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Standards in authorship

COPE Webinar29 June 2017

Guest speakers:Deborah Poff, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic EthicsKelly Cobey, Senior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteLiz Allen, Director of Strategic Initiatives, F1000

Moderator:Trevor Lane, Education Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group

publicationethics.org

publicationethics.org

COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Trevor LaneEducation Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group

COPE Council Member

Deborah PoffEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic Ethics,Advances in Business Ethics Research (book series)

COPE Vice-Chair and Chair-Elect

Kelly CobeySenior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada

Liz AllenDirector of Strategic Initiatives, F1000Co-Chair of Project CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Webinar overview

• Introduction: authorship issues & COPE resources

• Presentations by guest speakers

• Discussion (Q/A): please type your questions in the Question Box (not the Chat Box)

Recording & summary report will be uploaded to COPE website

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Importance of authorship

• Record of attribution

• Moral and legal rights

• Accountability in investigations

• Key in shaping research/academic careers

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Authorship practices

• Larger groups (100s-1000s of authors); multiple

institutions, countries, disciplines; new disciplines

• Depends on culture, research group, department,

institution, discipline, journal, country…

Who did

what?

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

COPE resources on authorship publicationethics.org/resources

• 122 / 566 COPE Forum cases related to authorship, mostly author disputes

• How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers

• COPE flowcharts: o What to do if you suspect ghost/guest/gift authorshipo How to spot authorship problemso Adding/removing authors before publicationo Adding/removing authors after publication

publicationethics.org

COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

COPE resources on authorship publicationethics.org/resources

• eLearning module on authorship• Discussion document: What constitutes

authorship? publicationethics.org/files/u7141/Authorship_DiscussionDocument_0_0.pdf

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

ORCID

Open Researcher and Contributor ID• Persistent digital identifier for

researchers

CRediT

Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information (CASRAI) Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT)• Standardised contributorship

rolesICMJE

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors• Declaration, 4 authorship criteria

orcid.org www.casrai.org/credit icmje.org

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COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

QCan we or should we standardise authorship across disciplines?

Authorship Issues in the Humanities and Social Sciences

DeborahPoff,CM,PhD

TheProblemofTalkingabouttheHumanitiesandSocialSciences

together

HumanitiesDistinctionImportantpointnotsaidfrequentlyenoughAuthorshipissues

• Mostarticlesandmonographssingleauthored.

• Thesissupervisionoftenresultsinstudentpublicationsbutmostlywithnoexpectationofauthorshiponthepartofthesupervisorormembersofthesupervisorycommittee.

• Frequently,ethicalissuesarenotsomuchaboutauthorshipastheyareabout:excessiveself-citation;plagiarism,redundantpublicationsandtheproblemofcitationin‘receivedwisdom.’

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SocialSciences• Moresimilaritieswithsciencesgenerally.• Considerableworkdoneonresearchintegrity,publication

ethicsandauthorship,amongprofessionalorganizations,suchas,theAPA,ASA,CSA,CPA,etc.

• ThereissomefamilyresemblancewithintheSocialSciencesintermsofauthorshipnormswithexceptions(e.g.,unlessotherwisestated,authorsarelistedalphabeticallyandwhenthatpracticeisnotfollowed,theorderindicatesthelevelofauthorialleadershipandresponsibilityforthepublication).

• Withinsomedisciplines,forexample,Psychology,theassumptionisthatwithrespecttojournalarticlesbasedonathesisordissertation,thestudentisfirstauthor.

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• SocialSciencesgenerallyhaveasmallernumberofauthorsperresearchprojectalthoughthiscanvarywithlargelabsandmultidisciplinaryteams.

• WithrespecttotheSocialSciencesoverall,frommyexperienceasanEICandfromresearchinthefield,mostauthorshipdisputesarisefromnotclearlystipulatingauthorshiprolespriortoengagingintheresearchorbecauseofinterpersonalconflictthatarisesbetweentheco-investigatorsormembersoftheteam.

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• Withrespecttoclarityandtransparencyaboutauthorialroles,guidelinesliketheICMJEortheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationarehelpfulinidentifyingthesubstantiverolesthatmustbepresentforascribingauthorshipwithintheSocialSciences.

• Particularlywithrespecttostudents,butalsoforthesakeofallresearchersinaproject,thebestpracticeofidentifyingrolesandresponsibilitiesinwriting(withagreement)iscrucialtoavoidingdisputeslater.

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SomeUniqueIssuesforSocialScientists

• GiventheuniqueculturalfactorsinsomeSocialScienceresearch,uniquecommonunderstandingamongresearchersandtheparticipantsofresearchneedstobeidentifiedupfront.

• E.g.,manyAboriginalcommunitiesrequirethatmembersofthecommunityareauthorsinallresearchthattakesplaceinthosecommunitiesandalsoassertthattheycanvetopublicationsiftheybelievethefindingstobeharmfultothecommunities.

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RelationshipbetweenJournalsandInstitutionsduringInvestigations

• Reasonablyandforlegalandlabourrelationsfactors,universitiesconductinvestigationswithrespecttomisconductinpublications.

• Thiscanbeanunusuallylongandprotractedprocesswhichleavesthejournaleithermakinginterimprocessannouncementsormakingdecisionsindependentofuniversityinvestigations.

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COPE’sPilotProjectwithUniversities

WhileCOPErespectstheautonomyofuniversitygovernance,weareinatestpilotmodewithrespecttocreatingacategoryofuniversitymembershipinCOPE.Wehopethatamongotherthingsthiswillleadto:1. Enhancedcommoneducationalpracticesonpublication

ethicsissues,includingappreciationofdistinctissuesfordifferentdisciplines,and

2. Commonunderstandingoftheroleandimportanceofjournalsinknowledgedisseminationandtheprotectionofresearchintegritywiththemutualunderstandingofhowthismatterstouniversities.

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Thanksverymuch

DeborahPoff,CM,PhDVice-ChairandChair-Elect,COPE

Email:poffd@brandonu.ca

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Standards in authorship

COPEWebinar29 June2017

LightningPoll1

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Engaging Research Institutions in Authorship OutreachCOPEWebinar29June2017

KellyCobeySeniorClinicalResearchAssociate,OttawaHospitalResearchInstitutekcobey@ohri.ca@kdcobeyhttp://www.ohri.ca/journalology/

Why do institutions care

about authorship?

MarcyLeigh,Flickr

Authorship as a metric:• Authorship confers credit (Rennie & Glanagin, 1994; JAMA)

• Research institutions use publications as ametric to highlight academic productivityand the achievement of impact

Trextron♥,Flickr

Why do institutions care

about authorship?

Desiretoavoidauthorshipconflict:• Researchers• JournalsSolution:Internalauthorshippolicies

OlgaBerrlos,Flickr

Needfortrainingandsupport• Howtodraftusefulpolicieswhicharebroadlyapplicableandinline

withinternationalbestpractice

• Howtostayuptodatewithchangesinauthorshipbestpractice

• Whenandhowtoincorporatenoveltools/practicesaspolicy• Riskaverse:don’twanttoaskmoreofbusyresearchers

• Howtocreateanddisseminatetrainingtoresearchers• Potentialforsharedresources,policytemplates

OlgaBerrlos,Flickr

Researchintegrityofficers(RIO)• Oftenreactiveratherthanproactiveduetoresourceconstraints

• Couldstandardtrainingbedevelopedtosupportthoseactingintheseroles?

• Arenetworksestablishedwithin/betweencountriesforRIO’stogetthesupporttheyneed?

PublicationsOfficers• Dedicatedstaffwhocouldberesponsibleforteachingwhatisand

isn’tethicalinregardstoauthorship

Institutionsneedtotakeaseatatthetable• Typicallyonlyinteractwithjournalswhendealingwithalleged

misconduct• Thereneedstobemonitoringofchangestoauthorshippoliciesand

researcherneedsassessments• Contributetoimplementationofnewtools

• CRediT

• Alongwithauthorshipcomesimportantresponsibilities;researchinstitutionshaveanobligationtosupporttheiremployeesinpublicationsbestpractice.

MarkHakansson,Flickr

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Engaging Research Institutions in Authorship Outreach

ThankYouKellyCobeySeniorClinicalResearchAssociate,OttawaHospitalResearchInstitute

kcobey@ohri.ca@kdcobeyhttp://www.ohri.ca/journalology/

Standards in authorship

COPEWebinar29 June2017

LightningPoll2

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EXPLAININGTHECONTRIBUTORROLES TAXONOMY(CRediT)

Liz AllenDirector, Strategic Initiatives, F1000

29 June 2017

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PROBLEMSWITHAUTHORSHIPWELLESTABLISHED

CHANGINGCURRENCY:AUTHORSHIP

32

DEMISEOFTHELONEAUTHOR

Publishers• Increasetransparency

• Reduceauthordisputes• Simplifyprocessofchasingauthors

• Identifyingpeerreviewers

Researchfunders• Supportinggrantapplications

• Understandingimpact• Awardingcredit

• Identifyingpeerreviewers• Identifyingnewfundingopportunities

Researchers• Creditfortruecontribution

• Creditfor‘new’/specificroles• Identifycollaborators

• Benefitjuniorreviewers• Reduceauthorshippolitics?

• Accountability

Researchinstitutions• Supporttenure&appointment• Newesteemindicatorsforstaff

• Understandingimpact

RATIONALEFORMOREABOUTCONTRIBUTION…

1. Wellcome-Harvardworkshop2011

2. Initialcollaborationwithmedicaleditors(ICMJE)

3. Developeddrafttaxonomy(2012/13)

4. Pilotwithcorrespondingauthors(2013)

5. Refinetaxonomy&consultationphase2(2014- )

6. ‘custodian’ofCRediT(2014- )(http://casrai.org/CRediT )

7. Implementations2015onwards….

CONTRIBUTORROLESTAXONOMY:ORIGINS…

Term DefinitionConceptualization Ideas;formulationorevolutionofoverarchingresearchgoalsandaims.

Methodology Developmentordesignofmethodology;creationofmodels.

Software Programming,softwaredevelopment;designingcomputerprograms;implementationofthecomputercodeandsupportingalgorithms;testingofexistingcodecomponents.

Validation Verification,whetherasapartoftheactivityorseparate,oftheoverallreplication/reproducibilityofresults/experimentsandotherresearchoutputs.

FormalAnalysis Applicationofstatistical,mathematical,computational,orotherformaltechniquestoanalyseorsynthesizestudydata.

Investigation Conductingaresearchandinvestigationprocess,specificallyperformingtheexperiments,ordata/evidencecollection.

Resources Provisionofstudymaterials,reagents,materials,patients,laboratorysamples,animals,instrumentation,computingresources,orotheranalysistools.

DataCuration Managementactivitiestoannotate(producemetadata),scrubdataandmaintainresearchdata(includingsoftwarecode,whereitisnecessaryforinterpretingthedataitself)forinitialuseandlaterre-use.

Writing– OriginalDraft

Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedwork,specificallywritingtheinitialdraft(includingsubstantivetranslation).

Writing– Review&Editing

Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedworkbythosefromtheoriginalresearchgroup,specificallycriticalreview,commentaryorrevision– includingpre- orpost-publicationstages.

Visualization Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedwork,specificallyvisualization/datapresentation.

Supervision Oversightandleadershipresponsibilityfortheresearchactivityplanningandexecution,includingmentorshipexternaltothecoreteam.

ProjectAdministration

Managementandcoordinationresponsibilityfortheresearchactivityplanningandexecution.

FundingAcquisition Acquisitionofthefinancialsupportfortheprojectleadingtothispublication.

http://www.ariessys.com/views-and-press/resources/video-library/credit-integration/

http://credit.casrai.org/#

liz.allen@f1000.com

@allen_liz

publicationethics.org

Standards in authorship

COPEWebinar29 June2017

LightningPoll3

publicationethics.org

Standards in authorship

COPE Webinar29 June 2017

Guest speakers:Deborah Poff, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic EthicsKelly Cobey, Senior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteLiz Allen, Director of Strategic Initiatives, F1000

Moderator:Trevor Lane, Education Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group

publicationethics.org

publicationethics.org

COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

QCan we or should we standardise authorship across disciplines?

publicationethics.org

COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Trevor LaneEducation Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group

COPE Council Member

Deborah PoffEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic Ethics,Advances in Business Ethics Research (book series)

COPE Vice-Chair and Chair-Elect

Kelly CobeySenior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada

Liz AllenDirector of Strategic Initiatives, F1000Co-Chair of Project CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)

Elizabeth MoylanSenior Editor (Research Integrity), BioMed Central

COPE Council MemberChair, COPE Education Subcommittee

publicationethics.org

COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship

Next steps• Please comment on COPE Discussion Document:

What Constitutes Authorship? publicationethics.org/files/u7141/Authorship_DiscussionDocument_0_0.pdf

• Please give us your feedback by responding to the email we will send you after this webinar

Standards in authorship

COPE Webinar29 June 2017

Thank you!Special thanks to:

Linda Gough, Sarah Gilmore, Elizabeth Moylan, Natalie Ridgeway, Heather Tierney

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