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Printed and Flexible Sensors 2014-2024
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Fig. 3.4 An example of integration by PolyIC
Source: IDTechEx
3.4. Capacitive pressure sensing
In a capacitive pressure sensor, a compressible material is sandwiched between two plastic films with
electrodes. When the sensor is under compression, the change in capacitance can be detected.
This can be used as an array for pressure mapping, as in the example below:
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According to German manufacturer Wika, thick film pressure sensors are usually made in a clean room
because impurities during the screen-printing and the burn-in process will dramatically reduce yield. Only
major manufacturers are able to operate their plants with sufficient cleanliness levels to avoid any cross-
contamination and maintain the required high process stability.
4.2. Printed piezoresistive force sensors
4.2.1. Sensor construction
These sensors are usually based on a polymer ink which can be screen printed on PET film. The ink is
loaded with conductive particles enabling some amount of electrical conductance. When the material is
under compression, the amount of force can be determined by measuring the decrease in electrical
resistance. Since the material is based on a polymer (or an elastomer) it is not hard and brittle like ceramic
piezoresistors.
The piezoresistive material is sometimes referred to as a “semiconductor”, although it has nothing to do
with electronic bandgaps such as found in silicon (to add to the confusion, silicon is also a piezoresistive
material). In the present context, it simply designates a material with a variable resistance.
Interlink was the first company to commercialize what is known as the Force Sensing Resistor (FSR). The
sensors are made with three layers: the piezoresistive polymer, a spacer adhesive, and interdigitated
electrodes (usually silver, but can also be gold-plated copper).
Fig. 4.3 Printed piezoresistive force sensor construction
Source: Interlink Electronics
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Organic sensors are up to three times more sensitive to light than conventional CMOS sensors, whose
electronic components conceal some of the pixels, and consequently the photoactive silicon surface.
Organic sensors can be manufactured without the expensive post-processing step usually required for
CMOS sensors, which involves, for example, applying micro-lenses to increase the amount of captured light.
Every part of every single pixel, including the electronics, is sprayed with the liquid polymer solution, giving
a surface that is 100 percent light-sensitive. The low noise and high frame rate properties of the organic
sensors also make them ideal for cameras. Another advantage of the plastic sensors is that different
chemical compounds can be used to capture different parts of the light spectrum.
For example, the PCBM and P3HT polymers are ideal for the detection of visible light. Other organic
compounds, like squaraine dyes, are sensitive to light in the near-infrared region.
5.3.2. Quantum dots
IDTechEx visits NikkoIA
IDTechEx visited Grenoble recently, which has a particularly large concentration of companies working on
organic, printed and/or flexible electronics in France. One of those is start-up NikkoIA, aiming to exploit the
huge development in materials for displays and photovoltaics by using them as optical sensors. The
company makes visible and infrared image sensors using a combination of organic materials and quantum
dots layered on conventional TFT/CMOS backplanes. The company intend to make the sensor element,
including digital I/O controller, and sell these to system integrators.
Fig. 5.12 CMOS VGA organic image sensor with 15µm-pixels:
Source: NikkoIA
NikkoIA coat the organic thin films onto a TFT substrate or a CMOS sensor, resulting in an optical sensor.
The organic and inorganic materials they deposit vary depending on the application i.e. what part of the
visible and infrared spectrum is needed to detect. Most of the materials are organic layers but they
integrate some quantum dots to tune the sensitivity of the device to some light wavelengths.
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Fig. 5.15 Main drivers to replace silicon in two applications: CMOS image sensors and X-ray sensors
Source: IDTechEx
Recent news: NikkoIA SAS extends its organic imaging technology to X-rays and CMOS
substrates
NikkoIA have recently developed a version which has a scintillator layer over the light sensor. The
scintillator converts x-rays to visible light which can in turn be detected by the sensor.
Moirans/Grenoble (France) – 10th of April, 2013 – NikkoIA SAS carries on its organic image sensors
technology developments by extending its sensitivity to X-rays, and validates its compatibility with
substrates based on CMOS technology.
NikkoIA announces the production of several innovative organic image sensors, thereby confirming the
potential of its technology, and validates the technology building blocks that can be immediately
implemented to build its product lines.
NikkoIA’s technology consists in depositing thin films of photosensitive organic materials onto active or
passive reading substrates. Current products are mainly based on TFT backplanes on glass, with a
sensitivity optimized in the visible and/or 700/900nm spectrum range. The first evaluation cameras based
on these sensors have already been shipped to the company customers.
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Source: PST Sensors
The demonstrator below was made in collaboration with Blue Spark, EM Microelectronic, Fujifilm Dimatix,
CalPoly, Novacentrix, Sappi, and VTT. A cup of coffee placed on the sensing mat triggered one of the three
LEDs (Cool, Warm or Hot). PST Sensors manufactured the printed temperature sensor.
Fig. 6.5 Printed thermistor from PST sensor demonstrated at Printed Electronics Europe 2013
Source: IDTechEx
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9.2.5. ISORG, France
Company Name
ISORG
Company Ownership
Private Ownership
Company Description
History ISORG is a spin-off company from CEA LITEN, the French research laboratory from Grenoble, France. ISORG was created in May 2010 by a team of senior managers and experts coming from the high-tech or electronics industry (such as ST Microelectronics). In July 2012, ISORG opened their pilot manufacturing line (500 m2 of clean room with screen printing, gravure printing and slot die coating equipment). In 2013, they announced the construction of a production line (also in Grenoble), with an annual capacity of 1 million sheets (dimensions of plastic foils to be confirmed). Technology ISORG's technology is based on fully printed sensors. They are currently working on two types of sensors: organic photodetectors and temperature sensors. Organic photodetectors (OPD) The new technology was originally developed at CEA based on ISORG product vision. It is based on a new organic material which blends two types of semiconductors: n-type small molecules (fullerene) in a p-type polymer matrix. Most importantly, the material is solution processed, meaning it can be formulated as an ink and printed. ISORG screen-print the photoelectric layer to make photodiode devices for visible and near infra-red. Since the manufacturing process is simple and can be easily scaled to large substrates, ISORG say the OPD can be inexpensive compared to silicon photodiodes.
Plastic foil of organic photodetectors (source and copyright: ISORG)
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