can be traced back to a single common ancestor
– Classified by anatomical features
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