ssush24a thru f political and social movements of the 60’s...
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SSUSH24A thru F
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Youth Movement
• Movement grew out of the Baby Boom Generation:
Growing concerns over the Nuclear Arms Race
Increased knowledge and independence gained from college educations
Concerns over injustices in the nation’s social and political systems
• New “Left” Organization formed: Students for a Democratic Society
1962 Declaration: Port Huron Statement
University of Michigan Editor: Tom Hayden
Called for an end to Apathy in America
Urged Americans to stop allowing Big Corporation and Government control them
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Free Speech Movement
• Originated at the University of California at Berkeley due to:
Restriction of Student Rights to distribute literature on political causes
School Policies that made students feel isolated and ignored
• 2 Dec 1964: Students held a massive Sit-In and Protest
California Governor Pat Brown sent in 600 police officers
Protest escalated into a campus wide 2 day strike
• Supreme Court validated student’s right to free speech under the First Amendment
Organized by Mario Savio
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Feminist Movement
• Since 1920’s: Women had been struggling to improve their equal rights with men
Increasing belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially
• By 1960’s: Many women resented the unequal status their received in society
• 47% of American Women Worked . . . . But:
3/4 were paid lower wages than men
Majority were only allowed minimal manual-labor positions
Clerical, Sales, and Domestic Services
Very few held management positions
• The Feminist Movement became better known as the Women’s Liberation Movement
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Feminist Movement
• Two forces helped bring the Women’s Rights Movement to life:
Mass Protests and Government Initiatives
• 1963: Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique
Boosting the Women’s Rights Movement
Highlighting that women felt unfulfilled in life
• 1966: Betty Friedan promoted the formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW)
Demanding greater education opportunities
Denouncing exclusion from certain professions
Lashing out at unequal pay practices
• Female Journalist Gloria Steinem became an active writer and leader who co-founded the Women’s Action Alliance
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Feminist Movement
• 1968: Miss America Pageant Protest
Commercialization and Racism of Pageant
Ludicrous standards of Beauty and Sex Appeal
• 1969: New York Abortion Speak Out
Testimonies by women who experienced issues with abortions
Demanding Congress hear their testimonies
• 1970: Women’s Strike for Equality
Nation Wide women workers strike
Used Creative Tactics to gain media attention
Ritual Chanting (Hindu & Buddhist styled)
Public Speeches (Friedan and Steinem)
Bra-Burnings (Truth or Urban Legend?)
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Feminist Movement
• 1961: President’s Commission on the Status of Women
Established by President John F. Kennedy
Headed by former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt
Helped create a network of feminist activities
Lobbied Congress for women’s rights legislation
• 1963: Congress passed the Equal Pay Act
Outlawed paying men more than women based solely on gender
• 1964: Congress passed the Civil Rights Act
Outlawed discrimination based on Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, and Gender (Title VII)
Formed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to monitor and enforce implementation
• 1972: Congress passed the Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act
Prohibited discrimination in federally funded public school activities
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Roe versus Wade
• Until 1973: States had the power to regulate abortions
Women activist’s primary goal was to repeal laws against safe abortions:
Due to serious health reasons that endangered life of mother and/or fetus
Due to being a victim of rape or incest
• 1973: Supreme Court Decision in the case
States could not regulate abortion:
During first 3 months (Right to Privacy)
States could regulate abortion:
During second 3 months based on the health of the mother and fetus
States could ban abortion:
During last 3 months except due to medical emergencies
Decision sparked major debate that goes on today
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Feminist Movement
• 1969: Equal Rights Amendment was proposed
Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm gave her “Equal Rights for Women” speech
• 1972: Amendment passed thru Congress and went to the states for ratification
Constitutional Lawyer and Conservative Activist Phyllis Schlafly spoke out against ratifying the amendment:
Impact on women’s right to alimony
Legal rights of single gender colleges Amendment failed ratification
after 10 year effort (1982)
New Civil Rights Movement
• 1960’s - 1970’s: Increased efforts by several minority groups
African Americans (11% of Pop) Hispanic Americans (4% of Pop)
Native Americans (.3% of Pop)
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
New Civil Rights Movement
• Problems facing most minorities included:
Lack of adequate jobs and salaries
Minimal Educational opportunities
Poor Housing and Health Conditions
• Civil Rights Leaders promoted an initiative known as Affirmative Action
Created through Executive Orders
Enforced by Federal Policies & Laws
Required recruitment and employment of minorities by companies & institutions
• 1971: The Congressional Black Caucus was formed by Shirley Chisholm and other politicians
• 1973: Maynard Jackson became the first African American Mayor in the U.S. (Atlanta, Ga.)
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
New Civil Rights Movement
• 1974: Affirmative Action came under attack
Allan Bakke sued the University of California at Davis for discrimination
He was denied admission due to affirmative action quotas at the school
Slots set aside to admit only minorities
• 1978: University of California Regents –vs- Bakke
University had violated Bakke’s rights
Affirmative Action w/o Fixed Quotas
• 1960’s: School systems began Busing students to comply with laws on desegregation
Forcing students to go to school miles from homes
Causing a “White Flight” by white families taking their children out of public schools
• 1971: Supreme Court upheld the use of busing
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
New Civil Rights Movement
• Early 1960’s: Notable Hispanic Movement began
Founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
• 1965: They organized a farm workers strike against California growers demanding
Recognition of the worker’s union
Increased wages for farm laborers
Better health and insurance benefits
• 1966: Chavez and Huerta joined forces to create the United Farm Workers
1966-1970: Coordinated a National Boycott by thousands of Americans to obtain recognition and negotiations with farm owners
• 1968: Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act
• 1969: Jose Angel Gutierrez formed La Raza Unida , “The United People’s Party” to:
Organize Hispanic Voters and improve housing, education, and wages
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
New Civil Rights Movement
• By 1960’s: Native Americans were the smallest minority group in America
• 1961: 400 members from 67 tribes met in Chicago, Ill.
Issued a Manifesto: Declaration of Indian Purpose
It was a statement supporting Self Determination
• 1968: Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act
Guaranteed protection under the U.S. Bill of Rights
Recognized authority of Local Reservation Laws
• 1969: Formation of militant American Indian Movement
Occupied Alcatraz Island in SF Bay (19 Months)
Seized town of Wounded Knee, SD (70 Days)
Demanded better admin of Reservations
Demanded government honoring past treaties
• 1975: Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Grassroots Movement
• 1960’s: Americans became concerned with the nation’s environment
Lumber Companies destroying forests
Smog smothering the nations cities
Garbage and sewage polluting lakes/rivers
Pesticides killing endangered species
• 1970: Americans held their first Earth Day Celebration to bring attention to the environment
Spontaneous Grassroots Movement grew out of a natural desire to protect the earth’s resources and environment
Among the organizations involved were:
Sierra Club (1892) – Environmental protection
Audubon Society (1905) – Nature Conservation
Wilderness Society (1935) – Land Preservation
Greenpeace (1972) – Protection of Biodiversity
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Environmental Legislation
• 1970: National Environmental Policy Act
Setting and Enforcing Pollution Standards
Promoting Research and Anti-Pollution activities
• 1970: Clean Air Act
Establishing and Enforcing Emission Standards
• 1972: Clean Water Act
Restricting and Monitoring the discharge of pollutants into the nation’s lakes and rivers
• 1973: Endangered Species Act
Established measures for saving endangered species
• Congress and President Nixon listened and acted on America’s calls for action
Political and Social Movements of the 60’s and 70’s
Toxic and Radioactive Concerns
• 1954-1962: Schools and Residential area was built over a toxic dump site in Niagara Falls, NY
• 1976: Two reporters tested water sump- pumps and found toxic chemicals
• 1976-1978: 56% of all children born in the area had birth defects
• 1978: President Jimmy Carter announced a National Heath Emergency and the State of NY relocated 200+ families
• 1979: Nuclear Reactor at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, PA overheated
Low levels of radiation escaped Nearby Residents were evacuated Reactor was eventually closed down
• U.S. Closed down 60 Nuclear Power Plants
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