sustainable building systems

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING SYSTEMS

By: Justin Kramer

19801982

19841986

19881990

19921994

19961998

20002002

20042010

20202030

0.000

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

Energy Consumption

Other NationsChinaMiddle EastEurasiaEuropeUnited States

Qua

drill

ion

BTU

Natural Gas23%

Petroleum37%

Coal27%

Hydroelectric6%

Nuclear6%

Other1%

Energy Consumption by Source

20072011

20152019

20232027

20312035

20392043

20472051

20552059

20632067

20712075

20792083

20872091

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Energy Content of Fuel ReservesNo Growth Including 3% Growth

Qua

drill

ion

BTU

Combination of Natural Gas, Petroleum and Coal

Natural Gas23%

Petroleum37%

Coal27%

Hydroelectric6%

Nuclear6%

Other1%

Energy Consumption by Source

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

Carbon Dioxide Production by Fuel Type

Billions Tons of Carbon Dioxide

Transportation29%

Industry32%

Petrolium1%

Natural Gas19%

Coal12%

Nuclear6%

Other1%

US Energy Consumption by Sectors and Sources

Off-Grid Zero Emissions Building(OGZEB)

What is the OGZEB??• Platinum

Green–Water Efficient–Sustainable

Site–Materials– Indoor Air

Quality–Energy

Energy Efficiency

Source: Daniel Kammen, UC Berkeley, ER 100 Lecture 1, Fall 2005

Energy Efficiency

Energy Consumption by Application

• Building Efficiency–Structural

Insulated Panels• Consumer

Efficiency–HVAC–Water Heater –Lighting

Energy Efficiency

$116/barrel inApril 2008

Energy Production

$116/barrel inApril 2008

$116/barrel inApril 2008

• Photovoltaic Panels– First Generation– 6 kW Array– 500 sqft

• Solar Thermal– 120 sqft Collector– 300 gallon tank

www.solarenergy.com

Energy Collection

Energy Storage

Electrolyzer Fuel Cell

H 2OH 2O

H 2H 2H 2

H 2 H 2

H 2H 2

O

Energy Storage

H 2H 2H 2

H 2 H 2

H 2H 2

Energy StorageThermal

Energy Consumers

Energy Consumption by Application

Energy Storage

Hydrogen Properties

Combustion Properties

Premixing Properties

No Premixing

50% Premixing

100%Premixing

NoPremixing

<- - - - - - - - -Propane - - - - - - - - -> Hydrogen

Hydrogen Properties

Experimental Setup

Temperature Gradient Setup

Gradient Profile:135 Degrees1.25 psig

Temperature Gradient Analysis

Gradient Profile:135 Degrees1.25 psig

Gradient Profile:135 Degrees1.25 psig

Z=0 Z=0.5 z=1

Gradient Profile:135 Degrees1.25 psig

Hydrogen Retrofits

Solaire Grill

Solaire Burner

Burner Considerations

Hydrogen Burner

Thermocouple Plate

Rinnai Water Heater

Rinnai Burner

Burner Considerations

135 Degrees 180 Degrees

Both at0.5 psig

Both have a 0.0156 inDiameterOrifice

Hydrogen Burner

Hydrogen Burner Testing

Hydrogen Burner Results

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0.5 psig 126.2 cc/s

25% Fan100% FanCoverNo CoverH2 Energy

Number of Burners

Watt

s

Hydrogen Burner Results

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0.5 psig 126.2 cc/s

25% Fan100% FanCoverNo Cover

Number of Burners

Watt

s

Hydrogen Burner Results

0 10 20 30 40 50 600%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0.5 psig 126.2 cc/s

25% Fan100% FanCoverNo Cover

Number of Burners

Efficie

ncy

Hydrogen Burner Results

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0.25 psig 126.2 cc/s

25% Fan100% FanCoverNo Cover

Number of Burners

Efficie

ncy

Hydrogen Safety

University of Miami TestBy: Dr. M. Swain

Hydrogen vs. Gasoline

0 sec

University of Miami TestBy: Dr. M. Swain

Hydrogen vs. Gasoline

30 sec

University of Miami TestBy: Dr. M. Swain

Hydrogen vs. Gasoline

1 min

University of Miami TestBy: Dr. M. Swain

Hydrogen vs. Gasoline

1min 30 sec

University of Miami TestBy: Dr. M. Swain

Hydrogen vs. Gasoline

2min 20 sec

Conclusion/Questions

mdot Qdot Burners .25 psi .5 psi .25 psi .5 psi

4 8.31E-06 1.17E-05 1.01E+03 1.42E+036 1.25E-05 1.76E-05 1.51E+03 2.13E+03

10 2.08E-05 2.94E-05 2.51E+03 3.55E+0314 2.91E-05 4.11E-05 3.52E+03 4.97E+0318 3.74E-05 5.28E-05 4.52E+03 6.39E+0320 4.15E-05 5.87E-05 5.03E+03 7.10E+0324 4.98E-05 7.04E-05 6.03E+03 8.52E+0328 5.81E-05 8.22E-05 7.04E+03 9.94E+0332 6.65E-05 9.39E-05 8.04E+03 1.14E+0434 7.06E-05 9.98E-05 8.54E+03 1.21E+0438 7.89E-05 1.12E-04 9.55E+03 1.35E+0442 8.72E-05 1.23E-04 1.06E+04 1.49E+0446 9.55E-05 1.35E-04 1.16E+04 1.63E+0448 9.97E-05 1.41E-04 1.21E+04 1.70E+0452 1.08E-04 1.53E-04 1.31E+04 1.85E+04

mdot Qdot Pressure 0.0156 0.024 0.0156 0.024

0.25 2.08E-06 4.20E-06 2.52E+02 5.08E+020.50 2.94E-06 6.95E-06 3.55E+02 8.41E+020.75 3.59E-06 8.50E-06 4.35E+02 1.03E+031.00 4.15E-06 9.81E-06 5.02E+02 1.19E+031.25 4.63E-06 1.10E-05 5.61E+02 1.33E+03

DensityPropane 1.91 kg/m3 Natural Gas 0.68 kg/m3 Hydrogen 0.085 kg/m3

Error

The error in the data was ± 0.5 C for the thermocouples, ± 0.1 C for the thermistor and ± 0.0092 psi for the pressure transducer.