superconductivity and electric power p. m. grant 27 november 1997 superconductivity and electric...
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Superconductivityand
Electric Power
Paul M. GrantStrategic Science & Technology
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California USA
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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Credits
• ASC• IGC• LANL• EPRI• DOE
• MIT• Stanford• UW/ASC• TCSUH• ORNL
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Agenda
• Prelude– Why electricity is good for you– Aspects of Transmission/Distribution systems
• High Temperature Superconductors– What they are (layered CuO perovskites)– Materials issues related to wire
• Closure– Cables and Transformers– A pipe dream– Advice from some good old boys
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Electricity & Quality of Life
Emerging
Developing
DevelopedFSUs
log [ per capita GDP ]
log
[ p
er c
apit
a E
lect
rici
ty G
ener
atio
n ]
Persian Gulf
• Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world
• Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Electricity &
Energy Conservation
E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)
E/GNP ratio
Electricityfraction
Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
40
30
20
10
150
130
110
90
70
50
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Electricity:A Life Necessity
• Infrastucture is ageing
• T&D load growing• New technology
needed for re-regulated electricity
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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The Electricity Paradigm
• Generation/Storage– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)
• Transmission/Distribution– Overhead & Underground– ac & dc (FACTS)
• End Use– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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“Re-regulation”
EPRI1980 1990 1980 1990
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Explosive Growth in Explosive Growth in Bulk Power TransactionsBulk Power Transactions
Billions of DollarsBillions of Dollars
Four-fold increase in a decadeFour-fold increase in a decade
EPRIEPRI
• Where does the power go? (simulation)
• How do you get it there? (power electronics)
• How much can you carry ? (superconductivity)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
A Big Surprise!
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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TC vs. Year: The Past
0
5
10
15
20
25
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980Year
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Hg
Pb
NbN V3Si
Nb3Sn
Nb3Ge
Cubic Metals
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Superconductivity:
High-Tc Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200
Tem
perature, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
High-T
C
164 K
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
1987:“The Prize!”
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
The Structure of “123”
IBM Almaden, March 1987
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Memories of Rio, 1988
Houston, 8 Years Later
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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The Electricity Paradigmand Superconductivity
• Generation/Storage– Generators, SMES, Flywheels
• Transmission/Distribution– Cables, Transformers, FCLs
• Delivery/End Use– Motors, Electromagnets
All Depend on Wire!
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Wire is the electrical commodity
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Malozemoff’s Law
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J c (
kA/c
m2 a
t 77
K, 0
T)
1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996
ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Lorentzforce
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice
(elastic flow)
(plastic flow)
(moving liquid)
H
T
HC2
HC1
TC
Normal State
Meissner State
Vortex Liquid
Mag
net
ic F
ield
Static Phase Diagram
Vortex Glass
Bose Glass
Polymer Glass
Vortex Lattice
Vortex Matter
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Hg-1212:
Hg Fission Splay Defects
• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature
• World record Hirr at 77 K in Hg-1212
• Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at TCSUH
• Potential for high-field magnet inserts
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag
Tape: E-J Characteristic
Typical E vs J Power Law
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
0 25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm^2)
E (
V/c
m)
E = aJn
n = 15
T = 77 K
E = 1 V/cm
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Difference :E/J
Difference Resistivity
1.0E-131.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-081.0E-071.0E-06
25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm2)
E (
v/c
m)
2.0E-11
+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*
*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)
= E/J
T = 77 K
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Homework Problem
• MRI/SMES Proto-Solenoid– Diameter = 1m; Length = 5m– Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000– Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95H
• Operation Parameters– I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm2); V = 1.57V– “R” = 0.004 (J = 50,000A/cm2, E = 1V/cm)– E = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Solenoid Loop
Current:t > t0
L
R(I)
I(t)
bI LdIdt
0
I(t)b(n 1)
L(t t ) I
n
0 01 n
11 n
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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“Persistent” Current Decay
Persistent Current Decay
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03 1.0E+05 1.0E+07t (sec)
I (A
)
B = 0.50 T
B = 0.25 T12 Days
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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HTSC Wire C/P Specs
V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .
C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape
JC(B,T), B||ab
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00
10.00
85
70
50200
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B
,T)/
Jc(0
,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab
85777064503520
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape
JC(B,T), B||c
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00
2050
70
85
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc
(B,T
)/J
c(0
,77
)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c
20355064707785
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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“JE(77 K)”
COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CCDISSIPATIONa
D Price JEV JE
W C/PMetal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm
Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705
aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of 1V/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE
V is the volume equivalentcurrent density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE
W
the power dissipation equivalent.
DOE Target:• $10/kAm• 77 K• “Self Field
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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BSCCO OPIT/Ag :Ag Component, C/P
• Assumptions/Costs– Tape Dimensions: 5 mm 0.5 mm– 50% HTSC Fill Factor
– IC = 100 A
– Ag Cost = $0.153/gm
• Ag C/P = $20/kAm
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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JC Paths in BSCCO OPIT/Ag
Polarized Micrograph
Magneto-Optic Image
JC Paths> 3.6 > 3.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 2.6 > 2.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 1.6 > 1.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 0 A/cm> 0 A/cm22
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
ConventionalCable-in-Conduit
• Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)
• Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan
• Easy to retrofit
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Steel Pipe
SS Shield & Slider
Corrugated SS Tubes Insulation
Dielectric
HTSC TapesSS Former
LN2
LN2LN2
Vacuum
EPRI/Pirelli: ac/SC/UG Cable
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Cryo System
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Cable Termination
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Tape Specs
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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Cable Specs
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 EPRI/Pirelli Cable:
Conductor ac Losses
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Summary of Losses
Pirelli RTD CableEstimated Losses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield
Eddy
Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total
Lo
ss
es
(W
/m c
ct)
ac
Hys
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Utility Study #1
South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)Upscale UrbanNeighborhood
Underground link:115 kV, 1.3 Miles
Only 5% Use
Study Complete: 4/97
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Utility Study #2
Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)Downtown Philly
Concrete Ducts:13 kV, 2 Miles
100 % Use
Study Complete: 5/97
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Pirelli/EPRI/ASC
Phase II SPI Cable Demo
• Cable Specs– 24 kV, 2000 Arms,”Warm Dielectric”
– 120 meters, 3• Location
– Inner-city substation– Major US utility
• Programmatics– 3 yrs, $5.4 M, 40% DOE, 60% Pirelli/EPRI
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Transformers
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Layered CuO Perovskites
Y-123 Bi-2223
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Irreversibility Field
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 JC = f(grain
boundary): Y-123
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
• Biaxially Oriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize
Coated HTSC Conductors
Generation II Wire
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Y-123 on IBAD YSZ
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 JC vs. -scan for
Y-123 on IBADed YSZ
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 JC Comparison: Y-
123 (IBAD from LANL)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 JC Comparison: Y-123
(RABiTS® from ORNL)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 ASC/EPRI CC Alliance
DeTex Pole FiguresBuffer Layer on DeTex Ni Nonmagnetic DeTex Substrate
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Rolled/Annealed
OHFCKicuchi Backscatter
Normal to surface
Rolling direction
Kikuchi backscatterYellow boundaries > 8o
Others < 8o
•Reeves/Babcock/LarbalestierUniversity of Wisconsin
•Thieme/ThompsonAmerican Superconductor
<100> || [100] <100> || [001]
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Recent IBAD Results50x YSZ IBAD
JC = 330,000 A/cm2
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
a 28
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97
“The SokPlot”
1000 100 10 1 0.11
10
100
1000
10000
Y-123 IBAD
EURUS
Bi-222377K, 0TSiemensTarget
Bi-222377K, 0TNKT Target
"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost
NbTi4.2K, 2T
Bi-22124.2K, 0TIGC
Nb3Sn
4.2K, 12-15 T
Bi-222377K, 0TIGC
$1,000
$100$10 $1 /kAm
Op
erat
ing
Cu
rren
t, Ic
(A
)
Cost ($/m)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds
Time
C/P
($/
kA
×m
) Substation Elimination
SMES/FCL/Transformers
70% New UG Cables
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
a 28
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e no
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19
97
Superconductivityfor
Global Electrification
A Vision for the Future
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Global Electrification:A Superconductivity
Solution
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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e no
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97
South America
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 The
SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
• Total Cryo System
• Power: 5 GW dc
• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Operating Parameters
Capacity 50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW
Length 1610 km
Temperature Rise,1 K every 10 km, 65 K,1 W/m heat input
21,600 liters LN 2/hr,100 kW coolers, 120gal/min
Vacuum 10-5
-10-4
torr 10 stations/10 km need200 kW
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97
Gas/HVDC Comparison
Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Miles
c/kW
h
LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)
LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)
HVDC
gas pipeline
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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e no
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19
97
Fathers of Electricity
DiscoverersDiscoverers
PractitionersPractitioners
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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19
97 “You can’t always
get what you want…”
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
a 28
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e no
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97
“…you get what you need!”
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