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E
SUB-COMMITTEE ON CARRIAGE OF CARGOES AND CONTAINERS 5th session Agenda item 5
CCC 5/INF.22
6 July 2018 Original: ENGLISH
AMENDMENTS TO THE IMSBC CODE AND SUPPLEMENTS
Proposed new individual schedule for Iron Silicate Granulated
Submitted by Germany
SUMMARY
Executive summary: This document contains supporting documentation for the proposed new individual schedule for Iron Silicate Granulated
Strategic direction, if applicable:
Other work
Output: OW 9
Action to be taken: Paragraph 3
Related document: CCC 5/5/16
Background 1 In document CCC 5/5/16, Germany proposes a new individual schedule for Iron Silicate Granulated, with a view to inclusion in appendix 1 to the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code. 2 Supporting documentation, in the form of the IMO Solid Bulk Cargo Information Reporting Questionnaire, the Substance Information Sheet (SIS) and additional information, is provided in annexes 1 to 3. Action requested of the Sub-Committee 3 The Sub-Committee is invited to note the information provided when considering document CCC 5/5/16.
***
CCC 5/INF.22 Annex 1, page 1
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ANNEX 1
IMO SOLID BULK CARGO INFORMATION REPORTING QUESTIONNAIRE
It is recommended to provide the following information in addition to the information described in sub-section 1.3.3 of the IMSBC Code. Basic background information Q1. Are there other synonyms or trade names in use? Iron silicate granulated, iron silicate granulate, iron silicate granules Q2. How is it manufactured, how is it made, or where does it originate? Joint product of the copper-smelting and recovering process from primary and secondary raw materials. CAS number 67711-92-6, EINECS number 266-968-3, REACH Registration number 01-2119513228-45-0008 Q3. What is it used for? Blasting abrasive, raw mix component for clinker production (cement). Formulation of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar Q4. Where is it produced? In what countries? In what volumes? Hamburg and Lünen, Germany / up to 1.000.000 tonnes per annum Q5. What experience do you have with the cargo? No negative experience with the cargo Basic cargo properties The following information may be included in the Description section of the draft individual schedule: Q6. What colour is it? Black / Grey Q7. Does it have an odour? No Q8. What form is the cargo in? What particle size? The granules have a size from 0 to 8 mm Q9. How much moisture is in the cargo? How much oil is in the cargo? Less than 9% moisture / No oil in the cargo Q10. How is it stored? Outside? Under cover? Outside, no special storage condition required Q11. Does the cargo cake when wet? No Q12. Is it a cohesive cargo or a free-flowing cargo? This a cohesive cargo Hazardous properties
CCC 5/INF.22 Annex 1, page 2
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For this section of the questionnaire, each answer should be supported by test data on multiple samples from difference sources. If a question is not applicable, a detailed explanation of why it is not applicable should be made. Q13. Does it meet the definition of dangerous goods (Hazard Classes 1-9)? Which hazard classes? No Q14. Is the cargo easily ignitable, combustible or flammable? No Q15. Can the cargo contribute to fire or accelerate a fire? No Q16. Does the cargo self-heat? What causes the self-heating? Fungal or bacterial growth? Oxidation? No, to all questions Q17. Does the cargo react with water causing toxic or flammable gases to be released? Which gases? How toxic or flammable are the gases? What is the rate of evolution? No, to all questions Q18. Is the cargo toxic? Toxic by inhalation? Toxic by skin contact or ingestion? How toxic? Acute or chronic toxicity? No, to all questions Q19. Does the cargo exhibit any long-term health effects, such as carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic properties? No, to all questions Q20. Is the cargo a respiratory sensitizer? No Q21. Does the cargo contain known pathogens? No Q22. Does the cargo react with water reaction causing corrosion? Corrosion to eyes, skin, or metal? What is the rate of corrosion? No, to all questions Q23. Is the cargo corrosive without water? Corrosion to eyes, skin, or metal? What is the rate of corrosion? No, to all questions Q24. Is the cargo hazardous to environment? No Q25. Is the dust flammable or explosive? No Q26. Can the cargo deplete oxygen in cargo spaces and adjacent spaces? By how much? No
CCC 5/INF.22 Annex 1, page 3
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Q27. Is the cargo incompatible with other cargoes or chemicals? Which cargoes or chemicals? No Q28. Can the cargo liquefy during a voyage? What is the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) of the Cargo? No / TML 10,6% Operation questions Q29. How is the cargo loaded? Conveyor? Clam shell? Clam shell or Conveyor depending on the amount of cargo Q30. Does the cargo need to be trimmed? No Q31. What type of ship will be used? Bulk carrier? OBO? Self-unloading vessel? Bulk carrier Q32. What experience do you have carrying the cargo in bulk by vessel? By road and rail? Carrying by vessel or truck without problems, by rail no experience. Q33. Have there been any incidents when transporting the cargo as a result of the cargo properties or hazards? No Q34. Are there any recommendation for tank or hold cleaning? No special requirements Emergency response questions Q35. In the event of a fire can the cargo be extinguished with water? CO2? Yes Q36. In the event of personal exposure what procedures should be followed? Protective equipment Q37. What happens in the in the event of an accidental release to water during transport? No impact on the material Testing questions Q38. Which hazards have been assessed? See "Substance Information Sheet" in annex 2 Q39. Which tests were conducted? See "Substance Information Sheet" in annex 2 Q40. What were the results of these tests? See "Substance Information Sheet" in annex 2 Q41. What was the actual data from the tests? See "Substance Information Sheet" in annex 2
CCC 5/INF.22 Annex 1, page 4
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Q42. How many tests were conducted? See "Substance Information Sheet" in annex 2 Q43. What samples were tested? Are the sample representative of the cargo to be shipped? Yes
***
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
Page 1 of 48
1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING
1.1. Product identifier Substance name: Slags, copper smelting
Chemical formula:
Trade name: Iron silicate stone, Iron silicate granulate
Application of the substance Stone: Armourstone DIN EN 13383-1, TLW 2003; Aggregate DIN EN 13043, DIN EN
13242, TL Gestein StB 04, DIN 4301
Granulate: Blast grain EN ISO 11126-3; Aggregate DIN EN 13043, DIN EN 13242,
Tl Gestein StB 04, DIN 4301
CAS number: 67711-92-6
EINECS number: 266-968-3
REACH Registration number: 01-2119513228-45-0008
1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Copper slag does not meet the criteria for classification in accordance to the regulations EC 1272/2008 and 67/548/EEC.
No special conditions and risk management measures are therefore needed for the use of copper slags.
Copper slag shall be used in compliance with all relevant national legislation.
During production of copper slag and during specific industrial uses (abrasive blasting), risk management measures may
however be needed due to the potential occurrence of hazardous dusts or fumes).
1.2.1 Relevant identified uses
The following uses of copper slag have been identified.
Identified uses
Production of Copper slags
Formulation of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout…
Raw mix component for clinker production
Raw mix component for iron/steel production
Manufacture of slag construction material
Manufacture of abrasive material
Use of slags for construction (road and alleys (surface installation as well as sub-layer), embankment)
Use of slags for stabilization of mining and quarries
Substance Information Sheet
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Use of slags for roofing
Use of slags as abrasive agent
Use of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength material…
Service life of slags in roads and alleys
Service life of slags in embankments
Service life of slags in mines
Service life of slags in quarries
Service life of slags in roofing
Service life of slags in cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout…
The substance does not meet the criteria for classification as dangerous according to EC 1272/2008 and Directive
67/548/EEC and it is not PBT or vPvB, therefore exposure assessment, risk characterization and exposure scenarios for
the identified uses though the life cycle is not required ( REACH Regulation 1907/2006, Annex 1 and ECHA Guidance on
information requirements and chemical safety assessment , part A)
1.2.2 Uses advised against: There are no uses advised against.
1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Company Name
Aurubis AG
Hovestraße 50
D-20539 Hamburg
Germany
www.aurubis.com
Informing department:
Environmental Protection Department
Dr. Hendrik Roth, Tel.: ++49 40 78 83 3623
email: h.roth@aurubis.com
1.4. Emergency telephone number : Aurubis AG, Werkfeuerwehr, Tel.:++49 40 78 83 33 66
2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
2.1.1 Classification according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (Classification, labeling and Packaging)) Not classified
Substance Information Sheet
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Page 3 of 48
2.1.2 Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC (Dangerous Substance Directive) Not classified
2.2 Label elements
2.2.1 Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 None
2.2.2 Labelling according to Directive 67/548/EEC None
2.3 Other hazards The substance does not meet the criteria for a PBT or vPvB substance.
3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
3.1 Substance
Constituent Typical
concentration
Remarks
Iron
EC no.: 231-096-4
ca 41% (w/w) The iron content refers to elemental composition. Iron is present as iron
silicate in amorphous glass (Si (Fe,Al,Ca)O2-3 or fayalite (Fe2Si04) with
accessory magnetite (Fe3O4).
Oxides ca. 42.0 % (w/w) It refers to total content of Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Mn, K, Na calculated and
reported as oxides. They are actually present in amorphous glass and/or
augite (Ca, Mg,Al)Si2O6, and/or fayalite.
copper
EC no.: 231-159-6
<0.9 % (w/w) The copper content refers to elemental composition. Copper is present as
copper sulphides, metallic copper, copper alloys, and as
inclusion/isomorphic substitution in silicates.
zinc
EC no.: 231-175-3
< 2.1% (w/w) The zinc content refers to elemental composition. Zinc is mainly carried
by glass, sphalerite and less by magnetite.
lead
EC no.: 231-100-4
<0.35% (w/w) The lead content refers to elemental composition. Lead mainly occurs as
galena.
nickel
EC no.: 231-111-4
<. 0.04 % (w/w) The nickel content refers to elemental composition. Nickel is present in
metallic or alloy form.
arsenic
EC no.: 231-148-6
< 0.1 % (w/w) The arsenic content refers to elemental composition. Arsenic is
completely included in the glass phase.
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cobalt
EC no.: 231-158-0
<. 0.05 % (w/w) The cobalt content refers to elemental composition. Cobalt is
incorporated in glass, in sulphides and/or alloys.
Tin
EC no.: 231-141-8
<0.1% (w/w) The tin content refers to elemental composition. Tin is incorporated in
copper-tin alloys.
cadmium
EC no.: 231-152-8
<0.003% (w/w)
4: FIRST AID MEASURES applicable to production and uses of copper in massive forms
4.1 Description of first aid measures Copper slag is not hazardous.
During production and some uses, hazardous fumes and dust may occur/be formed.
General advice Get medical attention if any discomfort develops.
Show this information sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Following inhalation In case of exposure to fumes or dust, move to fresh air; get medical attention in case of discomfort.
Following skin contact Substance is not a skin irritant and not a skin sensitizer.
Use general hygiene measure for contact with the material.
In case of contact with molten product, cool rapidly with water and seek immediate medical attention.
Do not attempt to remove molten product from skin because skin will tear easily.
.
Following eye contact Substance is not an eye irritant.
Use general measures if eye irritations occur.
Do not rub eyes.
Remove any contact lenses.
Flush eyes thoroughly with water, taking care to rinse under eyelids.
After ingestion Rinse mouth thoroughly.
Give water to drink.
Do not induce vomiting.
Get medical attention in case of persistent symptoms.
Substance Information Sheet
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5: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
5.1. Extinguishing media
5.1.1. Suitable extinguishing media Material is non-flammable. Use fire fighting measures appropriate to surrounding materials.
5.1.2. Unsuitable extinguishing media No special requirements
5.2. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture Inhalable dust.
5.2.1. Advice for fire-fighters Wear Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus with chemical resistant gloves.
Dispose of fire debris and contaminated fire fighting media in accordance with official regulations.
6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Copper slag is not hazardous.
During production and some uses, fume and dust may be formed
6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
6.1.1 For non-emergency personnel: Avoid formation of dust
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid inhalation of dust and fumes.
Wear suitable protective equipment.
6.1.2 For emergency responders: Avoid formation of dust.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid inhalation of dust and fumes.
Wear suitable protective equipment
Keep unprotected persons away.
6.2 Environmental precautions Collect dust using a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter. Dispose of spilled material in accordance with the relevant local
regulations.
6.3 Methods and material for containment and cleaning up Avoid dust formation.
-Ventilate the area thoroughly if indoor.
- Collect mechanically or using a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter (in case of fines).
Substance Information Sheet
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6.4 Reference to other sections For more information on exposure controls/personal protection or disposal considerations, check section 8 to 13 of this
product information sheet.
7: HANDLING AND STORAGE
7.1 Precautions for safe handling
7.1.1 Protective measures Copper slag is not classified and no protective measures are needed for safe handling
7.1.2 Advice on general occupational hygiene Avoid contact with molten material.
Grinding, crushing, blasting operations may generate dusts.
Prevent generation and spreading of dust. Avoid inhalation of dust and small particles and contact with eyes.
Provide adequate ventilation. Wear suitable personal protective equipment if required
Observe good industrial hygiene practices.
7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities No special requirements
7.3 Specific end use(s) Check the identified uses in section 1.2 of this safety data sheet.
For more information see the relevant Exposure Scenario, Annex I and check section 2.1: Control of workers exposure.
8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION – of relevance to industrial settings An overview of the assigned protection factors (APFs) of different RPE (according to BS EN 529:2005) can be found in
the glossary of MEASE (www.ebrc.de/mease.html).
8.1 Control parameters of relevance to industrial settings (occurrence of dusts, mist, fumes)
The following current national occupational exposure limit values apply:
Copper 1 mg/m3 inhalable dusts and mists; 0.2 mg/m3 fume (8h TWA)
Lead 0.15 mg/m3 inhalable dusts and mists (8h TWA)
8.1.2 PNECs and DNELs Not available for the substance. The PNECs and DNELs of the elemental constituents apply
8.2 Exposure controls for industrial settings See section 2.1 of the individual exposure scenarios in Annex I for a detailed description of the required exposure controls
measures. Any control measures and associated efficiency values are based on actual measured data at the workplace or
on the MEASE tool for occupational exposure assessment (http://www.ebrc.de/ebrc/ebrc-mease.php).
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
Page 7 of 48
CRITICAL COMPONENTS THAT REQUIRE MONITORING AT THE WORKPLACE:
-Copper, lead, arsenic, cadmium in accordance to the national legislation
The environmental assessment uses the Metal EUSES calculator for DUs can be freely downloaded from
http://www.arche-consulting.be/Metal-CSA-toolbox/du-scaling-tool. For environmental monitoring, the physico-
chemical characteristics of the local receiving environment should preferably be monitored (see section 12)
8.2.1 Appropriate engineering controls at industrial settings
Risk management measures, aiming at the protection of human health, are to be considered in cases of inhalation of dust
and fumes (fumes from hot processes) during production and professional uses of copper slags
Prevent formation of dust where possible. Ensure appropriate ventilation/exhaustion at machinery and places where dust
can be generated. For this reason, automated and closed systems should preferably be used for industrial and professional
uses of copper slags. Use process enclosures, hoods at handling points, local exhaust ventilation or other engineering
controls to keep airborne levels of containing metals below recommended exposure limits
Waste air is to be released into the atmosphere only when it has passed through suitable dust separators.
Waste water generated during the production process or cleaning operations should be collected and should preferably be
treated.
8.2.2 Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment
8.2.2.1 Eye/face protection: As a precautionary measure, it is advised to wear suitable safety glasses.
8.2.2.2 Skin protection: As a precautionary measure, wear suitable protective clothing.
8.2.2.3 Respiratory protection Avoid generation and spreading of dust. Use local ventilation to keep levels below established threshold values.
Respiratory protection is needed in case of inadequate ventilation or risk of inhalation of dust.
During tapping of slag use suitable respiratory equipment with particle filter (type P2).
During abrasive blasting with slag use breathing apparatus that is independent of circulating air.
8.2.2.4 Thermal hazards Not applicable. Copper slags do not have any self-heating or auto-flammable properties.
8.2.3 Environmental exposure controls Observe national regulations on emissions
9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
9.1. Information on basic physical and chemical properties
(a) Appearance Solid, Colour: Grey
Substance Information Sheet
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(b) Odour Odourless.
(c) Odour threshold Not applicable as odourless.
(d) pH Not applicable to an inorganic solid.
(e) Melting point 1027-1341 °C
(f) Initial boiling point and boiling range
Not applicable to a solid that melts >300°C
(g) Flash point Not applicable to an inorganic solid
(h) Evaporation rate Not applicable to an inorganic solid.
(i) Flammability (solid,
gas)
Non-flammable.
(j) Upper/Lower
flammability or
explosive limits
Not applicable
(k) Vapour pressure Not applicable to a solid that melts >300°C
(l) Vapour density Not applicable to an inorganic solid.
(m) Relative density 3.11 – 4.2 g/cm3 at 20°C
(n) Solubility Poorly soluble1. Solubilization and agitation for 14 days (pH 6.3-7.6) resulted in dissolved
Cu, Ni, Pb <0.2 mg/L
(o) Partition coefficient
n-octanol/water
Not applicable to inorganic substances.
(p) Auto-ignition
temperature
No auto-ignition
(q) Decomposition temperature
Decomposition and/or melting starts at 1059°C
(r) Viscosity Not applicable to an inorganic solid
(s) Explosive properties Non explosive. The substance does not contain chemical groups associated with explosive
properties
(t) Oxidising properties Non-oxidising substance.
9.2 Other information Not applicable.
1 Transformation/dissolution (OECD, 2001) is more suitable for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds (see IUCLID Section 5.6). The
outcomes of the transformation/dissolution tests were used for aquatic classification
Substance Information Sheet
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10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
10.1 Reactivity Not applicable. See section 9.
10.2 Chemical stability Under normal conditions of use and storage, the product is stable.
10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions No dangerous reactions known
10.4 Conditions to avoid Avoid dust formation and contact with acids.
10.5 Incompatible materials Strong acids
10.6 Hazardous decomposition products
The substance does not decompose. Trace metals are firmly built in or bonded into the glass/crystal structures of the
silicate and other mineral phases. Therefore the release of metals soluble species is very limited.
11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
11.1 Information on toxicological effects The toxicological information was obtained from the Chemical Safety Report submitted as part the REACH registration
(November 2010 )
Toxicity endpoints
Description of effects
Effects Derived based on CLP Mixture toxicity rules applied on constituents listed under Section 3, taking into
account the forms present and assuming release of soluble, potentially bio available ionic species as
described in the section bio-accessability.
Bio accessibility and read-across
Oral (gastric) kinetics
The physical form (solid) and the physico-chemical properties (metal constituents present in mineral
forms) limit the solubility of the constituents in biological fluids. Limited solubility results in limited
potential for cellular absorption of the constituents. The toxicokinetics are therefore primarily related to
the degree to which the metal mineral phases react with biological fluids and release soluble,
potentially bio-available ionic species.
Copper slag is a solid and needs to dissolve before it can be absorbed. Reduced absorption in
gastrointestinal tract is therefore expected due to poor water solubility. To assess the potential
availability of slags after oral intake, the metal release in human digestive system was estimated
through in vitro bio-accessibility test in extraction solvent that resembles gastric fluid (using HCl
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
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Inhalation
kinetics Dermal kinetics
0.07N at pH 1.5) in accordance with the ASTM D 5517-07 standard (Rodriguez et al, 2010). The
fraction of metals that solubilise under these conditions can be considered as worst case determinant of
bio-accessibility of metal constituents, because only solubility in the biological fluid is assessed and the
absorption and homeostatic control mechanisms at the level of cells (eg intestine and liver) are ignored.
Relative bio-accessibility of metals (amount of metal released/total amount of metal from
representative slag sample compared to the solubility of reference soluble compound) is low: Cu 5%,
Ni 10%, As 16%, Pb 16%.
Copper slags in massive and granular forms do not contain inhalable particles (particles < 100 µm ) and
cannot be inhaled.
Copper slag particles have to dissolve into the surface moisture of the skin before dermal uptake can
begin. As the copper slag is poorly soluble in water it is not expected to partition to the epidermis.
Therefore dermal uptake is likely to be low. The solubility of Ni was assessed during an in-vitro bio-
accessibility test in artificial sweat fluid in accordance with standardized test method (EN 1811). The
amount of Ni released during the sweat tests of two copper slags is in the ranges between1.9 % to 2.5%
or 0.021 and 0.036 µg Ni/cm2/week.
Acute toxicity ORAL: Based on the available acute oral toxicity data (i. e LD50> 2000 mg/kg) and calculated Oral
Acute toxicity estimate (ATE >2000 mg/kg) copper slag is not classified as hazardous for acute
toxicity by the oral route.
INHALATION: No test data on acute inhalation toxicity are available. The calculated Inhalation Acute
toxicity estimate of the mixture is > 5mg/L thus copper slag is not classified as hazardous for acute
toxicity by the inhalation route. Result is further confirmed by extrapolation from oral to inhalation
route based on worst case 100% absorption rate. Using ATE oral: 2000 mg/kg BW and the
extrapolation formula 1mg/kg BW = 0.0052 mg/L/4h, the inhalation ATE will be 10.4 mg/L/4h
DERMAL: Consideration of available acute dermal toxicity data (i. e. LD50>2000 mg/kg) leads to the
conclusion that copper slag does not require classification for acute lethal effects. Copper slag is an
inorganic solid poorly soluble in water. It is not likely to penetrate through skin in any significant
quantity and so would therefore not cause any toxic effects following dermal exposure. Furthermore,
negligible metal release in in-vitro bio-accessibility test in artificial sweat fluid was observed (0.021 to
0.036 µg Ni/cm2/week
Skin/eye irritation/corrosi
on
Not irritating. In-vivo skin and eye irritation studies (Caballero and Alava, 2001) demonstrate that
copper slag is non-irritant and therefore does not require classification for skin irritation/corrosion and
eye irritation.
Copper slag contains some minor ingredients classified as Skin Corrosive and/or Skin Irritant but these
are all present at concentrations < 1%..Copper slag does not contain any constituents classified as Eye
Dam.1. It contains some minor ingredients classified as Eye Irrit. 2 but these are all present at
concentrations < 1%. Therefore copper slag is not classified for skin corrosion ,skin irritation and eye
effects. Assessed by calculation : excel MECLAS tool (Verdonck; D'Havé (2010) in accordance to
the EU CLP guidance (2009).
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
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Respiratory or Skin Sensitisation
Not sensitizing. Copper slag contains only minor constituents classified as skin or respiratory
sensitisers but their actual levels are much lower than < 1% thus copper slag is not classified for skin or
respiratory sensitization. Assessed by calculation : excel MECLAS tool (Verdonck; D’Havé (2010) in
accordance to the EU CLP guidance (2009)Conclusion further confirmed by in-vitro bio-accessibility
test in artificial sweat fluid in accordance with standardized test method (EN 1811).
Genotoxicity Negative. Two EU B13 studies : (Cantalejo and Catediano, 1997) with Salmonella typhimurium
(strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1537 and TA 1538) and (Caballero and Alava, 2000) with Escherichia coli
WP2 uvrApKM 101 indicate negative results with respect to genotoxic activity observed.
Copper slag does not contain any constituents classified as a Category 1 mutagen. It does contain
minor constituents (Cd compounds) classified as a Category 2 mutagen at actual levels much lower
than < 0.1% thus much lower than the generic concentration limit of 1% for extrapolating the
classification Cat 2 from one constituent to the UVCB substance. Therefore copper slag does not meet
criteria for classification for germ cell mutagenicity. Assessed by calculation : excel MECLAS tool
(Verdonck; D’Havé (2010)) in accordance to the EU CLP guidance (2009)
Carcinogenicity Negative. Copper slag does not contain any constituents classified as a Category 1 carcinogen. It does
contain minor constituents classified as a Category 2 carcinogen but below 1.0 %. Therefore copper
slag does not meet criteria for classification for carcinogenicity. Assessed by calculation : excel
MECLAS tool (Verdonck; D’Havé (2010)) in accordance to the EU CLP guidance (2009)
Toxicity for
reproduction
Negative. Based on consideration of chemical composition and reduced bio-accessibility no
reproductive toxicity classification is warrant. Assessed by calculation : excel MECLAS tool
(Verdonck; D’Havé (2010)) in accordance to the EU CLP guidance (2009)
Repeated dose
toxicity and STOT-RE
Based on the information on bio-accessible constituents, the classification criteria for oral and
inhalation route are not met.
Oral(rat), 90 days repeated dose , dose concentration >100 mg/kg body weight /day
Inhalation rat , 90 days repeated dose , dust/mist/fume dose/concentration >2 mg/Litre/6h/day
Assessed by calculation : excel MECLAS tool (Verdonck; D’Havé (2010)) in accordance to the EU
CLP guidance (2009)
12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION The ecotoxicological information was obtained from Chemical Safety Report submitted as part the REACH registration
(November 2010)
12.1 Ecotoxicity
Environmental bioavailability
The uptake of copper slag by living organisms is related to the degree to which the metal mineral phases in the slag react
with water / biological fluids and release soluble, potentially bio available ionic and other metal bearing species.
Standardized (OECD) transformation/dissolution tests of copper slag were carried out to study its potential to release
soluble available ionic and other metal-bearing species to the environment (Rodriguez et al.,2010). Transformation /
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
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dissolution tests for 7 days at pH 6 (worst case) and loading of 100mg/L were performed on 12 samples The results
demonstrate low releases of copper to the OECD media: 2.6 µg Cu/L from granules and 1.9 µg Cu/L from stones. Other
metals lead, nickel, zinc, arsenic and cadmium were below the detection limits.
Acute fresh water toxicity
Reliable acute/short term toxicity data of copper slag are available for the three trophic levels (algae, Daphnia and fish).
These studies show that the lowest L(E) C50 is > 100 mg/L and confirm that there is no need to classify copper slag for
acute aquatic hazard:
- 96 h LC50 ( fish) >100g/L (Sauerwald and Weiss, 2004)
- 48 h EC50 (Daphnia magna ) 980mg/L to >6250 mg/L (Simon, 2010)
- 48 h EC50 (Daphnia magna ) >100 g/L (Sauerwald and Weiss (2004)
- 72 h EC50 (P. Subcapitata) 155 mg/L to 965 mg/L (Wenzel, 2010)
- 72 h EC50 (N. Pelliculosa)1047 mg/L to >3125 mg/L (Wenzel, 2010)
- 72 h IC50 (algae)> 100 g/L (Sauerwald and Weiss (2004)
The calculated classification based on transformation/dissolution data (Rodrigues 2010) and Toxic unit approach (Higher
Tier MeClass Tool) resulted in No classification. Based on this result, the related criteria provided the estimated value for
acute (short term) toxicity:
- 48 h EC50 (for crustacea) > 100 mg/L
- 96 h LC50 (for fish) > 100 mg/L
- 72 h ErC50 (for algae) > 100 mg/L
Chronic fresh water toxicity and PNEC derivation
A reliable study (De Schamphelaere, 2010) was performed which assessed the chronic toxicity of mesocosm water
extracts of five slags on Brachionus calyciforus (rotifer). The 48 h EC10 for copper slag in the range of 94 mg/L to >674
mg/L.
The calculated classification based on transformation/dissolution data (Rodrigues 2010) and Toxic unit approach resulted
(Higher Tier MeClass Tool) resulted in No chronic classification. Based on this result, the related criteria provided the
estimated value for chronic (long term) toxicity to aquatic fish:
- `NOEC (fish, crustacean, algae) >1 mg/L
Mesocosm study ( Hommen et al, 2010) was performed to evaluate effects of iron silicate crushed stone fines and stones
on algae, macrophytes, zooplankton and benthic macro invertebrates in outdoor mesocosms. The copper slag mesocosm
study allows for the derivation of a reliable NOEC for the stones of 50 g slag/L and for the granules of 12.5 g slag/L.
These values are used as a basis for the freshwater PNEC derivation. Additional weight of evidence for the mesocosm
NOEC was obtained from read-across from metal-ion toxicity level, metal releases data for a range of slag materials and
eco-toxicity data for a range of slag materials. The uncertainty analysis further demonstrates the quality and ecological
Substance Information Sheet
Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
Page 13 of 48
relevance of the mesocosm NOEC. The NOEC from the mesocosm study are therefore carried forward as PNEC to the
risk characterization without adding an additional uncertainty factor.
Chronic freshwater sediment toxicity test results and PNEC derivation:
Data on the effect of copper slag on sediment organisms is currently not available. Copper slag is complex metal
containing substance. It mainly contains iron silicate like natural rocks which is ubiquitous in the environment and is
found naturally in soil, water and sediment. Furthermore copper slag is not classified as hazardous to aquatic
environment. For metals uptake from water is believed to be the predominant route of exposure for aquatic organisms, it
therefore expected that copper slag that is not hazardous to the aquatic environment will not be toxic to sediment
organisms. The toxicity to sediment organisms will be influenced by the trace metals contained in the slag and the
distribution of metals between the aqueous phase and sediment matter. PNEC sediment derived for different metals in the
slag are available and hence used for risk characterization
Chronic terrestrial toxicity test results and PNEC derivation:
Data on the effect of copper slag on sediment organisms is currently not available. Copper slag is complex
metal containing substance. It mainly represents iron silicate like natural rocks which is ubiquitous in the
environment and is found naturally in soil, water and sediment. Furthermore copper slag is not classified as
hazardous to environment. The toxicity to terrestrial organisms will be influenced by the metals contained in
the slag and the distribution of metals between the aqueous phase and soil matter. PNEC soil derived for
different metals in the slag are available and hence used for risk characterization For more information on how the environmental classification was derived and how to assess bio-availability, contact
your supplier.
12.2 Persistence and degradability
Not degraded in classic terms but geochemical cycling leads to removal of the metals form the system.
12.2. Bio accumulative potential Not applicable
12.3 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment The PBT and vPvB criteria of Annex XIII to the Regulation do not apply to inorganic substances, such as copper slags
Copper slags are not PBT or vPvB.
12.4 Other adverse effects No
13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
13.1. Waste treatment methods Waste shall be managed in an appropriate and approved waste disposal facility.
Substance Information Sheet
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14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
Copper massive do not need to be classified for transportation.
RID/ADR: not restricted ADNR/ADN: not restricted
IATA/ICAO: not restricted IMO/IMDG: not restricted
14.1. UN number Not applicable.
14.2. UN proper shipping name Not applicable
14.3. Transport hazard class(es) Not applicable
14.4. Packing group Not applicable
14.5. Environmental hazards Not applicable
14.6. Special precautions for user Not applicable
14.7. Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code Not applicable
15: REGULATORY INFORMATION
15.1. Safety, health and environmental regulations/Legislation specific for the substance The product is not subject to identification regulations under EC Directives and the Ordinance on Hazardous
Materials (GefStoffV).
Technical instructions (air):
Number/Class Share in % 5.2.2/II: 0.3
5.2.2/II:I 1.1
· Water hazard class: Not hazardous for water.
15.2. Chemical safety assessment A Chemical Safety Assessment has been carried out for the substance.
16: OTHER INFORMATION
Data are based on our latest knowledge but do not constitute a guarantee for any specific product features and do not
establish a legally valid contractual relationship.
Version 2011-06-16: New extended Safety Data Sheet in compliance with regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (“REACH”).
The information provided in this SDS is consistent with the information provided in the REACH Chemical safety report
(CSR) for copper slags.
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Version 1 Revision: 16 /09/2011
Page 15 of 48
Further information can be obtained from ECI, manager of the Copper REACH Consortium.
Contact details:
European Copper Institute
Tervurenlaan 168,
B-1150 Brussels
Tel : +32 16471562
E-mail : kmd@ Eurocopper.org
www.eurocopper.org
Abbreviations
REACH: EC regulation on Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals, EC 1907/2006
LD50: Lethal dose to 50% of the test organisms
LC50: Lethal concentration to 50% of the test organisms
LC10: Lethal concentration to 10% of the test organisms
EC10: Effective concentration to 10% of the test organisms
NOEC: No Observed effect concentration = highest concentration tested without effects
DNEL: Derived No-effect Level
PNEC: Predicted No-effects concentration
AVS = Acid Volatile Sulphide.
MeClass – Tool for classification of metals containing UVCBs or mixtures developed by ARCHE and EUROMETAUX,
www. meclass.eu
Disclaimer:
This information is based upon the present state of our knowledge. However, it shall not constitute a guarantee for any
specific product features and shall not establish a legally valid contractual relationship. This document is intended only
as a guide to the appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product.
Individuals receiving the information must exercise their independent judgment in determining its appropriateness for a
particular purpose.
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ANNEX 1: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT – DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE SCENARIOS
INTRODUCTION
The copper slag does not meet the criteria for classification as dangerous according to EC 1272/2008
and Directive 67/548/EEC and it is not PBT or vPvB, therefore exposure assessment , risk
characterization and development of exposure scenarios for the identified uses though the life cycle is
not required ( REACH Regulation 1907/2006, Annex 1 and ECHA Guidance on information
requirements and chemical safety assessment , part A)
Nevertheless given high tonnage and various applications the industry decided on voluntary basis to develop
exposure scenarios for manufacturing and use of copper slag.
The numbering of the exposure scenarios follows the Chemcial Safety Report but only the exposure
scenarios of relevance to the uses of copper slags are included in this extended information sheet.
Copper slag is a complex inorganic substance (a UVCB). The exposure assessment therefore focused on
assessing releases/exposures for the critical trace metals relevant to the copper slag production/use instead of
assessing a copper slag as a whole. Assessment was focused on critical exposure scenarios. Risk
characterization is based on comparison of exposures to appropriate DNELs/PNECs derived for Cu, Pb, Ni,
Zn, As, Cd.
Information on operational conditions, risk management measures and measured inhalation and bio-
monitoring data were collected through questionnaires from Cu slag producers and downstream users.
For the purpose of the exposure assessment, several identified uses were grouped because the human health
and/or environmental exposure pattern is similar or comparable.
For Exposure Scenario 2 (ES 2), the manufacturing of slag construction material and of abrasive material is
done through the same “hot” processes of which the operational conditions and risk management measures
are similar. The raw mix component of slag for clinker production (hot process) and the formulation and
industrial use of cement etc consists only partly of slag (from 1.5% to 90% slags by weight)). The exposure
levels and risk management measures for the manufacture of slag construction material and abrasive material
are therefore considered as conservative and safe for the other uses.
For ES 3, the uses of slags in applications, materials that completely or partly consist of slags are combined
into one exposure scenario. For human health, the use of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout,
controlled low strength material…are the most critical ones as the user is directly exposed to the slags
through these materials. The environmental impacts can be considered minor during the use of these
materials as direct discharge of leftovers to wastewater or surface water should be avoided.
For ES 5, all service life stages are combined in one exposure scenario. Different worst-case identified uses
are selected for human health and environmental exposure.
Human health Most exposure scenarios were developed based on collected measured data. When no exposure data were
available for an identified process or the available data were considered insufficient data from similar uses
and/or exposure situations were used to estimate exposure (relative distribution to copper or total dust for hot
and cold processes) and MEASE modelling (Version 1.01) was used to predict Cu exposure
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Environment For the risk assessment and REACH data-collection, all producers have submitted environmental exposure
data and therefore a site-specific exposure scenario, covering the information on a site-by site basis is
provided for the producers, characterised by a full coverage. For assessing environmental exposure for down
stream users, additional scenarios were developed. Releases during slag manufacturing, industrial uses and
service life uses are available. These release data are integrated into the EUSES model to estimate the local
and regional environmental concentrations for each “critical” trace constituent
Exposure Scenario 11: Manufacturing of copper slags (not provided in the Information Sheet)
Exposure Scenario 2: Manufacture of slag construction material, abrasive material, roofing sheets, raw
mix component for clinker production, formulation and industrial use of mineral wool (insulation
material), cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength material…
Production of roofing sheets is performed in a close process, as such no release is expected.
Exposure Scenario (2)
Title of contributing ES Manufacture of slag construction material, abrasive material, roofing sheets,
raw mix component for clinker production, formulation and industrial use of
cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength
material…
Sector of Use (SU) - Main user group 3 (industrial use)
Sector of Use (SU) - Main sector of end-use 13, 19
Product Categories (PC) 9a, 9b, UC 13, 49
Environmental release category (ERC) 3, 12a
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling environmental exposure
Product characteristics
Powder (high dustiness), granule (medium dustiness), solid/stones (low dustiness) and liquid are present. During the
crushing process the solid form is partly transformed in high and medium dustiness materials. Mixing with water results in
an aqueous solution.
Amounts used
964 ton/shift (worst case, maximum volume for all companies)
Frequency and duration of use
252 days (worst-case, minimum amount of days)
Environment factors not influenced by risk management
Flow rate of receiving surface water is set at the worst-case level of 18,000 m3/day (EUSES default). This results in a
dilution factor of 10. For the marine scenarios, a default dilution factor of 100 was used.
Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure
Outdoor and indoor operations.
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Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Some processes are closed.
Technical onsite conditions and measures to reduce or limit discharges, air emissions and releases to soil
Release to water: If the local tonnage is less than 13,438 t no treatment is required. Otherwise water shall be treated. If
water is sent to a municipal water treatment plant, then 25,094 t is the maximum safe amount of Cu slag that can be
processed. Consequently on site treatment plant with 90% efficiency will result in a higher safe use tonnage up to
134,375 t.
These calculations are based upon EUSES modelling, supposing a worst-case dilution factor of 10 (resulting in a RCR of
0.9). An AVS (Acid Volatile sulphide) correction was considered based on a reasonable worst case AVS concentration of
0.8 µmol AVS/g dry weight.
Release to air: General or specific dust abatement systems are installed ., if not done outside. Water spraying can be used
to prevent diffuse emissions.
Organizational measures to prevent/Limit release from site
Environmental Management System (ISO 14001, EMAS)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Water spraying to suppressant dust formation
- Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
- Operating instructions and risk assesssment
Monitoring: Establish monitoring system to detect leaks and failures in cleaning equipment.
Conditions and measures related to municipal sewage treatment plant
If waste water (effluent, runoff, or leaching water) is present, it should be directed to a municipal treatment plant if the
local tonnage is above 25,094 t
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste for disposal
Solid wastes generated from industrial sites are recovered or disposed as waste
Conditions and measures related to external recovery of waste
None
Exposure Assessment - Environment PEClocal
** (Clocal + PECregional)
No treatment, On site treatment, Municipal treatment, Compartment Unit Metal
Safe tonnage
13 438 t
Safe tonnage
134 375 t
Safe tonnage
25 094 t
Cu 1.644 1.644 1.164
Pb 0.231 0.231 0.134
Exposure
concentration in
aquatic pelagic
µg/L
Ni 1.969 1.969 1.974
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Cd 0.020 0.020 0.018
Zn* 0.571(excl. PEC regional) 0.571(excl. PEC
regional) 0.795 (excl. PEC regional)
As 1.114 1.114 1.177
Cu 0 0 0
Pb 0 0 0
Cd 0 0 0
Ni 17.54 17.54 17.74
Zn* 46.48 46.48 47.3 (excl. PEC regional)
Exposure
concentration in
sediment
mg/k
g dw
As 10.78 10.78 11.74
Cu 12.001 12.001 12.852
Pb 15.002 15.002 15.69
Ni 14.0002 14.0002 14.042
Exposure
concentration in
agricultural soil
mg/k
g dw
Zn* 0.0071 (excl. PEC
regional)
0.0071 (excl. PEC
regional) 0.724 (excl. PEC regional)
Guidance to DU to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES If the DU has higher tonnage or other OC/RMMs outside the OC/RMM specifications in the ES, then the DU can evaluate
whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES through scaling. The Metal EUSES calculator can be freely
downloaded from the ECI website or http://www.arche-consulting.be/Metal-CSA-toolbox/du-scaling-tool).
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Handling, loading, unloading, un-packaging, mixing,
spreading, pouring
Process Categories (PROC) 10, 13, 26
Processes and activities covered
Handling, loading, unloading, un-packaging, mixing, spreading, pouring
Product characteristic
Physical state Powder (high dustiness), aqueous solution
Respirable (%) 16
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 36
Extra-thoracic (%) 48
Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
The dustiness is only used to convert external copper concentrations to internal concentrations.
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Amounts used
Amounts used 320 t/shift
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 252d/year
Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Indoor/outdoor
Process temperature: ambient
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Open system, can be closed
Level of automatisation: Manual tasks
Worker in separate control room with clean air supply no
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system yes
No cabin yes
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes if indoor
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) No
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Health and Safety Management System (OSHAS...)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Changing of contaminated clothes
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Monitoring:
- Establish monitoring system for exposure at the work place - personal air samplers or fixed measurements
- Establish appropriate health surveillance program
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
- After contact with skin (molten metal), take off immediately all contaminated clothing and seek medical advice
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Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Body protection Mandatory
Face/eye protection Not required
Respiratory protection Not required
Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Hand protection Voluntary
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification
RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu 0.0367 mg/m3
Based on measured data, aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of
Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is
determined. 0.06a
Pb 0.019 mg/m3 Based on measured data 0.39 – 0.13
As 0.0037 mg/m3 Based on extrapolation from measured data - relative contribution
towards Cu (cold process) 0.37 – 0.074
Ni 0.0070 mg/m3
Based on extrapolation from measured data - relative contribution
towards Cu (cold process) 0.139
Cd
0.000053
(0.00026
total)
mg/m3
Based on extrapolation from measured data - relative contribution
towards Cu (cold process) 0.013
Biological monitoring Exposure
No data given for this part of the ES. Biological monitoring exposure is a result of inhalative and dermal exposure.
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Crushing, screening, classification
Process Categories (PROC) 24
Processes and activities covered
Crushing, screening, classification
Product characteristic
Physical state Powder (high dustiness)
Respirable (%) 16
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 36
Extra-thoracic (%) 48
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Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
The dustiness is only used to convert external copper concentrations to internal concentrations.
Amounts used
Amounts used 320 t/shift
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 240d/year
Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Mostly done indoors
Process temperature: Ambient
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Closed process if indoors
Level of automatisation: Automated tasks
Worker in separate control room with clean air supply No
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system Yes
No cabin Yes
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes/natural
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Health and Safety Management System (OSHAS)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Changing of contaminated clothes
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Monitoring:
- Establish monitoring system for exposure at the work place - personal air samplers or fixed measurements
- Establish appropriate health surveillance program
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
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- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
- After contact with skin (molten metal), take off immediately all contaminated clothing and seek medical advice
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Hand protection Not required
Body protection Not required
Respiratory protection Not required
Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Face/eye protection Voluntary
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification
RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu 0.17 mg/m3 Based on measured data ,
0.23a
Pb 0.085 mg/m3 Based on measured data. 1.67 – 0.57 b
As 0.017 mg/m3 Based on measured data
RCR < 1 based on
blood measurements
(RCR = 1.67 – 0.34) c
Ni 0.032 mg/m3 Based on measured data and relative contribution towards Cu
(cold process) 0.65
Cd
0.00019
(0.0012
total)
mg/m3 Based on measured data and relative contribution towards Cu
(cold process) 0.047
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Biological monitoring Exposure
As 6.188
µg/g
creatinine
in urine
Based onmeasured data
0.206
Cd 0.369
µg/g
creatinine
in urine
Based on measured data
0.197
a Inhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
b According to the Pb CSR (table 14) there is a representative relationship in terms of a direct inhalation contribution to
lead in blood. It is suggested that exposure to 1 µg/m3 lead in air will most likely result in an increase in blood lead
between 0.02 and 0.08 µg/dL (relevant for occupational lead in blood >30 µg/dL). When the maximum slope factor (0.08
µg/dL) is applied, it will result in maximum 36,8 µg Pb /dL in blood. This is lower than the DNEL 40 µg/dL (non pregnant
adults). RMM are applied regarding pregnant women. Pregnant women are not allowed to work during the slow cooling
process. This is lower than the DNEL 40 µg/dL (non pregnant adults). RMM are applied regarding pregnant women.
Pregnant women are not allowed to work during the slow cooling process. c Blood concentration measurements are more
representative of the impact of a certain process on health than inhalation measurements. Consequently this process has no
risk for arsenic.
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Drying
Process Categories (PROC) 22
Processes and activities covered
Drying
Product characteristic
Physical state Powder (high dustiness)
Respirable (%) 16
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 36
Extra-thoracic (%) 48
Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
The dustiness is only used to convert external copper concentrations to internal concentrations.
Amounts used
Amounts used 320 t/shift
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 252d/year
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Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Indoor/Outdoor
Process temperature: Around 110°C
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Closed process if indoors
Level of automatisation: Automated tasks
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system yes
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes/natural
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Health and Safety Management System (OSHAS...)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Changing of contaminated clothes
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Monitoring:
- Establish monitoring system for exposure at the work place - personal air samplers or fixed measurements
- Establish appropriate health surveillance program
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
- After contact with skin (molten metal), take off immediately all contaminated clothing and seek medical advice
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Body protection Mandatory
Respiratory protection Not required
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Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Face/eye protection Voluntary
Hand protection Voluntary
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu 0.028 mg/m3
Based on measured data and relative
distribution towards total dust (cold process)
0.05a
Pb 0.014 mg/m3 Based on measured data and relative
distribution towards total dust (cold process) 0.277
As 0.0028 mg/m3
Based on measured data and relative
distribution towards total dust (cold process) 0.277
Ni 0.0053 mg/m3
Based on measured data and relative
distribution towards total dust (cold process) 0.105
Cd
0.00029
(0.0019
total)
mg/m3 Based on measured data and relative
distribution towards total dust (cold process) 0.073
Biological monitoring Exposure
Biological monitoring exposure is a result of inhalative and dermal exposure;
aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
There is no risk for drying of Cu slag because the air measurements during this process give no risk for the selected trace
constituents. Therefore safe use can be demonstrated.
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Storage
Process Categories (PROC) 26
Processes and activities covered
Storage
Product characteristic
Physical state Powder (high dustiness)
Respirable (%) 16
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 36
Extra-thoracic (%) 48
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Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
Amounts used
Amounts used 320 t/shift
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 260d/year
Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Indoor/Outdoor
Process temperature: ambient
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Open process
Level of automatisation: Manual and automated tasks
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system No
No cabin Yes
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes if indoor
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) No
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Health and Safety Management System (OSHAS...)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Changing of contaminated clothes
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Monitoring:
- Establish monitoring system for exposure at the work place - personal air samplers or fixed measurements
- Establish appropriate health surveillance program
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
- After contact with skin (molten metal), take off immediately all contaminated clothing and seek medical advice
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Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Face/eye protection Not required
Hand protection Not required
Body protection Not required
Respiratory protection Not required
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification
RCR
Inhalative Exposure
OUTDOOR
Cu 0.0095 mg/m3 Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.02a
Pb 0.0048 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.095 – 0.032
As 0.00095 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.095 – 0.019
Ni 0.0018 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.036
Cd
0.000015
(0.000067
total)
mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.017
INDOOR
Cu 0.025 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.04a
Pb 0.0125 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.25 – 0.083
As 0.0025 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.25 – 0.05
Ni 0.0048 mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.077
Cd
0.000015
(0.00018
total)
mg/m3
Based measured data and relative distribution towards total dust (cold
process) 0.0055
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Biological monitoring Exposure
No data given: biological monitoring exposure is a result of inhalative and dermal exposure.
aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
OUTDOOR
There is no risk for storage of the Cu slags outdoor because the air measurements during this process give no risk for the selected
trace constituents. However the minimum requirements for the amount of data points that should be used to adequately describe
the exposure of a process are not met. Data from one company might not be representative of a whole industrial sector but this
process is nonetheless representative for the same process (if outdoors) in the other companies. Consequently these data can be
used. This can be confirmed by the evaluation of the storage process in ES 1. Therefore safe use can be demonstrated.
INDOOR
There is no risk for storage of the Cu slags because the air measurements during this process give no risk for the selected trace
constituents. Therefore safe use can be demonstrated.
Contributing exposure scenario (2) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Clinker production
Process Categories (PROC) 22
Processes and activities covered
Slag as additive during clinker production – max 10% slag
Slag as additive during iron production in the blast smelting furnace.
Product characteristic
Physical state: Molten state (Massive object)
Respirable (%) 12
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 33
Extra-thoracic (%) 55
Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
The dustiness is only used to convert external copper concentrations to internal concentrations.
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 240d/year
Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Indoor
Process temperature: 1450°C
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Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Min 50% open system
Level of automatisation: Min. 90% automatisation with manual tasks
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation Yes
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Worker in separate control room with clean air supply Yes
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system No
No cabin Yes
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Health and Safety Management System (OSHAS...)
Regular inspection/maintenance of furnaces and ducts to ensure air tightness and prevent fugitive releases.
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Changing of contaminated clothes
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Monitoring:
- Establish monitoring system for exposure at the work place - personal air samplers or fixed measurements
- Establish appropriate health surveillance program
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
- After contact with skin (molten metal), take off immediately all contaminated clothing and seek medical advice
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Body protection Not required
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Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Face/eye protection Voluntary
Hand protection Voluntary
Respiratory protection Voluntary
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu 0.0154 mg/m3 Based on MEASE prediction 0.03a
Pb 0.019 mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu (hot processes) 0.38 – 0.13
As 0.0042 mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu (hot processes) 0.42 – 0.084
Ni 0.0037 mg/m3
Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu (hot processes) 0.074
Cd 0.0011 mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu 0.28
aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
There is no risk during the production of Cu slags because the air measurements during these processes give no risk for the
selected trace constituents. Therefore safe use can be demonstrated.
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Exposure Scenario 3: Use of slags in construction (road, embankment), for stabilization of mining
and quarries, in roofing and professional and consumer use of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete,
mortar, grout, controlled low strength material…
Exposure Scenario (3)
Title of contributing ES Use of slags in construction (road, embankment), for
stabilization of mining and quarries, in roofing and
professional and consumer use of cement, hydraulic
binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength
material…
Sector of Use (SU) - Main user group 3, 21, 22
Sector of Use (SU) - Main sector of end-use 2a, 13, 19
Product Categories (PC) 9a, 9b, UC 13, 49
Environmental release category (ERC) 8f
Contributing exposure scenario controlling environmental exposure
Product characteristics
Powder (high dustiness), granule (medium dustiness), solid/stones (low dustiness), liquid state (aqueous solution)
Duration
Temporarily works: typical one-time event, reasonable worst-case 100 days/year
Organizational measures to prevent/Limit release from site
Direct discharge of leftovers to wastewater or surface water should be avoided.
Use dust suppressant when potential for dust formation
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste for disposal
Solid waste should be considered as construction waste and can be landfilled.
Exposure assessment
The environmental impact can be considered minor as the workers are supposed not to spill and work according to the best
practices. Direct discharge of leftovers to wastewater or surface water should be avoided (see organisational risk
management measures). Based on this qualitative assessment, safe use can be demonstrated.
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Contributing exposure scenario (3) controlling worker/professional/consumer exposure
Title of contributing ES Use of slags in construction (road, embankment), for
stabilization of mining and quarries, in roofing and
professional and consumer use of cement, hydraulic
binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength
material…
Process Categories (PROC) 10, 19, 21, 26
Worker exposure will only be considered for the most critical exposure pattern (i.e. inhalation). Of all consumer uses, use
of cement is considered to have the worst-case exposure because the cement is in powder form and consumers may be
exposed to Cu slag dust/powder.
Processes and activities covered
Handling, mixing/blending, spreading, hand mixing, placing/compacting
Product characteristic
Powder is considered for this exposure scenario but multiple physical states are possible: powder (high dustiness), granule
(medium dustiness), solid/stones (low dustiness), liquid state (aqueous solution)
Cu slag concentrations in the product can vary from 1.5% (such as cement/concrete additive) to 100% (such as in
embankment applications). See table below for main applications:
Application Purpose Amount used
Cement Concrete-
Aggregate
Provide structural and bearing capacity
for pavement
80 to 90 percent by weight of the concrete
structure
Cement Concrete-
Admixtures
Additive or to replace portion of cement 15 to 50 % by weight of cement, which
constitutes about 1.5 to 5 % of concrete
structure
Aggregates Provide structural or bearing capacity
for overlying burden
Can constitute up to 100 percent by weight of
the Base /Subbase
Embankment and
Fill Materials
Provide structural or bearing capacity
for overlying burden
Can constitute up to 100 percent by weight of
structure of the embankment or fill structure
Amounts used
Not relevant for the exposure assessment
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 200d/year
Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Outdoor
Process temperature: Ambient
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Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Level of containment: Open system
Level of automatisation: Manual tasks
Worker in separate control room with clean air supply no
Worker in cabin without specific ventilation system yes
No cabin yes
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) No
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation No (Yes if indoor)
Cover or Dust Suppressant
Dust Control Equipment, cleaning equipment- bag filter for drying, burning
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
None
Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
None
Exposure assessment
The use of cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout, controlled low strength material… is the most critical one as
the user is directly exposed to the slags through mixing, spreading, etc. As the handling, loading, unloading, un-
packaging, mixing, spreading and pouring process during the manufacture of slag construction/abrasive material have
been assessed as a safe process (ES 2), therefore the same processes are to be considered safe during the use of slag.
This can be confirmed by air measurements during the construction of a bicycle road. The material used was granulated
slag
Long term exposure
Route Unit Justification Value RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu mg/m3 Based on measured data 0.0019 0.001 a
Pb mg/m3 Based on measured data
0.001 0.02 – 0.0067
As mg/m3 Based on measured data
0.00019 0.019 –
0.0038
Ni mg/m3 Based on measured data
0.000361 0.0067
Cd mg/m3 Based on measured data
0.000013 0.0031
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Biological monitoring Exposure
No data given for the storage process.
aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
Safe use can be demonstrated.
Contributing exposure scenario (3) controlling worker/professional/consumer exposure
Title of contributing ES Hand mixing of cement
The consumer exposure due to hand mixing of cement is expected to be smaller than the worker/professional exposure
because the same OC/RMMs apply except the quantities are much smaller for consumer use. The DNELs for consumers
were not explicitly assessed but are not more than a factor of 2 smaller than the occupational DNELs (because the
difference between the assessment factor for workers versus general population is 2).Safe use can be demonstrated for
worker, professional and consumer.
The inhalation for Cu is estimated by means of MEASE (1% of Cu in mixture (pure slag), medium dustiness,
professional use, duration of exposure 60-240 minutes, wide dispersive use, without any RMM) and is estimated at 0.5
mg/m3. According to CEMBUREAU (1999), per ton of cement 0.14 ton of mineral additions are added. The Cu
inhalation is consequently 0.07 (0.5 *0.14) mg/m3.
Long term exposure
Route Unit Justification Value RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu mg/m3 MEASE 0.07 0.12 a
Pb mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu – cold process 0.035 0.5 – 0.167
As mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu – cold process 0.007 0.7 – 0.14
Ni mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu – cold process 0.0133 0.266
Cd mg/m3 Based on "analogous process" approach by extrapolating from
measured data - relative distribution towards Cu – cold process 0.00049 0.123
aInhalative, oral and dermal exposure of Cu is considered, consequently a combined RCR for Cu is determined.
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Exposure Scenario 4: Use of slags as abrasive agent
Exposure Scenario (4)
Title of contributing ES Use of slags as abrasive agent
Sector of Use (SU) - Main user group 22
Sector of Use (SU) - Main sector of end-use 13
Product Categories (PC) 14. 15
Environmental release category (ERC) 12b
Contributing exposure scenario controlling environmental exposure
Product characteristics
Powder (high dustiness) – Granule (Medium dustiness)
Amounts used
3.85 ton/shift (worst case, maximum volume for all companies)
Frequency and duration of use
220 days (worst-case, minimum amount of days)
Environment factors not influenced by risk management
Flow rate of receiving surface water is set at the worst-case level of 18,000 m3/day (EUSES default). This results in a
dilution factor of 10. For the marine scenarios, a default dilution factor of 100 was used.
Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure
Outdoor and indoor operations
Blasting takes place in a closed box (booth).
Organizational measures to prevent/Limit release from site
Environmental Management System (ISO 14001. EMAS)
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Work area, equipment and floors regularly cleaned
- Water spraying to suppressant dust formation
- Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste for disposal
Cu slag as abrasive material can be recycled several times.
Conditions and measures related to external recovery of waste
None
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Exposure Assessment
The sand blasting material is typically reused during blasting (Ahlstedt, 2003). Since sand blasting is conducted in a
closed system (use in blast cabinet, blast room with air tightness to prevent escape of dust, see risk management
measures), there is negligible environmental releases and exposure.
The generic maximum safe tonnage demonstrating safe use of sand blasting (regarding air emissions, no emissions to
water) is 34,297,251 tonnes/year. This covers 100% of the downstream users.
These calculations are based upon EUSES modelling, resulting in a RCR of 0.9
Guidance to DU to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES
If the DU has higher tonnage or other OC/RMMs outside the OC/RMM specifications in the ES, then the DU can evaluate
whether he works inside the boundaries set by the ES through scaling. The Metal EUSES calculator can be freely
downloaded from the ECI website or http://www.arche-consulting.be/Metal-CSA-toolbox/du-scaling-tool).
Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Environment: Wet abrasive blasting can be an alternative for dry abrasive blasting to eliminate the amount of dust
generated during surface preparation. If a wet blasting technique is not feasible, installing a water hose to wet down the
dust at the point of generation can be useful.
Contributing exposure scenario (4) controlling worker exposure
Title of contributing ES Use of slags as abrasive agent
Process Categories (PROC) 7. 11
Processes and activities covered
Use of slags as abrasive agent
Product characteristic
Physical state Powder (high dustiness) – Granule (Medium dustiness)
Respirable (%) 16
Dustiness Trancho-bronchial (%) 36
Extra-thoracic (%) 48
Read-across from particle size distribution of airborne copper at the smelter, converter based on measured data.
The dustiness is only used to convert external copper concentrations to internal concentrations.
Amounts used
Amounts used 3.85 t/shift
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Duration 8h/day
Frequency 260d/year
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Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Indoor/Outdoor
Process temperature: ambient
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Blast cabinet - The operator blasts the parts from the outside the cabinet, viewing the part through a view
window.Typically, turning the blast on and off is done using a foot pedal.
Blast Room - Larger version of a blast cabinet with the exception that the blast operator works inside the room
Level of containment: Closed: use in blast cabinet, blast room. Air tightness to
prevent escape of dust. Enclosure must be adequately ventilated.
Level of automatisation: Manual tasks
Worker in separate control room with clean air supply: Yes, reduce dust deposits and dispersion by maintaining a
minimum air speed of 25 cm/s in the booth
Technical conditions and measures to control dispersion from source towards the worker
Presence of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV?) Yes if indoors
Presence of General Exhaust Ventilation Yes
Minimum efficiency of LEV 90%
Organisational measures to prevent /Limit releases, dispersion and exposure
Housekeeping and hygiene procedures:
- Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in contaminated areas
- Provision of adequate facilities for washing, changing and storage of clothing
Competence and Training:
- Activity should only be executed by specialists or authorized personnel.
- Regular training and instruction of workers
- Procedures for process control to minimize release/exposure
First aid instructions:
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
- In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest.
Limited number of reuse of sand blasting material as the matrix degrades with each usage of recycled slag and a shift of
particle size is likely to happen after many cycles of reused material.
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Respiratory protection and eye protection Positive pressure blast hood with a view window and an air feed hose
(grade D air supply)
Body protection Usually consists of gloves and overalls or a leather coat and chaps.
Hand protection yes
RPE effectiveness 99.9%
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Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH CSA
Following good work practices can be followed to minimize the risk of exposure to toxic air contaminants:
- Scheduling blasting when the least number of people would be exposed;
- Blasting in a specified location that is as far away as possible from other employees;
- Stopping other work and clearing people away while blasting is taking place;
- Cleaning up chips, dust and used abrasive daily or as soon as possible after blasting has finished;
- Avoiding blasting in windy conditions; and
- Post warning signs to mark the boundaries of work areas contaminated with blasting dust and alerting
employees to the hazard and any required PPE.
Good personal hygiene practices to limit exposure to abrasive blasting dust include the following:
- Prohibiting eating, drinking, using tobacco products, or applying cosmetics in abrasive blasting areas;
- Washing hands and face before eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics;
- Showering before leaving the worksite;
- Changing into clean clothing before leaving the worksite; and
- Parking cars where they will not be contaminated with abrasive blasting dust.
Exposure Assessment
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification RCR
Inhalative Exposure
Cu 0.00229
(2.29 without RP) mg/m3 Based on relative distribution towards Cu (cold process) 0.01
Pb 0.00282
(2.82 without RP) mg/m3 75P Stephenson et al (2002) 0.0564 – 0.0188
As 0.00057
(0.57 without RP) mg/m3 75P Stephenson et al (2002) 0.057 – 0.0114
Ni 0.00055
(0.55 without RP) mg/m3 Based on relative distribution towards Cu (cold process) 0.011
Cd 0.00017 (0.17 total
without RP) mg/m3 Based on relative distribution towards Cu (cold process) 0.0425
Biological monitoring Exposure
No data provided.
acombined RCR for Cu.Inhalative, oral and dermal
The worker needs full PPE incl. respiratory equipment (P3). This results in an efficiency of in total 99.9%.
http://solutions.3mnederland.nl/wps/portal/3M/nl_NL/OccSafety/Home/Customer_Services/FAQs/
Safe use can be demonstrated.
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Exposure Scenario 5: Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads and mines, in roofing, cement,
hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout…
Exposure Scenario (5)
Title of contributing ES Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads
and mines, in roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete,
mortar, grout…
Sector of Use (SU) - Main user group /
Sector of Use (SU) - Main sector of end-use 19
Product Categories (PC) /
Environmental release category (ERC) 10a
Contributing exposure scenario (5) controlling environmental exposure
Product characteristics
Embankments: Copper slag stones are put as a protection layer with defined thickness
Based on the mass fraction that passes the mesh size (Asphalt-labor, 2010), a grain size distribution can be calculated:
Mesh size (mm) Mass fraction that passed the mesh size
360 100
250 100
180 63
125 12
90 2
63 1
45 0
31.5 0
22.4 0
According to these data the following grain size distribution can be derived:
45 - 63 mm: 1%w
63 - 90 mm: 1%w
90 - 125 mm: 10%w
125 - 180 mm: 51%w
180 - 250 mm: 37%w
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Amounts used
Surface loading embankments:
Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (1996)
German report of port channel in Germany 0.00037 m2/L
Peute Baustoff GmbH (2010)
Slag used on both sides of embankment Small channel: 0.000139 m2/L
Big channel: 0.000049 m2/L
Slag used on one side of embankment Small channel: 0.000071 m2/L
Slag used on both sides of embankment + channel bed Small channel: 0.00032 m2/L
Big channel: 0.00012 m2/L
Only embankments down to 2m below water line Small channel: 0.00007 m2/L
Big channel: 0.0000089 m2/L
Slag used on one side embankment down to 2m below water line Small channel: 0.000035 m2/L
Big channel: 0.0000044 m2/L
Roofs:
Surface of average roof 150m2
Thickness 1mm
Roads:
Lidelöw & Mácsik (2008)
Length 100 m
Breadth 5.8 m
Depth 500 mm
Frequency and duration of use/exposure from service life
Continuous
Environment factors not influenced by risk management
Flow rate of receiving surface water is set at the worst-case level of 18,000 m3/day (EUSES default). This results in a dilution
factor of 10. For the marine scenarios, a default dilution factor of 100 was used.
A correction for copper binding in the sediment compartment was considered : a default AVS (acid volatile sulphides)
concentration of 2.5 µmol AVS/ g dry weight is considered as a default value.
Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure
Indoor/outdoor but mainly outdoor
Embankment:
Peute Baustoff GmbH (2010)
Small channel (trapezoid profile)
Waterdepth 4.0 m
Embankment inclination 1:3
Soilbreadth 31.0 m
Waterlevel breadth 55.0 m
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Cross section surface 172 m2
Big channel
Waterdepth 11 m
Embankment inclination 1:3
Soilbreadth 90 m
Waterlevel breadth 162 m
Cross section surface 1.353 m2
Roofs:
3,333 houses in an urban area (based on 10,000 inhabitants (EUSES default) with an average of 3 persons per house)
Roof surface of 150m2
Average annual rainfall of 700 L/m2
Based on data for an average village its is considered that 15% of the surface area is occuped by houses.
Effluent rate in sewage itself is based on an averaged wastewater flow of 200 l per person per day
Roads:
Lidelöw & Mácsik (2008)
The road has an annual average daily traffic (ADT) of 800 vehicles (~5% heavy vehicles). The sub-base is built on a sub-grade
containing sulphide soil (silty clay to clay) with the exception of the test section with BFS. The groundwater surface lies 1-2 m
below the road surface. The cleaned slag used as a sub-base has a particle size of 0-5 mm (95% < 2 mm).
The standard depth of the soil compartment is 0.2 m (R16 REACH guidance).
Technical conditions and measures at process level (source) to prevent release
Use of Cu slags in roads: pavement encapsulation, use only as a sub layer.
Use of Cu slags in embankments: minimize porosity
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Exposure assessment
For the environmental exposure, different identified uses are selected as a worst-case for different environmental
subgroups (surface water, soil and the STP).
1) Surface water – Service life of Cu slag in embankments
For the surface water, service life of Cu slags in embankments was selected as the use with the highest exposure potential to
pose a risk to the aquatic and sediment compartment. The other service life uses will result in lower releases to the aquatic
environment and can be considered as safe uses if safe use for service life of Cu slags in embankments can be demonstrated.
A) Dynamic conditions
A risk characterisation ratio (RCR) can be calculated as the sum of Clocal, water and PECregional (0,88 µg/L) and divided by the
PNEC for copper of 7.8 µg/L.
These RCR can be found for Mittellandkanal in the following table.
g/L 1 km slag 25 km slag 50 km slag 100 km slag 200 km slag 300 km slag
12,5 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.23
25 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.35
50 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.43 0.59
100 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.43 0.75 1.07
200 0.12 0.27 0.43 0.75 1.39 2.03
300 0.12 0.35 0.59 1.07 2.03 2.98
400 0.13 0.43 0.75 1.39 2.66 3.94
500 0.13 0.51 0.91 1.71 3.30 4.90
600 0.13 0.59 1.07 2.03 3.94 5.85
And for the Nord-Ostsee-Kanal RCR are listed in this table:
g/L 1km slag 25 km slag 50 km slag 100km slag
12,5 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
25 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.18
50 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.24
100 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.36
200 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.61
300 0.12 0.30 0.49 0.87
400 0.12 0.36 0.61 1.12
500 0.13 0.43 0.74 1.37
600 0.13 0.49 0.87 1.62
Since the Cu slag embankment length it is not known, a length of 50km is proposed as reasonable worst-case length.
Following this approach, there is no risk determined for Nord-Ostsee-Kanal since at the maximum mass loading and a length
of 50km, the RCR is 0.87. For the Mittellandkanal a maximum mass loading of 500 g/L will results in a RCR of 0.91.
Consequently safe use can be demonstrated for these loadings.
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RCR for Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (1996) is 0.73. In this report the length of the imaginary Cu slag embankment is
14km.
The maximum amounts of Cu slag that can be used for embankment are calculated for different channel/river flow rate (see
exposure estimation).
In real field situations, the amounts used for Cu slag embankment are below the maximum amounts that can be safely used,
which are confirmed by industry.
B) Static conditions
The risk characterisation ratios (RCR) are calculated by dividing the Cu slag surface loading from realistically dimensioned
channels (“PEC”) by the PNEC (predicted no effect concentration, expressed as surface loading). The PNEC used is 0.000419
m2 embankment /L water. All scenarios result in ratios below 1 demonstrating safe use.
Scenarios
“PEC” Small
channel
m2 embankment /
L
“PEC” Big
channel
m2 embankment /
L
RCR
Small
channel
RCR Big
channel
Slag used on both sides of
embankment 0.000139 0.0000487 0.33 0.12
Slag used on one side of
embankment 0.00007 / 0.17 /
Slag used on both sides of
embankment + channel bed 0.00032 0.00016 0.76 0.38
Only embankments down to 2m
below water line 0.00007 0.0000087 0.17 0.02
Slag used on one side embankment
down to 2m below water line 0.000035 0.0000044 0.08 0.011
Havel channel Germany 0.00037 0.88
Hamburg Teufelbrück (Elbe river) 0.0000046 0.01
Wedel (Elbe river) 0.0000038 0.009
Glückstadt (Elbe river) 0.0000019 0.005
Cuxhaven (Elbe river) 0.0000017 0.004
2) Sediment-Service life of Cu slag in embankments
A) Dynamic conditions
The PNEC sediment (AVS corrected) (77 mg/kgdw, at standard organic carbon content of 2%) can be compared to the PEC sediment (AVS
corrected).
- At an AVS level of 0.8 µmol/g dry weight and surface water concentration of 3.91 µg Cu/L (example from table 59)
an “available” sediment copper level of 80 mg Cu/kg dry sediment was calculated (including a background of 14 mg
Cu/kg dry weight). No copper is available at typical AVS levels of respectively 5 and 7.8 µmol AVS/g dry weight.
No risks are therefore expected for typical AVS simulations, a minor potential risk (RCR of 1.03) is calculated at 0.8
µmol AVS/kg dry weight
Substance Information Sheet
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- At an AVS level of 0.8 µmol/g dry weight and surface water concentration of 4.89 µg Cu/L (example from table 59)
an “available” sediment copper level of 109 mg Cu/kg dry sediment (including a background of 14 mg Cu/kg dry
weight) was calculated. No copper is available at typical AVS levels of respectively 5 and 7.8 µmol AVS/g dry
weight and no risk is expected when typical AVS concentrations prevail . When worst case AVS conditions (0.8
µmol AVS/g dry weight) are assumed, a risk ratio of 1.4 is calculated - Assuming an AVS level of 2.5 µmol/g dry weight and surface water concentration of 6.9 µg Cu/L (water PNEC,
0.88 µg Cu/L background sutracted), an “available” sediment copper level of 74 mg Cu/kg dry sediment is
calculated and no risks are observed.
From the sediment risk characterisation, it can therefore be concluded that for a surface water with a typical sediment,
the water compartment will drive the risk characterisation.
If the sediment AVS concentration is <2.5 µmol AVS/g dry weight the sediment compartment drives the risk charcaterisation.
If such conditions prevail, maximum acceptable loadings are to be revised.charcaterisation.
3. Soil – Service life of Cu slag in road constructions
For the soil, service life of Cu slags as sub-layer in road construction was selected as the use with the highest exposure
potential to the terrestrial compartment. The other service life uses will result in lower releases to the soil environment. If it is
assumed that leachate from the road dilutes to an area next to the road as large as the road itself (which is worst-case as lateral
diffusion in soil is minimal), then safe use can be demonstrated.
Contributing exposure scenario (5) controlling indirect environmental exposure
Title of contributing ES Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads and mines, in
roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout…
Long term exposure
Constituent Clocal, soil FOREGS Unit PNEC RCR Justification
Cu 2.9 12 mg/kg dw 61 0.24 Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008)
Pb 0.006 15 mg/kg dw 147 0.1 Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008)
Ni 1.03 14 mg/kg dw 29.9 0.5 Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008)
Zn 7.37 48 mg/kg dw 78 0.09 Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008)
4. Sewage Treatment Plant – Service Life of Cu slag in roofing
A local wide dispersive urban use scenario was developed. As a worst-case scenario, the use of Cu slags in roofing was
selected. As an reasonable worst-case assessment, 70% of all roofs of an urban area are assumed to be covered with slag
roofing sheets. Roofing sheets have a top layer of Cu slag.
For sediment, an AVS correction was also considered
Contributing exposure scenario (5) controlling environmental exposure
Title of contributing ES Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads and mines, in
roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar, grout…
Release to STP
Substance Information Sheet
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Metal Worst case
release (TDp, 7d ,
100 mg/L )
Release, run off
roof, day
Release, run off
roof, day
C local inluent,
stp
C local effluent, stp
Unit µg /L µg /g/day µg /m2 µg /L µg /L
Cu 6.6 9.43 85.71 4.63 0.93
Pb 3.9 5.57 50.65 2.74 0.44
Ni 1.1 1.57 14.29 0.77 0.46
Zn 18 25.71 233.7 10.68 7.91
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Release to surface water after STP
Metal PEC local, fresh water PEC local, marine water
Unit µg /L µg /L
Cu 0.093 0.009
Pb 0.044 0.004
Ni 0.046 0.005
Zn 0.791 0.079
Metal PEClocal, sediment, fresh water
AVS corrected
PEClocal, sediment, marine water
AVS corrected
Unit µg /L µg /L
Cu 0 0
Pb 0 0
Ni 1.19 0
Zn 40.57 0
Contributing exposure scenario (5) controlling consumer for indirect exposure of humans via
the environment
Title of contributing ES Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads
and mines, in roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete,
mortar, grout…
Process Categories (PROC) /
Processes and activities covered
Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads and mines, in roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar,
grout…
Product (article) characteristic
Copper slag stones are put as a protection layer with defined thickness
Frequency and duration of use/exposure
Continuous
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Human factors not influenced by risk management
Respiration volume under conditions of use 10m3/day
Body weight 70kg
Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure
Indoor/outdoor: Outdoor
Process temperature: ambient
Exposure Assessment
Inhalation, dermal and direct oral exposure of Cu slags to consumers during service life is considered to be negligible.
Leachate of roads with Cu slags as sub base can potentially contaminate groundwater. Consequently, indirect exposure to
man via the environment is considered to be the worst-case human exposure pathway of all exposure routes
Contributing exposure scenario (5) controlling exposure for consumer and indirect exposure
of humans via the environment
Title of contributing ES Service life of slag in embankments and quarries, roads and
mines, in roofing, cement, hydraulic binder, concrete, mortar,
grout…
Long term exposure
Route Value Unit Justification Oral DNEL RCR
Oral Exposure
Cu 1.3 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) Internal DNEL:
0.04075 0.68
Pb 0.003 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) 0.25 mg/day 0.024
As 0.009 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) 0.01 mg/L 0.9
Ni 0.46 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) 77 mg/day 0.012
Cd 0.0008 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) 5 µg/L 0.16
Zn 3.3 mg/L Lidelöw&Mácsik (2008) 21 mg/day 0.314
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