superconductivity and electric power p. m. grant 27 november 1997 superconductivity and electric...

Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant

27 November 1997

SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26

a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Superconductivityand

Electric Power

Paul M. GrantStrategic Science & Technology

Electric Power Research Institute

Palo Alto, California USA


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Credits

• ASC• IGC• LANL• EPRI• DOE

• MIT• Stanford• UW/ASC• TCSUH• ORNL


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Agenda

• Prelude– Why electricity is good for you– Aspects of Transmission/Distribution systems

• High Temperature Superconductors– What they are (layered CuO perovskites)– Materials issues related to wire

• Closure– Cables and Transformers– A pipe dream– Advice from some good old boys


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Electricity & Quality of Life

Emerging

Developing

DevelopedFSUs

log [ per capita GDP ]

log

[ p

er c

apit

a E

lect

rici

ty G

ener

atio

n ]

Persian Gulf

• Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world

• Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Electricity &

Energy Conservation

E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)

E/GNP ratio

Electricityfraction

Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

50

40

30

20

10

150

130

110

90

70

50


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Electricity:A Life Necessity

• Infrastucture is ageing

• T&D load growing• New technology

needed for re-regulated electricity


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

The Electricity Paradigm

• Generation/Storage– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)

• Transmission/Distribution– Overhead & Underground– ac & dc (FACTS)

• End Use– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

“Re-regulation”

EPRI1980 1990 1980 1990

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Explosive Growth in Explosive Growth in Bulk Power TransactionsBulk Power Transactions

Billions of DollarsBillions of Dollars

Four-fold increase in a decadeFour-fold increase in a decade

EPRIEPRI

• Where does the power go? (simulation)

• How do you get it there? (power electronics)

• How much can you carry ? (superconductivity)


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity

H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)

A Big Surprise!


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

TC vs. Year: The Past

0

5

10

15

20

25

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980Year

Te

mp

era

ture

(K

)

Hg

Pb

NbN V3Si

Nb3Sn

Nb3Ge

Cubic Metals


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Superconductivity:

High-Tc Surprise!

Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0

50

100

150

200

Tem

perature, T

C (K

)

Year

Low-TC

High-T

C

164 K


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

1987:“The Prize!”


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

The Structure of “123”

IBM Almaden, March 1987


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Memories of Rio, 1988

Houston, 8 Years Later


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

The Electricity Paradigmand Superconductivity

• Generation/Storage– Generators, SMES, Flywheels

• Transmission/Distribution– Cables, Transformers, FCLs

• Delivery/End Use– Motors, Electromagnets

All Depend on Wire!


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process

ASC Wire Forming Process

Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor

A. Extrusion

B. Wire DrawC. Rolling

1. PowderPreparation

Billet Packing& Sealing

Deformation& Processing

Oxidation -Heat Treat

2.

3.

4.

Wire is the electrical commodity


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Malozemoff’s Law

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

J c (

kA/c

m2 a

t 77

K, 0

T)

1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996

ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

H

J

FLorentz Defects (pin sites)

Lorentzforce


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice

(elastic flow)

(plastic flow)

(moving liquid)

H

T

HC2

HC1

TC

Normal State

Meissner State

Vortex Liquid

Mag

net

ic F

ield

Static Phase Diagram

Vortex Glass

Bose Glass

Polymer Glass

Vortex Lattice

Vortex Matter


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Hg-1212:

Hg Fission Splay Defects

• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature

• World record Hirr at 77 K in Hg-1212

• Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at TCSUH

• Potential for high-field magnet inserts


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag

Tape: E-J Characteristic

Typical E vs J Power Law

0.0E+00

5.0E-06

1.0E-05

1.5E-05

2.0E-05

0 25000 50000 75000

J (A/cm^2)

E (

V/c

m)

E = aJn

n = 15

T = 77 K

E = 1 V/cm


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Difference :E/J

Difference Resistivity

1.0E-131.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-081.0E-071.0E-06

25000 50000 75000

J (A/cm2)

E (

v/c

m)

2.0E-11

+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*

*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)

= E/J

T = 77 K


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Homework Problem

• MRI/SMES Proto-Solenoid– Diameter = 1m; Length = 5m– Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000– Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95H

• Operation Parameters– I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm2); V = 1.57V– “R” = 0.004 (J = 50,000A/cm2, E = 1V/cm)– E = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Solenoid Loop

Current:t > t0

L

R(I)

I(t)

bI LdIdt

0

I(t)b(n 1)

L(t t ) I

n

0 01 n

11 n


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

“Persistent” Current Decay

Persistent Current Decay

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03 1.0E+05 1.0E+07t (sec)

I (A

)

B = 0.50 T

B = 0.25 T12 Days


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

HTSC Wire C/P Specs

V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,

w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .

C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape

JC(B,T), B||ab

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00

10.00

85

70

50200

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc(B

,T)/

Jc(0

,77)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab

85777064503520


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape

JC(B,T), B||c

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00

2050

70

85

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jc

(B,T

)/J

c(0

,77

)

B(T)

T(K)

ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c

20355064707785


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

“JE(77 K)”

COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CCDISSIPATIONa

D Price JEV JE

W C/PMetal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm

Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705

aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of 1V/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE

V is the volume equivalentcurrent density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE

W

the power dissipation equivalent.

DOE Target:• $10/kAm• 77 K• “Self Field


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

BSCCO OPIT/Ag :Ag Component, C/P

• Assumptions/Costs– Tape Dimensions: 5 mm 0.5 mm– 50% HTSC Fill Factor

– IC = 100 A

– Ag Cost = $0.153/gm

• Ag C/P = $20/kAm


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

JC Paths in BSCCO OPIT/Ag

Polarized Micrograph

Magneto-Optic Image

JC Paths> 3.6 > 3.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22

> 2.6 > 2.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22

> 1.6 > 1.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22

> 0 A/cm> 0 A/cm22


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

ConventionalCable-in-Conduit

• Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)

• Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan

• Easy to retrofit


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Steel Pipe

SS Shield & Slider

Corrugated SS Tubes Insulation

Dielectric

HTSC TapesSS Former

LN2

LN2LN2

Vacuum

EPRI/Pirelli: ac/SC/UG Cable


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Cryo System


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Cable Termination


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Tape Specs


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Cable Specs


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 EPRI/Pirelli Cable:

Conductor ac Losses


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Summary of Losses

Pirelli RTD CableEstimated Losses

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield

Eddy

Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total

Lo

ss

es

(W

/m c

ct)

ac

Hys


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Utility Study #1

South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)Upscale UrbanNeighborhood

Underground link:115 kV, 1.3 Miles

Only 5% Use

Study Complete: 4/97


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Utility Study #2

Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)Downtown Philly

Concrete Ducts:13 kV, 2 Miles

100 % Use

Study Complete: 5/97


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Pirelli/EPRI/ASC

Phase II SPI Cable Demo

• Cable Specs– 24 kV, 2000 Arms,”Warm Dielectric”

– 120 meters, 3• Location

– Inner-city substation– Major US utility

• Programmatics– 3 yrs, $5.4 M, 40% DOE, 60% Pirelli/EPRI


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Transformers


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Layered CuO Perovskites

Y-123 Bi-2223


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Irreversibility Field


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 JC = f(grain

boundary): Y-123


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

• Biaxially Oriented Y-123

• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL

• EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize

Coated HTSC Conductors

Generation II Wire


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Y-123 on IBAD YSZ


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 JC vs. -scan for

Y-123 on IBADed YSZ


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 JC Comparison: Y-

123 (IBAD from LANL)


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 JC Comparison: Y-123

(RABiTS® from ORNL)


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 ASC/EPRI CC Alliance

DeTex Pole FiguresBuffer Layer on DeTex Ni Nonmagnetic DeTex Substrate


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 Rolled/Annealed

OHFCKicuchi Backscatter

Normal to surface

Rolling direction

Kikuchi backscatterYellow boundaries > 8o

Others < 8o

•Reeves/Babcock/LarbalestierUniversity of Wisconsin

•Thieme/ThompsonAmerican Superconductor

<100> || [100] <100> || [001]


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Recent IBAD Results50x YSZ IBAD

JC = 330,000 A/cm2


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

“The SokPlot”

1000 100 10 1 0.11

10

100

1000

10000

Y-123 IBAD

EURUS

Bi-222377K, 0TSiemensTarget

Bi-222377K, 0TNKT Target

"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost

NbTi4.2K, 2T

Bi-22124.2K, 0TIGC

Nb3Sn

4.2K, 12-15 T

Bi-222377K, 0TIGC

$1,000

$100$10 $1 /kAm

Op

erat

ing

Cu

rren

t, Ic

(A

)

Cost ($/m)


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds

Time

C/P

($/

kA

×m

) Substation Elimination

SMES/FCL/Transformers

70% New UG Cables


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Superconductivityfor

Global Electrification

A Vision for the Future


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Global Electrification:A Superconductivity

Solution


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

South America


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 The

SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!

I

-V

Ground

Structural Support

SuperconductingElectricityPipeline

ThermalInsulation

ElectricalInsulation

Superconductor(-V)

Superconductor(+V)

+VI

LiquidNitrogen

• Total Cryo System

• Power: 5 GW dc

• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Operating Parameters

Capacity 50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW

Length 1610 km

Temperature Rise,1 K every 10 km, 65 K,1 W/m heat input

21,600 liters LN 2/hr,100 kW coolers, 120gal/min

Vacuum 10-5

-10-4

torr 10 stations/10 km need200 kW


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Gas/HVDC Comparison

Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Miles

c/kW

h

LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)

LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)

HVDC

gas pipeline


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

Fathers of Electricity

DiscoverersDiscoverers

PractitionersPractitioners


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97 “You can’t always

get what you want…”


27 November 1997


a 28

d

e no

vem

bro de

19

97

“…you get what you need!”

superconductivity and electric power p. m. grant 27 november 1997 superconductivity and electric...

Documents