system optimization for cost savings “integrated ... 03 22 2... · • contrary to popular belief...

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System Optimization for Cost Savings

of

“Integrated Geoexchange Systems”

By Chris Mitchell I.E.T. C.G.D.

Director, Geoexchange Technology

CleanEnergy

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What’s in a Name?

• Heat pumps

• Geothermal heat pumps

• Ground source heat pumps

• Ground coupled heat pumps

• Geothermal GEO (earth) THERMAL (heat)

• Water source heat pumps

• Geoexchange

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What the Heck is a Heat Pump?

• A device that collects energy into a volume of

refrigerant in the form of low grade heat, it then

mechanically compresses that refrigerant

• Compressing something will increase its

temperature

• This temperature is now usable

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What is Geoexchange?

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Types of Heat Pumps

• Water to water units

• Water to forced air units

• Rooftop units

• Consoles

• Vertical stack units

• Vertical & Horizontal forced air units

• Low profile horizontal units

• DX units

• Reverse chiller units

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Sizes can range from ½ nominal ton to 400 nominal tons

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How to Collect Heat

• Polyethylene pipe is buried into the ground inside which is an antifreeze

• The liquid in the pipe is kept at a lower temperature than the ground by the

heat pump invoking the second law of thermodynamics‘

• The amount of pipe is determined by the soil conditions and the load conditions

of the building.

• The amount of flow through the pipe along with the size of the pipe determines

how turbulent the flow is in the pipe.

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Where does the heat come from?

• Contrary to popular belief Geoexchange systems are solar collector systems

• The energy comes from the Sun

• The ground is the energy storage system

• The ground stabilizes the temperature so that it is usable

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It’s Not Magic, It’s Thermodynamics

• First Law of thermodynamics states

that energy can be transformed

(changed from one form to another),

but cannot be created or destroyed.

• Second Law of thermodynamics

states that you need work to do the

heat transfer and that energy will

travel from hot to cold . You can not

stop this process but you can speed

it up or slow it down

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Unlike Fossil Fuel Systems, there is:

Benefits of Ground Source Heat Pumps

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Benefits of Ground Source Heat Pumps

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Benefits of Ground Source Heat Pumps

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Benefits of Ground Source Heat Pumps

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Reduce Roof Penetrations & Clutter on the Roof

• Increase lifespan of

equipment

•Reduction in Maintenance

•Reduction in Mechanical

room size

•Reductions in roof

penetrations

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Coefficient of performance – COP

BTU output/BTU input

Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER

BTU output/KW input

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Efficiency/Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P)

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All Heat Pumps are NOT Created Equal

• Check the EWT that the unit is designed to work at

• Check to ensure the piping is insulated inside the unit

• Check the voltage that the unit is designed for

• Is the unit ISO 13256 rated for ground loops

• Different heat exchanger technologies

• Different compressor technologies and qualities

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Meeting that Spec

• HR and HE (Heat of Extraction & Heat

of Rejection)

• Outputs HC, TC, watch SC (Heat

Capacity, Total Cooling, Sensible

Cooling)

• COP (Coefficient of Performance)

• Electrical

• Physical size

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• If the COP is different than the

ground loop, it must be resized

• If the ground loop is not resized

the loop will be too small for the

heat pump load

Spiral Effect

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The Three Leg Stool

1. Design calculations

(load calc and ground loop sizing)

2. Heat pump selection

3. Delivery system

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Accuracy of Load Calculations

• The loads are the foundation

• Incorrect building loads

= incorrect heat pump

= insufficient heating/ cooling of

building

= insufficient ground loop

= insufficient delivery system

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“Rule of Thumb”

Do Not

use Rules of Thumb

Do not useheat loss

sizing ground loops

selecting heat pumps or

sizing ductwork

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Amazing Sidewalk Art

(A minute away from heat pumps)

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Finding that sweet spot

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Types of Ground Loops

Horizontal

Lake/Pond

Vertical

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Large Lake Loop

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Horizontal or Vertical?

• How much earth needs to be excavated?

• Lot size is usually a major qualifier

• Locations of property lines

• Locations of other utilities

• Distances from mechanical rooms

When properly sized for capacity, a

horizontal or vertical HX will perform

comparably. Operating costs will be similar

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Thermal Conductivity (TC) Testing

• One TC test is required for every 30,000 sq ft of building space

• Test must be run for a minimum of 48 Hrs

• Results will obtain, undisturbed ground temperature, Thermal

conductivity, diffusivity of the soil, and moisture content

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Why Antifreeze?

• C448 requires freeze protection to 9°F (5°C) below the minimal

expected loop temperature

• The heat-transfer fluid shall provide freeze protection to at least 9°F(5

Celsius) below the minimum loop-design temperature.

• Any antifreeze is acceptable as long as it conforms with CSA 448 ,the

manufacture of the equipment and local codes and regulations

• Potassium Acetate is banned in Canada

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Pump! How Big?

• Design the piping system with the appropriate antifreeze

• Design and install the ground loop with the least amount of pressure

drop

• Use a reverse return with equal lengths and distances within 10%

• Use an antifreeze that will keep the pumping costs down

• Keep your header to less than 8 circuits per header or sub header

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Ground Loop Header Design

A. Pressure drop

B. Flushing velocity

C. Reynolds numbers

Influenced by:

Loop length, pipe size, GPM, antifreeze, number of circuits

1. Simple Flushing

2. Operational Pressure drop and flow

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Pump Efficiency

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Traditional Fin Tube Baseboard

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Panel Radiators

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Panel Radiators

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Hydronic Heat Emitters

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Geoexchange Hydronic Piping Configurations

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Multiple Water Temperature Distribution System:

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What is lift?

• Lift is the temperature difference from the source to the load

• The smaller the lift the more efficient the system

• Maximum load side temperatures of 130 F (preferred 110F)

Know your equipment capabilities

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Water-to-Water Heat Pumps: Lift

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• (A minute away from heatpumps)

Amazing Sidewalk Art

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VFD Pumps (Variable Frequency Drive)

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VFD Pump Curves

Proper pump modulation

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Two Ways to Pump

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• Single ECM

Circulators & zone

Valves on each heat

pump

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Staging and VFD Control

Proper pump modulation and staging = reduced cycle times

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Optimizing the Design

• Use all the features of geoexchange to your

advantage

• Increase COP

• Simultaneous heating and cooling

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Water-water heat pumps withreversing valves

Water-to-Water Systems

Heat pump

Mass Tank

Pool heating90°F

Cooling off

COP: 4.2

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Water-to-water heat

pumps without reversing valves

Water-to-Water Systems

Heat pump

Pool heating on

Cooling off110°F

45°F

COP: 3.2

Heat from earth loop is used to heat pool

or domestic hot water

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Heating &

cooling – Units

with reversing

valves

Water-to-Water Systems

Earth loop

Valves switched to direct hot or chilled fluid to air handlers or fan coils

110°F45°F

60°F

Heating capacity: 257.6 MBHCooling capacity: 171.4 MBH

Electrical demand: 28.3 kW

System COP: 4.44

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Heating & cooling

– Units without

reversing valves

Water-to-Water Systems

Simultaneous heating

and cooling greatly

increases system COP

Earth loop

110°F45°F

Heating capacity: 224.4 MBHCooling capacity: 171.4 MBH

Electrical demand: 15.8 kW

System COP: 7.34

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Passive cooling

with earth loop

Water-to-Water Systems

45°F

Cooling capacity: dependent on flow rate and

earth loop temperature

Electrical demand: dependent on pump

horsepower

System COP: 12-20

Valves and

piping allow the

loop fluid to be

circulated directly

through the air

handlers or fan

coil units if

temperatures are

appropriate for

direct cooling.

60°F

Earth loop

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Using alternate

heat sources

Water-to-Water Systems

20°F

Ice Storage

110°F

With heat pumps designed for efficient low temperature operation the system makes ice for tomorrow’s cooling while heating the building overnight.

Heating capacity: 92.8 MBHIce making cap.: 67.4 MBH

Electrical demand: 7.5 kW

System COP: 6.3Earth loop

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RETROFIT - Who Says it Can’t be Done

• Use existing air handling equipment

• Use existing furnaces

• Use existing rooftop units

• Use a redundant system design

• Use parkade MUA units as a dry cooler

Boilers:

• Ensure they operate as a heatpump

• Watch your return temperatures

• First stage second stage system

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Existing air handlers in mechanical room

Who Says it Can’t be Done

Space to add heat/cool coil to

existing air handlers

Hydronic heating first stage, gas second

stage on an existing rooftop

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Economics of a Good Design and Things to Consider for System Cost Reductions

• Fees paid for Qualified engineers and consultants can easily pay for

themselves

• Competitive first cost

• Minimize operational costs

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Find Other Sources of Energy to Collect from

• Ice machines

• Coolers and freezers

• Ice rinks / pools

• Exhaust systems

• Drain lines and sewer lines

Reducing Costs of a Design

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• Hybrid can enhance project economics

• Building Load balancing

• Can have a large reduction in first cost

• Reduction in maintenance cost

• Designed strategically not for redundancy!!!

Hybrid Approach

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Consider all Loop Options

• Horizontal or lake loops can be an option to

reducing costs

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• (A minute away from heatpumps)

Amazing Sidewalk Art

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Avoid the Breaking up of a Project

• One contractor responsible for all disciplines:

– Design

– Installation

• Drilling

• Grouting

• HP Equipment Supply

• Header Tie in

• Antifreeze

Will reduce Costs, and reduce Risk

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• All aspects of a geoexchange system must be properly managed from

design to installation and supply of equipment

Design Factors

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Thermal Conductivity Test

• Can reduce the cost of a bore field

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Deal with Ventilation Properly

• Energy recovery reduce peak and total loads reducing heat pump

requirement and ground loop size

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Delivery System Options

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Simultaneous Heating and Cooling

Simultaneous Heating and

Cooling will increase system

COP and can reduce costs

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Impact of Ground Loop Design Temperatures on Installation Cost

• Good Design Drives Economics

• Don’t add safety factor on safety factor

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Be Creative in Locating Heat Pumps

• Distributed heat pumps can reduce costs

– Shortest distance to the ground is usually the cheapest method of installation)

• Two pipe vs Four pipe

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Your Designer must Fully Understand

• How a heat pump interacts with:

– Building loads

– Ground loops

– Distribution systems

– System temperatures

– Pumping requirements

– Antifreeze requirements

– Ventilation requirements

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Reduce Dependency on Volatile Fossil Fuels

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Levelized Cost of Energy Comparison

GHP the lowest Cost of energy

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Integration of Boilers / Co-gen units / Solar

Examples of Innovative Applications

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Cooling a green house and storing

the energy

Case Study: Energy Recovery from a Greenhouse

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• Industrial

Energy

Recovery

• Reduction in

Cooling tower

size

• Reduction in

run time

• Reduction in

HVAC

equipment

• No roof

penetrations

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Making the ice and heating the building

Case Study: Ice Rink Application

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Case Study – Copper Ridge Bigway Foods

• Copper Ridge Bigway Foods in

Whitehorse, Yukon is a community

grocery store

“This system has really impressed us. This store

operates around 70% less than our other stores.

-Sam Jurowich, Owner of Copper Ridge Food

StoreSOLUTIONS

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE

RESULTS

COMPANY OVERVIEW

• CleanEnergy™ designed an innovative system that is made up of seven heat pumps, a secondary loop that collects the heat rejected from the compressors on the refrigeration units and freezers, a boiler and an air handler– The rejected heat from the refrigeration

and coolers is then used to warm the building and provide hot water

– The small boiler is used to provide back up heat for those very cold days in the height of winter

• The building achieved a rating from Natural Resources Canada’s Commercial Building Incentive Program of 31.5 % higher than the Model National Energy Code for Buildings, which itself is 25 % better than the standard building code

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Case Study – Curve Condo

OPPORTUNITY

• The Curve Condo decided to go with geoexchange to reduce operating costs and provide a green solution

• The Curve Condo is an eight

storey new condo being build in

Toronto, Ontario

PROJECT OVERVIEW

• CleanEnergy™ provided the

drilling and ground loop tie-in for

this project

SOLUTIONS

Lowering the drill rig into the pit

Drilling

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Case Study – Planet Traveler

• The geoexchange system alone accounted

for 70% of their 80% reduction from

business as usual carbon emissions

“Geoexchange is the lowest hanging fruit on the

energy tree… You get more return for your

dollar than any other form of alternative

energy.”-Tom Rand, developer of Planet Traveler

SOLUTIONS

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE

RESULTS

COMPANY OVERVIEW

• CleanEnergy™ was instrumental in

providing the equipment, drilling and

installing the ground loop

• Planet Traveler, located in Toronto,

Ontario is “The Greenest Hotel in North

America”

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Case Study – Keith’s GMC

• Keith GMC dealership in Okotoks,

Alberta

SOLUTIONS

RESULTSCOMPANY OVERVIEW

• To reduce their carbon footprint and operating costs, geoexchange and solar thermal panels were installed

• CleanEnergy’s dealer, React Energy, installed the vertical, closed loop system

• The owners have listed that the geoexchange system has lowered their energy consumption during heating cycles by 25-50%, and cooling by 25-30%

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• Haldimand Motors is the largest

used car dealership in North

America

I’m very, very pleased. The cost of running the

building is very reasonable and CleanEnergy’s

geoexchange system is going to really benefit us.

- John Edelman, Owner, Haldimand Motors

Case Study – Haldimand Motors

SOLUTIONS

OPPORTUNITY

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE

RESULTS

COMPANY OVERVIEW

• Geoexchange has provided Haldimand

Motors with heating in the winter and air

conditioning in the summer

• CleanEnergy engineered the 40 ton

geoexchange system, supplied the

equipment, and installed the

horizontal ground loop in the field

behind the new building

• A new 64 bay shop was built and

incorporated geoexchange

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Case Study – WestJet Calgary Campus

• The new campus was designed to

meet the LEED® Gold standard

“Our geoexchange system was a key technology in

qualifying our Calgary Campus for LEED®

gold. Geoexchange has also allowed WestJet to reduce

its greenhouse gas footprint by 1,250 tonnes per year.”

Sean Durfy, Past President & CEO, WestJet

OPPORTUNITY

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE

RESULTS

• WestJet benefited from geoexchange –

both on its bottom line and its carbon

footprint

– 35% energy consumption reduction

COMPANY OVERVIEW

• WestJet’s new campus in Calgary, Alberta

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Case Study - Senior Complex

• Hearthstone By the Lake is a senior complex located in Burlington, Ontario

“The system has been up and running for 6

years, we are very pleased with operating

costs and comfort. Costs are right around the

expected cost to be”

- David Shotlander Hearthstone By the LakeSOLUTIONS

CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVECOMPANY OVERVIEW

• CleanEnergy™ provided the heat

pump application

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Case Study – InVue Condominium

• This cruise ship inspired 14-storey condominium is located in Kelowna, BC

SOLUTIONSCOMPANY OVERVIEW

• Domestic hot water preheating is provided from the heat pumps

• Each suite has its own fancoils for individual heating and air conditioning

• CleanEnergy™ engineered the ground loop and interior mechanical system

– Open loop geoexchange system

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RECENTLY COMPLETED PROJECTS

Milton Sports Centre, Milton, ONContract Value: $299,000; Completed Q1, 2011

Grant Harvey Arena, Fredericton, NB Contract Value: $1.0 MM ; Completed Q1, 2011

Johnson Pool, Cambridge, ONContract Value: $430,000; Completed Q4, 2010

Helen Gorman School, Central Okanagan, BCContract Value: $595,000; Completed Q1, 2011

Bridgetown Curling Club, Bridgetown, NSContract Value: $178,000; Completed Q4, 2010

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CURRENT GEOEXCHANGE PROJECTS

Mental Health Centre, Penetanguishene, ONContract Value: $1.46MM

South Okanagan Secondary School,

Oliver BCContract Value:

$131,000

Calgary International Airport - International FacilitiesContract Value: $4.4MM

MHCP Drilling

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Central Nova Scotia Civic Centre, Truro, NSContract Value: $2MM Truro, Drilling

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COAST TO COAST PROVIDER

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Know the True Cost of Geoexchange!

Thank You

www.cleanenergy.ca