stages of lc

STAGES OF LUNG CANCERHAMAD EMAD H. DHUHAYR

CONTENTS

• definition of LC CECIL

• Histology of ROBBINS AND NETTER PATHOLOGY

SCLC

NSCLC

• steges of LC MU AND EMEDICEN WEBSITE

DEFINITION

• Lung cancer (e.G., Bronchogenic carcinoma) arises from the respiratory epithelium.

• Lung cancer is divided into two major histologic groups: non–small

• Cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

• NSCLC Accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer.

• Other less common pulmonary Neoplasms include adenosquamous carcinoma, carcinoid tumors, Bronchial gland tumors, soft tissue tumors (e.G., Sarcomas), pulmonary blastomas, And lymphoma.

SCLC

Accounts for the remaining 15 percent of lung cancers in the united states.

SCLC results from smoking even more so than NSCLC, and grows more rapidly and spreads to other parts of the body earlier than NSCLC.

It is also more responsive to chemotherapy.

This is the microscopic pattern of a small cell anaplastic (oat cell) carcinoma in which small dark blue cells with

minimal cytoplasm are packed together in sheets.

NSCLC

• About 85 percent of lung cancers. Among them are these types of tumors:

1. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in the united states among both men and women.

2. Squamous cell carcinoma (which is also called epidermoid carcinoma) forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes.

3. Large cell carcinomas refer to non-small cell lung cancers that are neither adenocarcinomas nor epidermoid cancers.

Adenocarcinoma

• Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma-in-situ (formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma) is composed of columnar cells that proliferate along the framework of alveolar septae, a so-caled "lepidic" growth pattern. The neoplastic cells are well-differentiated. These neoplasms, a form of adenocarcinoma, in general have a better prognosis than most other primary lung cancers, but they may not be detected at a low stage.

Squamous cell carcinoma

• This is the microscopic appearance of squamous cell carcinoma with nests of polygonal cells with pink cytoplasm and distinct cell borders. The nuclei are hyperchromatic and angular.

Large cell carcinomas

• The cells typically have large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and a moderate amount of cytoplasm.

LUNG CANCER STAGES

SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER STAGING

• Limited stage: 

cancer is in one lung, sometimes including nearby lymph nodes.

• Extensive stage: 

cancer has spread to the other lung, the fluid around the lung (the pleura) or to other organs in the body.

NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER STAGING

• Stage I: the cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes.

• Stage ii: the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.

• Stage iii: cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease. Stage III has two subtypes:

a) If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage IIIA.

b) If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone, it is called stage iiib.

• Stage iv: this is the most advanced stage of lung cancer, and is also described as advanced disease. This is when the cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body, such as the liver or other organs.

CONT….

• Non-small cell lung cancer staging uses the TNM system:

• Tumor(t) describes the size of the original tumor.

• Lymph node (n) indicates whether the cancer is present in the lymph nodes.

• Metastasis (m) refers to whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body, usually the liver, bones or brain.

• A number (0-4) or the letter x is assigned to each factor. A higher number indicates increasing severity. For instance, a T1 score indicates a smaller tumor than a T2 score. The letter X means the information could not be assessed.