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Danida (ref. 104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86)
Malaysia Government / DANIDA
Solid Waste Management Component
Europe Waste Management Legislation Study Tour Report
6th
January – 16th
January 2007
DANIDA
Ministry of Housing Danish International and Local Government Development Assistance
DocNo : SWMC_Tec_02-006-Europe Legal Study tour-a
Revision :
Issue : 01
Date of Issue : 22/01/07
Author : Fanim
Checked : Ib
Approved :
Danida (ref. 104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86)
Malaysia Government / DANIDA
Solid Waste Management Component
Europe Waste Management Legislation Study Tour Report
6th
January – 16th
January 2007
Europe Waste Management Legislation Study Tour Report
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Appendices 4
Abbreviation 7
1 Introduction 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Objectives of the visit 10 1.3 Programme 10
2 Planning and Implementing Authority 11 2.1 European Union 11 2.2 Waste policy and competent authorities 12
3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 17 3.1 Definition 17 3.2 Schemes 17 3.3 Operators 19
4 Treatment System 22
5 Billings/Payments 24
6 Economic Instruments 25
7 Conclusions 26
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Appendices
Appendix A: Legal Waste Management Europe Study Tour Programme
Appendix B: Agencies Visited
Appendix C: European Union
Material distributed prior to the study tour:
CA-1 – The European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management
(ETCRWM)
CA-2 – Wasteguide – Framework and Strategies for Waste Management in
European Cities (excluded in this report)
Presentation material by:
CB-1 – Christian Fischer, European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste
Management: EU Waste Legislation
Material received during the study tour:
CC-1 - Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 5 April 2006 on Waste (Text with EEA Relevance)
Appendix D: Denmark
Material provided prior to the study tour:
DA-1 – ETC RWM: Denmark Country Fact Sheet
DA-2 – Danish Environmental Protection Agency: Waste in Denmark
DA-3 – Danish Environment Protection Act – PART VI to VII
DA-4 – Statutory Order No. 617 of 27 June 2000 on Waste
DA-4 – Waste Management Regulations of City of Copenhagen and appended
appendices: D-1 to D-3 and Special Provisions for Collection of
Household Waste
DA-6 – Agreement between Environmental Protection Agency, City of
Copenhagen and Enterprises Regarding Transportation of Waste
DA-7 – City of Copenhagen: Copenhagen Waste Solutions (excluded in this
report)
Presentation material by:
DB-1 – Marianne Moth and Lis Vedel, Danish Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA): Regulations on Producer Responsibility
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DB-2 – Executive Adviser, Jens Purup, Environmental Protection Agency,
City of Copenhagen: Management of Solid Waste
DB-3 – Jes König, R98: Introduction to R98
DB-4 - Søren Jensen, Renoflex: Waste Contracting by Renoflex
Material received during the study tour:
DC-1 – Copy of Assessment Bill with Waste Fee Statement, City of
Copenhagen
Appendix E: Sweden
Material distributed prior to the study tour:
EA-1 – ETC RWM: Sweden Country Fact Sheet
EA-2 – Environmental Protection Act (Miljöbalk) (1998:808) updated until
(2006:1014) (Chapter 15)
EA-3 – The Swedish Association of Waste Management
Presentation material by:
EB-1 – Weine Wiqist, Managing Director: Avfall Sverige: Swedish Waste
Management
Appendix F: Germany
Material distributed prior to the study tour:
FA-1 – ETC RWM: Germany Country Fact Sheet
FA-2 – Act for Promoting Closed Loop Waste Management and
Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal (Gesetz zur Förderung
der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der) (Parts)
FA-3 – Perchards: Packaging Legislation in Germany
FA-4 – Waste Management Concept – Experience from Berlin
Presentation material by:
FB-1 - Dr. Thomas Klöckner, Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe (BSR): BSR
Profile
Appendix G: United Kingdom
Material distributed prior to the study tour:
GA-1 – ETC RWM: United Kingdom Country Fact Sheet
GA-2 – Environment Act 1990 as Amended - Section 33 to 34
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Presentation material by:
GB-1 – Ron Bates, Head of Private Finance Policy, Waste Implementation
Programme, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
(Defra):
(i) Government‟s Role in Facilitation New Infrastructure
(ii) Investment Routes and Options for Local Authorities
GB-2 – Tricia Henton, Director of Environment Protection Environment
Agency: Overview of the Environment Agency
GB-3 – John Kutner, Deputy Chief Executive, Veolia Environmental Services
Plc :Private Sector Experience of UK Waste Procurement
GB-4 – Malvin Trigg, Assistant Director, Communities Department,
Nottinghamshire County Council: Private Sector Experience of UK
Waste Procurement
GB-5 – Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal
Advisory (Martineau Johnson): Waste PFI in the UK
GB-6 – John Lucas, Technical Director, Enviros Consulting Limited
The Role of the Technical Adviser
GB-7 – Steve Bell, Technical Manager, Waste Management Enviros
Consulting Limited: The Regulation of Waste Management Activities
Material received during the study tour:
GC-1 – Standardisation of Waste Management PFI Contracts: Guidance on
SoPC Derogations (Defra)
GC-2 - John Burns, Director Waste Implementation Programme (Defra):
Waste Sector Update- Recent Developments and Work in Progress
GC-3 – Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal
Advisory (Martineau Johnson): The UK Private Finance Initiative in
the Waste Sector - A Presentation to Malaysian Government/Danida
GC-4 – Investment in Municipal Waste (Defra)
GC-5 – Duty of Care
GC-6 – Recording for All Waste Received or Transferred through a System of
Signed Waste Transfer Notes (WTN)
GC-7 – UK Database on Waste Criminals
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Abbreviation
BSR Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe
DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance
DEFRA Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
EA Environment Agency
EU European Union
EPR Extended Producers Responsibility
ICI Institutional Commercial Industrial (reference to waste)
LATS Landfill Allowance and Trading Scheme
PAYT Pay as you throw
PFI Public/ private Financing scheme
PPP Public Private Partnership
SW Solid Waste
SWM Solid Waste Management
UK United Kingdom
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Executive Summary
The study tour was structured to address the legal and institutional requirements towards
formalizing and organizing of the solid waste management system in the visited countries,
which includes:
Codifying strategies into the legal system
Practices and procedures for an integrated Solid Waste (SW) management system
Other tools and instruments in solid waste management
This report shall seek to highlight areas of relevance to the current situation and agenda in
Malaysia regarding setting-up of the solid waste management system. For Malaysia policies
have been formulated and strategies have been conceptualized at national level. As part of
the preparation towards institutionalizing the solid waste management system, it has been
considered beneficial to acknowledge experiences from other countries.
Europe is in the forefront in solid waste management system. The European Union
prescribes overall strategic directions and framework which member states has to comply
with the aim to limit the generation of waste. Following this, the member states will proceed
to transpose the directives into their respective legislative framework.
In all four countries visited, i.e. Denmark, Sweden, Germany and England, the European
Union (EU) directives forms a framework for strategies and policies on SW management.
Particularly of major consequence is the Framework Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) a
framework for coordinating waste management planning within member states. The
essential objective of the Directive is to establish a coherent and integrated solid waste
management system and to protect human health and the environment against harmful
effects caused by the collection, transport, treatment, storage and tipping of waste. Other
major EU Directives in the Landfill Directive and the Packaging Directive.
It is found that all four countries have common SW management traits which can be
summarized under following areas:
Planning and implementing authority
Decisions on overall strategies and targets are made at the Federal Government level
Federal government is not involved in detailed planning or operational matters
Physical planning for solid waste infrastructure and achievement of targets are
formulated at regional/local government level
SW Integrated Management
Integration are build into a system, with a number of operators, operating different
schemes
SW schemes are established at regional/local government level and may include all
waste generators or the municipal waste generators only
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SW collection is always a local authority task
SW treatment is similarly established at regional/local government level The
municipalities either form partnerships to establish and operate common facilities
(Denamrk, Sweden, Germany) or the task are by law allocated to a higher regional
level (United Kingdom)
Strict regulation of ICI (institutional commercial industrial) waste
Certain waste fractions are managed directly by commodity producers (producer
responsibility) and consequently excluded from public SW management schemes
Billing/Payments
Payments are typically by the authority to the concession or contractor (except for
Berlin, which does direct billing).
The authorities typically collect the costs (full cost recovery) from the user through a
specific heading on the property assessment bill or as a specific heading on the
dedicated utility bill.
Economic instruments
Economic instruments are gaining momentum in all visited countries. Landfill taxes,
deposit-refund systems, and product taxes are among the instruments commonly
used.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Solid waste management is one of the five components in the current phase of the
Malaysian-Danish Environmental Cooperation Programme and has embraced two critical
project elements which are the institutional development and promotion of public
participation in the management of Solid Waste Management (SWM) services and
facilities.
This study tour was designed to support the development of institutions including systems,
mechanisms, procedures, management tools related to the establishment and operation of
SWM services and facilities.
In 2003 the Government of Malaysia commenced preparation of the National Strategic Plan
and a SW Bill which when officially adopted will provide a coherent framework for solid
waste management.
1.2 Objectives of the visit
The visit to Europe was intended to widen the agencies‟ understanding of legal and
institutional requirement in solid waste management, particularly on current European
strategies on SWM with focus on codifying of the strategies in the legislation. By the end
of the study tour we aimed to have gained understanding of how the SWM systems work in
Europe and lessons learn on what works and why.
1.3 Programme
Appendix A shows the full programme for the visit. A delegation of 14 people participated
in the tour: five representatives from Ministry of Housing and Local Government, two
representatives from the Economic Planning Unit, two representatives from the Attorney
General‟s office, one from the Ministry of Finance, two from Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment and two from the Project Component. The full list of
delegation is appended in Appendix A. The team departed Kuala Lumpur on the 6th January
and arrived in Copenhagen on the 7th January 2007.
The first three days were spent in Copenhagen where we visited and met a range of
agencies, including the National Environmental Protection Agency, Amagerforbraending,
and the European Topic Centre. (See full list of agencies met in Appendix B). We
proceeded to Sweden on the fourth day to learn about SWM based on producer
responsibility and continued the journey to Berlin, Germany on the same day. In Berlin, the
team was introduced to the role of a public corporation in solid waste management. The tour
concluded on the sixth day in the United Kingdom where the representatives organisations
met introduced the “duty of care”principle and development of the advanced public/private
financing schemes (PFI).
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2 Planning and Implementing Authority
2.1 European Union
2.1.1 Waste management planning
The EU Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) represents the overall “framework” for SWM in
the member states. This Directive lays down the general requirements for all types of
waste, unless they are specifically regulated by other directives. The member states must
transpose the Directives into national law before the rules have legal force.
The Waste Framework Directive includes a planning obligation for the member states. All
member states are required to prepare waste management plans which address the type,
quantity and origin of waste to be recovered or disposed of. The requirements include:
Establishing of an integrated and adequate network of treatment facilities
Waste to be disposed in one of the nearest appropriate installations
Undertakings collecting or transporting waste to be registered
Undertakings collecting or transporting waste to be subject to inspection by the gov-
ernment
2.1.2 Directive on the landfill of waste (99/31/EC)
The objective of the Directive is to prevent or reduce negative effects on the environment
from the landfilling of waste, by introducing stringent technical requirements for waste and
landfills.
The most radical component of the directive is the restriction on disposal of biodegradable
waste on landfills, to reduce the methane formation.
A target has been set where disposal of biodegradable waste on landfills must be phased
out: by 2010 to 75%; by 2013 to 50%; by 2020 to 35%.
2.1.3 Directive on packaging and packaging waste (94/62/EC)
The objectives of the directive are to enhance reduction in packaging, to increase reuse
packaging, and to enhance recovery and recycling of packaging waste. Member states are
directed to take necessary measures no later than 31 December 2008 to attain the following
minimum recycling targets for materials contained in packaging waste will be attained:
60% by weight for glass
60% by weight for paper and board
50% by weight for metals
22.5% by weight for plastics
15% by weight for wood
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2.1.4 Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (2000/95/EC)
The objective of the directive is to tackle the fast increasing waste stream of electrical and
electronic equipment It aims to induce design modifications that make WEE easier to dis-
mantle, recycle and recover, to improve recycling and to ensure safe management of haz-
ardous components.
Member states are directed to take necessary measures to attain the following targets for re-
covery and recycling by 31 December 2006
80% minimum recovery rate for large household appliances
70% minimum recovery rate for small household appliances
2.1.5 Directive on batteries and accumulators (91/157/EEC)
This directive targets the recovery and controlled disposal of spent batteries and accumula-
tors containing dangerous substances.
Once this Directive is in force, the Member State will have more than five years to achieve:
A minimum average collection rate equivalent to 60 grams per inhabitant per year for spent
portable batteries and accumulators
A minimum collection rate equivalent to 80% of the total quantity of spent portable nickel-
cadmium batteries and accumulators produced in a year
2.2 Waste policy and competent authorities
The waste hierarchy form the basis of government policy on the way waste is managed i.e.
towards reduction, re-use, recycling and composting, and energy recovery. Where waste is
produced it should be viewed as a resource to be put to good use – disposal should be the
last option for dealing with it.
Decisions on overall directions and targets are made at the Federal Government level
through a national waste management plan which will often be of a strategic nature often
with certain objectives.
Action oriented operational plans with detailed descriptions of current collection systems,
treatment plants etc. are formulated at regional/local government level.
2.2.1 Denmark
Danish waste policy comprises both prevention and handling of waste. The overall
authority on waste matters is the Danish Environmental Protection Agency under the
Ministry of Environment. Municipalities are in charge of the practical administration of
solid waste management, including planning and establishing of facilities, establishing and
implementation of SW schemes, delivery of SW services and regulation of the SW
generators.
The responsibility of the municipalities include ALL types of waste i.e. households,
commercial, industrial, hazardous and demolition waste.
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At the national level, targets are set for recycling, incineration and landfilling as follows:
Recycling levels
Domestic waste – 50% Industrial waste – 65%
Bulky waste – 25% Construction and demolition waste – 90%
Garden waste – 95%
The overall distribution of tasks is as depicted in the diagram below:
The legislation provides for the flexibility of allowing the municipalities to form inter-
municipality partnerships when preparing the solid waste plans with the aim of achieving
economies of scale in solid waste treatment. There are limited economies of scale in collection
therefore no partnerships are established for this area. It is mandatory, that landfills shall be
owned by the municipalities. Incinerators may be owned by private entities, but most facilitates
are established and operated by intermunicipal partnerships.
2.2.2 Sweden
The Environment Act 1998 states that municipalities are responsible for planning of all
waste from all sources, including ICI waste. The responsibility includes provision of
treatment capacity.
For the management and collection of waste, the municipalities are only responsible for
domestic waste. The responsibility includes establishing and implementation of SW
schemes, delivery of SW services and regulation of the SW generators.
Management and collection of waste from non-domestic sources are organised by the
individual waste generators, however regulations on sorting and use of licensed transporters
and licensed disposal facilities have to be complied with.
A considerable portion of the non-domestic waste are governed under the „extended
producers responsibility‟ concept (EPR), which requires producers, importers, fillers etc. to
Ministry of Environment and Energy
Environmental Protection Agency
Regions (5) Environmental approval of
facilities
Physical Planning
Plan and establish facilities
Waste regulations
Solid waste schemes
Enforcement
Municipalities (98)
Environmental Protection Act
Statutory Order on Waste
General objectives and Guidelines
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take the responsibility for the collection and recycle of waste deriving from their products.
Under the legislation on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), producers of goods have
to meet statutory targets for recycling of the goods after consumption. Refer to section 3.2
below.
There are no recycling targets for household waste but there are targets for the specific
waste streams dealt with by the EPR legislation.
Specific targets are set for example for waste paper a recycling target of 75% is set, plastic
30%, steel 50% and glass 70%.
As for Denmark, the legislation provides for the flexibility of allowing the municipalities to
form inter-municipality partnerships when preparing the solid waste plans with the aim of
achieving economies of scale in solid waste treatment. Municipalities or intermunicipal
partnerships own most of the disposal infrastructure including most of the landfills.
2.2.3 Germany
For Germany, being a federation of states (Bundeslander), the State governments prepare
conceptual solid waste management plans, whilst the municipalities proceed to prepare the
detailed plans. Each State in Germany has its own waste management act beneath the
national waste legislation.
Management of domestic waste, including collection, recycling and disposal, is the
responsibility of the municipalities. Waste management plans and SW schemes are
prepared only for domestic waste
As for Sweden management and collection of waste from non-domestic sources are
organised by the individual waste generators, however regulations on sorting and use of
licensed transporters and licensed disposal facilities have to be complied with.
As for Sweden a considerable portion of the non-domestic waste are governed under the
EPR concept, implementation of a licensing system is the existing form of regulation on
industries.
Ministry of Environment
Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Authorities
Municipalities Prepare plans for solid waste from all
sources
Responsible for collection and trans-
portation of domestic waste
Environment Protection Act
Regional waste management plan
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Recycling targets are set for packaging 77%, plastic, glass and paper 80% and batteries
34%.
2.2.4 England
For England the national authority is divided between the Department of Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency (EA). DEFRA, as a
Government department, functions as the policy maker on matters pertaining to
environmental sustainability and solid waste, including financing issues, and the
Environment Agency, as a public corporation, is responsible for the implementation of the
policies and regulation aspects of solid waste management. The EA has regional offices in
the counties.
The responsibility towards domestic waste management is divided between the Counties
and the District Councils The Counties are responsible for planning and implementation of
solid waste treatment and disposal facilities and the district councils are responsible for
collection of domestic waste, including the preparation of SW schemes. The responsibility
for solid waste planning is placed at the district level, implying that the catchment area for
one regional disposal facility may be covered by a number of SW plans. Agreements
between the counties and the district councils therefore have to be established. For
Nottinghamshire the agreement is that the district councils only are obliged to deliver their
waste 5 miles out of their boundary. If the distance is bigger the county must provide for a
transfer station.
Non-domestic waste has traditionally been enforced by the Environment Agency, without
involvement of the regional office or municipalities. The regulation is to large extent still
based on self-regulation principles (“duty to care”). The current duty-to-care system is
based on transfer notes, following the waste from generator to final disposal. When the
waste is transferred, the ownership and responsibility is transferred concurrently leaving the
previous owners with no duties and responsibility for the final disposal.
Due to increasing problems with illegal dumping and trans-boundary shipment of non-
domestic waste the municipalities are increasingly being involved in the monitoring and
enforcement. The EA has started to form partnerships with the municipalities to deal with
illegal dumping, and a revision in the legislation is expected to formalize the role of the
municipalities.
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety
Federal Environmental Agency
Closed Substance Cycle and
Waste Management Act
State Waste management conception
State Waste Management Act
Municipalities Waste management plan
Regulates only household
waste
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The duty-to-care principles have now been put under revision, with more traditional
regulatory powers expected to be introduced. The term “environmental crime” for illegal
dumping was introduced in 2005, and a new unit of former police officers was established.
The EA and the municipalities have established a common national database for reporting
incidents of illegal dumping: “Flycapture”.
Targets are set to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste by 2005, 30% by 2010
and 33% by 2015.
Dept. for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(DEFRA)
National Waste Strategy
Policy formulation
Environment Agency
Fees and charges
Scheme approvals
Inspection/compliance/surveillence
Licensing/certification/registration/tracking
Publicity and awareness
Districts (238)
Waste collection
authorities
Counties (34)
Waste disposal
authorities
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3 Integrated Solid Waste Management
3.1 Definition
Integration is achieved when all components of solid waste management i.e. sorting,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal, covering all waste types, are combined in
a coherent and consistent manner with the purpose of optimizing the entire system
economically and environmentally.
Integration may be achieved by assigning one single operator to undertake all aspects of
SWM or by defining the integration at system level through overall SWM plans and
subsequently specifying the role of the individual operators through regulations (SWM
schemes, supported by approvals, licenses and other regulation) and through private law
agreements.
For all 4 visited countries integration was established at system level allowing for a number
of operators in the system.
3.2 Schemes
The solid waste management schemes specify the duties and tasks of the parties involved in
SWM. The schemes describe the duties of the waste generators (sorting, use and location of
bins etc), the duties and the tasks of the transporters and the duties and tasks of the
treatment facilities. The schemes further direct the waste flow from the generator to the
desired treatment/disposal facility(-ies).
Duties of waste generator
Sort waste
Location and use of
containers
Duties of waste collector
Where and how to collect
Where to bring
Requirements for equipment
and vehicles
Only handle waste sorted
according to scheme
Schedules
Documentation
Duties of facilities operator
How to treat waste
What to receive and from
whom
Documentation
In all four visited countries the schemes are designed by the local authorities and are done
through regulations.
Table below shows that all countries implement schemes for domestic waste In the case of
Denmark ALL waste from all sources are regulated by schemes. For the other countries
non-domestic waste was managed by general regulation, registration of transporters and
approval of treatment facilities. For England management of non-domestic waste is
generally based on self-regulating principles.
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Domestic waste Commercial, industrial and construction waste
Denmark
SW Management schemes SW Management schemes
Sweden SW Management schemes Generators select among registered transporters,
transporters may only bring to approved facility, strict
enforcement
Germany SW Management schemes Generators select among registered transporters,
transporters may only bring to approved facility, strict
enforcement
England SW Management schemes Managed by Duty of Care principle (self-policing):
- Waste transfer note to follow each load
- Transfer only to authorized persons
- Follow code of practice
In Denmark, there are two types of schemes: collection schemes and assignment schemes.
In the case of collection schemes the transporter collect waste on behalf of the council, and
therefore additionally requires a contract/agreement with the council, while for assignment
schemes, the transporter(s) operates as private entity, but has to follow the requirements of
the scheme. For domestic waste the schemes are always collection schemes, while for non-
domestic waste both types are seen. Collection schemes are most often used for specific
waste streams, such as used tyres, sludge etc.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a form of private scheme where producers of
commodities are obliged to ensure disposal of their own products after consumption.
Usually they come together and form an association that undertakes the collection and
recycling. The commodity producer takes over the responsibility from the waste generator
as the waste is not allowed in the public collection schemes. Each producer/importer pay to
the association according to amount (by weight) of product sent on the market. The private
arrangement helps release the financial burden from the public system but will increase the
overall costs in the system due to the existence of parallel collection system. Invariably, the
producer responsibility schemes may reduce the consumption of raw materials as the
producer will tend to reduce the amounts of material used, to save payment to the
association.
The use of producer responsibility s most widespread in Sweden and Germany, while
Denmark and England only have introduced EPR for waste types as required for the EU.
Denmark Only according to EU Directives: WEEE and end of life vehicles
Sweden Packaging, tyres, bulbs, paper, WEEE and end of life vehicles
Germany Packaging, WEEE, end of life vehicles
England Only according to EU Directives: WEEE and end of life vehicles
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3.3 Operators Schemes may be operated by the Council, a concession company or private contractors and
tasks may be distributed according to service types or waste types. For non-domestic waste
licensed private companies may operate within the framework of the scheme without
contract (assignment schemes).
Denmark
For Copenhagen, domestic waste is managed by a concessionaire (Renholdningsselskabet
af 1898 (R98)). R98 is a non-profit company owned by the landowners, houseowners, and
the social housing and tenants associations of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg (the parties
that requires the waste to be collected). The City Councils of Copenhagen and
Frederiksberg are members of the board. The company is assigned to collect household
waste from the Municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg until 2020. However, the
agreement has been criticized by the transporter associations to distort competition and a
voluntary agreement to stepwise liquidate the agreement has been agreed upon. The scope
of services provided by R98 includes:
collection of waste from households and small businesses in collection areas
collection and management of recyclable materials
customer contact and consultation
information
R&D and pilot schemes to continuously improve performance and recycling levels
R98 charges the municipality a waste fee which is derived from costs of new initiatives,
cost of operations and treatment costs. The fee for collection of waste for disposal consists
of the following elements:
fee per collection point
fee per bin/container volume
fee per bin/container
additional fees – fee for distances more than 15 meters to the collection point from the
collection van; and fee for using bin lifts (e.g. to lift bins from basements) and other
facilities
The fees have to be approved by the City Council yearly. The City Council imposes
“service improvement goals” on the company and systematic measures the development in
efficiency (e.g. no of emptyings/ truck/day) to ensure the citizens economically benefit of
the reduced costs. The fees include the gate fee the disposal plant.
The concession agreement generally defines “the way of working” between the authorities
and the concessionaire. Due to the long duration of the concession, it is not possible to
include technical requirements in the agreement.
In most other Danish municipalities, domestic solid waste collection is contracted out,
based on open tenders. A model contracting company visited was Renoflex which operates
in a large number of municipalities based on (EU) public tenders. The contracts are usually
made for duration of 5-6 years. KPI/penalty system is in place to ensure performance. For
some municipalities the KPI/penalty system is extremely detailed.
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The basic treatment facilities in Denmark are owned and operated by the municipalities or
municipal partnerships, e.g. Amagerforbranding, the Copenhagen incineration plant, which
is jointly owned by City of Copenhagen and 4 other municipalities. The public ownership
is mainly due the high requirement to the environmental performance of the facilities. It is
further seen as an advantage that the contractors for collection is not managing the disposal
facilities, as the double ownership may act as an incentive to deliver waste to their disposal
facilities compared to recycling. Treatment facilities are both owned and managed by a
municipality or a municipality partnership e.g. Amagerforbranding which is jointly owned
by City of Copenhagen and 4 other municipalities).
The SW management system is fully financed by the municipalities, and no funding is
required from national government. The municipalities may take loans nationally as well as
internationally for the purpose, and the costs are recovered by full user payment. The public
treatment facilities often accumulate surplus to finance future investments.
Ownership and operation of SWM services in Denmark
Type Ownership Means of municipal control
Basic facilities
- Landfill, incineration
- Hazardous waste
(Inter) Municipal - Ownership
(Ban on privately owned
landfills)
Collection of domestic waste
(Copenhagen)
Private foundation
owned by the private
waste generators (non-
profit)
- 25 year concession
- members on the board
- municipal scheme
- approval of fees
Collection of domestic waste
(other municipalities)
Municipal - Ownership
Collection of domestic waste
(other municipalities)
Private (one operator) - Contracts 4-6 years
- Municipal scheme
- Bonus/penalty (KPI)
Collection of ICI waste Private (A number of
operators approved in
the scheme)
- Compulsory agreement
- Quality of treatment
- Handling of residues
Waste recycling Private - Compulsory agreement
- Quality of treatment
- Handling of residues
Sweden
The structure of ownership and operation in Sweden is basically similar to Denmark
Ownership and operation of SWM services in Sweden
Public sector
(Local authority)
Private sector
(always contracts)
Household waste collection 30% 70%
Material recycling - 100%
Organic waste recycling 90% 10%
Waste to energy 80% 20%
Landfill 80% 20%
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Germany
In Berlin, one public corporation is responsible for collection and disposal of all domestic
solid waste (Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe, BSR). The corporation acts on behalf of the
municipal authority, and is a non-profit organization.
The corporation carries out most collection and treatment internally, but outsources a certain
percentage of the collection and treatment to private contractors based on open EU tenders.
Refer to section 4 below.
The local authorities are fully self-financing as for Denmark and Sweden.
England
In England, two authorities are involved: county level manages disposal of waste and district
level manages collection of waste.
District councils undertake solid waste collection. Public EU tendering of the collection are
compulsory, however, the district councils are allowed to bid for own tender. Currently 35-
40% of the collection is carried out by private contractors Contract period for collection is
typically for 6-7 years.
The Counties are responsible for treatment and disposal. The counties may build and own the
treatment facilities, but it is compulsory to tender out the operation. Counties which want to
maintain public ownership to facilities face problems getting financing approved by national
government. Facilities are therefore often established by the contractor, who also becomes
responsible for the financing. (Public Private Partnerships – PPP). Generally this is seen by
the counties and the private supplier/operator as a disadvantage, as the interest on private
loans is typically considerably higher than public loans. If the project and tender material
fulfills a number of specified procurement criteria, the project may qualify for the national
“Private Finance Initiative” (PFI) financing. The recently awarded incinerator in Nottingham
(Veolia), qualified for the PFI. The contract document (excluding appendices) passed 800
pages. The PFI consists of a yearly subsidy to the county throughout the 25 years contract
period.
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4 Treatment System
Two overall tendencies can be identified for SW treatment systems in Europe which are
thermal treatment and biological treatment. Diversion of waste away from landfill is the
main driver. According to the EU landfill directive all member States are obliged to set up
national strategies to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill.
Disposal of biodegradable waste on landfills must be phased out: by 2010 to 75%; by 2013
to 50%; by 2020 to 35%. The current status for the visited countries is stated below:
Treatment of solid waste for disposal
Denmark 90% waste to energy
10% landfilling
National ban on landfilling of biodegradable
waste
Sweden 80% waste to energy
15% landfilling
Some composting and biogas plants. National ban
on landfilling of biodegradable waste
Germany 50% waste to energy
40% landfilling
Some composting, biogas and MBT/RDF plants
establish to supplement incineration
England 85% landfilling
15% incineration
Landfill Allowance Trading System (LATS)
As presented in the above table all visited countries except England have achieved the
target.
For Denmark and Sweden incineration is by the most important means of diverting waste
for disposal from landfills.
For Germany additional technologies has to some extent been introduced. The technologies
include mechanically-biological treatment, mechanical physical treatment and RDF, with
the main objective to pre-treat the organic waste to avoid release of methane when
subsequently landfilled. Such additional technologies are mainly introduced by
municipalities that politically have decided to limit the use of incineration. This is among
others the case for Berlin.
Solid Waste Treatment facilities in Berlin Waste processed
Incinerator Ruhleben 520,000 ton
Transfer station south 233,000 ton
Mechanical-biological treatment (Vorketzin) (74,000 ton)
Mechanical-physical treatment (Reinickendorf) (59,000 ton)
Mechanical-treatment (Wilmersdorf) (100,000 ton)
TOTAL 983,000 ton
For United Kingdom achieving the targets are challenging. UK has therefore used the
possibility provided in the EU Directive to postpone the diversion targets by another four
years.
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To achieve the target, it is expected that an investment at 10 billion GBP is required. A
“national waste minimization and recycling fund” with 270 mill GBP over a 4 year period
has been established to support district councils in activities to divert waste from disposal
to recycling.
The “Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003” establishes the “Landfill Allowance and
Trading Scheme (LATS)” as a unique tool to optimize the investments for landfill
diversion. Each county are required to achieve the landfill diversion rates, within the
stipulated timeframe. However, instead of investing in own facilities, a county may
purchase “landfill allowances” from other counties, that over-fullfill their target, for a
negotiated rate.
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5 Billings/Payments
All countries visited have full user payment for SWM (except for incentive oriented
specific funding systems for recycling etc and national funding schemes like the UK PFI-
financing tool).
All countries visited, except for Berlin, Germany, collect the waste fee for household waste
through indirect billing i.e. through property tax/assessment on the landowners or
combined utility bills. The cost of solid waste is explicitly specified on the assessment bill,
and all funds collected under the heading are directed directly to the SW Department.
There are three variations of payment schedule:
Flat rate (same price for all households)
Differential flat rate (based on type of property e.g. apartments, bungalows)
Pay as you throw (PAYT) either by volume or by weight. Paying by volume (bin size)
is the most commonly used
For Berlin direct billing is imposed. The billing is issued by the Corporation. The level of
non-payment for services in Germany is very low. It is compulsory for the Corporation to
ensure that all payments are done, and all non-payments – even the slightest - are followed
up by execution and prosecution.
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6 Economic Instruments
There is a clear tendency to include economic instruments in solid waste management.
The EU has no authority to legislate about tax but do promote the use of economic
instruments as an alternative tool to legislations.
All the visited countries increasingly use economic instruments to achieve desired targets.
Examples of application of economic instruments include:
Waste tax Tax on waste for landfills and (in some countries) incineration
Deposit-refund systems Aluminium cans, pet-bottles, glass bottles, SLI (starting, ignition,
lighting) batteries etc
Product taxes to change
behavior of consumers
Disposable packaging, plastic bags, disposable curtlery and dishes
Product taxes to finance
collection and recycling
Used tyres, Ni-Ca batteries, car batteries, end of life vehicles
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7 Conclusions
Generally solid waste management is organized at the local authority level to ensure that
the services rendered match expectations of the local community. Solid waste management
further requires interaction between the authority and each individual premise on the
management and handling of the waste.
Overall strategies and policies are decided at national level and cascaded down to the State
level and subsequently to the local authority level.
The solid waste management systems established on the local level are based on
comprehensive planning, which converts the overall goals and strategies to concrete
investments and strategies for sorting, collection and treatment of the individual waste
types. SW schemes functions as the main regulatory tool to direct the flow of waste in
accordance with the plan. Producer responsibility and economic instruments further
enhances the management of solid waste system.
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Appendix A Legal Waste Management Europe Study Tour Programme
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives
The objective of the study tour is to present current European strategies on solid
waste managing with focus on the codifying of the strategies in the legislation.
The study tour will visit the following countries:
European Union (The Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen)
Denmark (Copenhagen)
Sweden (Malmoe)
Germany (Berlin)
Great Britain (London)
The four countries illustrate different tendencies in SWM in Europe:
Denmark is leading in integrated and systematic managing of waste from all
types of sources, establishing solid waste services schemes for domestic
waste as well as industrial waste, construction waste etc.
Sweden and Germany are leading in organizing SWM management based
on producer responsibility (take-back systems).
Great Britain has spearheaded the development of the “duty of care”
principle and has developed advanced public/private financing schemes
(PFI).
Among the issues to be presented are:
Integrated SWM systems
SW services schemes
Relation between authorities and contractors (concessionaires)
Producer responsibility
Economic instruments
Financing
Cost recovery and enforcement (responsibility of waste generators,
security and confiscation etc)
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2 List of Participants
The following representatives from Malaysian Government agencies and the
SWMC will participate in the study tour:
(1) DANIDA ACCOUNT:
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Dato' Ahmad Fuad b. Ismail, Secretary General (Head of Delegation)
Datin Arpah bt. Abdul Razak, Director General, Local Government
Department
Mr. Iskandar Ali b. Dewa, Legal Advisor
Ms. Raihani Bt. Che Mamat, Assistant Director, Solid Waste Management
Division, Local Government Department
Ms. Wan Azura Bt. Wan Mohd Nasir, Assistant Director, Solid Waste
Management Division, Local Government Department
Economic Planning Unit
Mr. Himmat Singh, Director, Social Services Section
Mr. Ahmad Husni b. Hussain, Deputy Director, Privatisation Section
Attorney General’s Office
Ms. Nor Azura bt. Mohamed Zohdi, Senior Federal Counsel, Advisory
Division
• Ms. Mazni bt. Nawi, Senior Assistant Parliamentary Draftsman, Drafting
Division
Ministry of Finance
Mr. Muhammad Salimi Bin Sajari, Principal Assistant Secretary,
Investment, MKD (Inc.) and Privatization Division
SWMC
• Mr. Ib Larsen, Chief Technical Advisor, SWMC
• Ms. Nor Fanim Mohd Amin, Institutional Specialist, SWMC
(2) MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT:
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Dr. Nadzri Bin Yahaya, Deputy Under Secretary, Environmental
Conservation
Mr. Lee Choong Min, Director, River Division, Department of
Environment
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(3) PRIVATE ACCOUNT
M.E.I Project Engineers Sdn Bhd
Mr. Lim Kok Khong, Managing Director
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3 Itinerary
3.1 Programme
Europe Legal Study Tour Programme (6 to 16 January 2007)
Time Saturday, 6 January Sunday, 7 January Monday, 8 January Tuesday, 9 January
06.00 05.55 – Arrive Amsterdam
07.00 07.50 – Depart Amsterdam for
Copenhagen (Flight MH9253/
KL1125) 08.00
09.00 09.25 – Arrive Copenhagen Airport
and transfer to The Square Hotel
09.00 – Visit to Ministry of Environment
and Energy, Solid Waste Management
and Legal Offices
09.00 – Visit to City of
Copenhagen, Department of
Environment 10.00
Day free 11.00 11.00 – Site visit to Amagerforbræ nding
(incinerator)
11.00 – Back to hotel
12.00
13.00 13.00 – Lunch with Amagerforbræ nding 13.00 – Lunch with R98
14.00 14.00 – Visit to European Union: Topic
Centre for Waste
14.00 – Visit to R98, Household
Waste Concessionaire, City of
Copenhagen 15.00
16.00 16.00 – Introduction to SWM in
Denmark and the sites of the study
tour at the Square Hotel (Ib Larsen)
16.00 – Back to hotel 16.00 – Visit to Renoflex,
Private major waste collection
company, Denmark 17.00
18.00 18.00 – Free 18.00 – Back to hotel
19.00 19.00 – Dinner (hosted by COWI A/S) 19.00 – Dinner 19.00 – Dinner
20.00
21.00 21.45 – Check-in KLIA for
Copenhagen (Flight MH0016)
22.00
23.00 23.45 – Depart for Amsterdam
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Time Wednesday, 10 January Thursday, 11 January Friday, 12 January Saturday, 13 January
08.00 Site visits
08.30 – R98/Renoflex SW
collection systems
11.00 – Copenhagen Recycling
Centre
09.00 09.00 – Depart for Malmoe, Sweden
by bus
09.00 – Visit to Berlin Solid Waste
Agency (BSR)
10.00 – Half day Berlin tour
(optional)
10.00 10.00 – Visit to Swedish Association
of Waste Management (RVF)
11.00
12.00 12.30 – Lunch with Copenhagen
Recycling Centre
12.00 – Lunch at Old City Hall,
Centre Square, Malmoe
12.30 - Lunch
13.00 13.00 – Sightseeing in Malmoe and
return to Copenhagen 14.00 14.00 – Sightseeing (Royal
Palace, Little mermaid, etc)
14.30 – Visit to Alba, Berlin Green
Dot (Producer Responsibility
Managing Company)
Day free
15.00
16.00 16.00 – Sightseeing continued /
(some participants : Meeting with
the Danish Association of
Industries)
17.00 17.30 – Leave for Copenhagen
Airport (No dinner, please take a
quick bite) 18.00
Evening free
18.00 – Back to hotel
19.00 19.30 – Depart for Berlin (Flight
SK1677)
19.00 – Dinner
20.00 20.25 – Arrive Berlin Tegel Airport
and transfer to Savoy Hotel Berlin
Malaysian Government / DANIDA Solid Waste Management Component (2006-2009)
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Time Sunday, 14 January Monday, 15 January Tuesday, 16 January
06.00 06.30 – Arrive Kuala Lumpur
09.00 09.00 – Seminar on British SW
regulation at Department of Trade
and Industry:
Presentation by:
Ministry;
Environmental Protection
Agency;
Local Authority;
Waste Management Company;
Law firm (contract issues)
Technical advisor (performance
criteria)
Discussion with delegation on
presentation and legal issues
10.00 10.30 – Depart for Berlin Tegel
Airport from hotel 11.00
12.00
13.00 13.00 – Depart for London (Flight
BA0983)
14.00 14.00 – Arrive London and transfer
to Selfridge Hotel London
14.00 – Lunch
15.00
16.00 16.00 – Back to hotel
17.00
18.00 18.00 – Depart for London
Heathrow Airport (No dinner,
please take a quick bite) 19.00 19.00 – Dinner
20.00
21.00
22.00 22.00 – Depart for Kuala Lumpur
(Flight MH0001)
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3.2 Summary list of agencies to be visited
Denmark
Agency Details
1 Ministry of Environment
and Energy, Solid Waste
Manage and Legal Offices
Principles of solid waste regulation in
Denmark
Regulations on solid waste schemes
Regulations on producer responsibility,
including take-back
Regulations on deposit-refund systems
Regulations on deposits for security
2 Visit to European Union:
Topic Centre for Waste
Presentation of solid waste regulation
on European level.
Requirements for the member states to
organize SWM
The use of producer responsibility and
other new SWM tools
3 City of Copenhagen,
Department of Environment
Regulations and management of solid
waste schemes, including the duties and
role of SW generators, transporters and
treatment facilities
Management of concessionaire and
contractors
Fees and payment, recovery of unpaid
fees
4 R98, Household Waste
Concessionaire, City of
Copenhagen
The regulation and functions of the
concessionaire and the relations to the
Authority (concessionaire perspective)
– incl. KPI, payment, financing, etc.
5 Renoflex, Private Major
Waste Collection
Company, Denmark
Management of household collection
schemes for 15 small/medium sized
municipalities (contracting)
The functions of a licensee under the
industrial waste scheme for City of
Copenhagen – incl. KPI, Payment,
financing, etc.)
6 Danish Association of
Industries
7 Site visits:
- Amagerforbrænding
(incinerator)
- R 98/Renoflex SW
collection systems
- Copenhagen Recycling
Centre
Malaysian Government / DANIDA Solid Waste Management Component (2006-2009)
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Sweden
Agency Details
1 Swedish Association of
Waste Management (RVF)
Swedish policy and legislation on
producer responsibility (take back)
Implementation of producer
responsibility and take back systems
Berlin
Agency Details
1 Berlin Solid waste Agency
(BSR)
Solid waste regulation in Germany
2 Alba, Berlin Green-Dot
(producer responsibility)
managing company
Presentation of duales system
Deutschland – most advanced producer
responsibility system in the world
London
Agency Details
1 Seminar on British SW
regulation:
Presentation by:
Ms. Tricia Henton, Head
of Environmental
Protection Agency (duty
of care etc)
Assistant Director,
Nottinghamshire County
Council
Defra Representative
(PFI Process)
Managing Director,
Veolia (PFI contract –
bidding and managing
PFI contract)
Catherine Burke,
Partner, Martineau
Johnson Legal Advisory
(aspects of PFI)
Director, Enviros,
(technical advisory
aspects of PFI)
Environmental Protection Agency
Presentation of the British model for
privatization (Public-Private
Partnerships) and the Private Finance
Initiative system
Principles of “Duty to Care”
Representatives from Great Britain
waste sector will be present for
discussions
Malaysian Government / DANIDA Solid Waste Management Component (2006-2009)
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4 Detailed Programme in England
Venue: DTI Conference Centre, Victoria Street, London
08.30 Arrive and register with security
08.45 Keith Richardson, Director, RSM Robson Rhodes
Introductions
09.00 Ron Bates, PPP Policy Development
Government’s role in facilitating new infrastructure
09.45 Tricia Henton, Director of Environment Protection, Environment Agency
Environmental policy and regulation of new Waste facilities
10.30 John Kutner – Veolia Environmental Services‟ Deputy Chief Executive
Private sector experience of UK waste procurement
11.00 Malvin Trigg Assistanct Director – Communities Department Nottingham County
Council
Public Sector experience of UK waste procurement
11.30 Q&A
11.45 Break for coffee and prayers
12.15 Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal Advisory
Aspects of PFI – The role of the legal adviser
12.45 John Lucas Technical Director Enviros Consulting
The role of the technical advisor
13.15 Q&A
13.30 Lunch and close
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5 List of Addresses and Contacts
5.1 Contacts in Denmark
COWI A/S
Parallelvej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Tel: +45 45 97 22 11
Fax: +45 45 97 2212
www.cowi.dk
Contact persons:
• Mr. Bjørn Jacobsen, Director Solid Waste
• Ms. Ingrid Lembke, Project Secretary (il@cowi.dk)
Danwaste Consult
Kløvermarksvej 70, DK-2300 København S
Tel: +45 32 66 18 66
Fax: +45 32 66 18 81
Contact person:
• Mr. Ole V. Christiansen, Director
European Topic Centre on Waste
Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 Copenhagen K
Tel: +45 33 92 76 90
Fax: +45 33 32 22 27
E-mail: etcw@mst.dk
www.waste.eionet.europa.eu
Contact person:
Mr. Birgit Munck-Kampmannn, Director General
Mr. Christian Fischer, Deputy Director
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Ministry of Environment and Energy
Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Strandgade 29, DK-1401 Copenhagen K
Tel: +45 32 66 01 00
Fax: +45 33 66 04 79
Contact person:
• Mr. Helge Andreasen, Deputy Director General
Department of Environment, City of Copenhagen
Environmental Protection Agency of Copenhagen
Kalvehod Brygge 45, DK-1502 Copenhagen V
Tel: +45 33 66 58 00
Fax: +45 33 66 71 33
Contact person:
• Mr. Jens Purup, Head of Section
R 98
Kraftvaerksvej 25, DK-2300 Copenhagen S
Tel: +45 32 66 18 98
Fax: +45 32 66 18 55
www.r98 .dk
Contact person:
• Mr. Jes König, Director
Renoflex – Gruppen A/S
Kløvermarksvej 70, DK-2300 Copenhagen S
Tel: +45 72 21 18 00
Fax: +45 72 21 18 18
I/S Amargerforbrænding
Kraftværksvej 31, DK-2300 Copenhagen S
Tel: +45 32 95 03 51
Copenhagen Recycling Centre
Selinevej 2, DK-2300 Copenhagen S
Tel: +45 32 50 50 42
Fax: +45 32 50 32 04
E-mail: kmc@miljoe.kk.dk
www.miljoe.kk.dk
Contact person:
• Mr. Jens Nejrup, Director
Malaysian Government / DANIDA Solid Waste Management Component (2006-2009)
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5.2 Contacts in Sweden
Swedish Association of Waste Management (RVF)
Svenska Renhållningsverksföreningen, Prostagatan 2, 211 25 Malmö
Tel. +46 40 35 66 00
Fax +46 40 35 66 26
E-mail: office@rvf.se
www.rvf.se
Contact person:
• Mr. Weine Wiqvist, Managing Director
5.3 Contacts in Berlin
Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe
Ringbahnstr. 96, 12103 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 75 92 23 51
Mobile: +49 17 12 27 22 10
5.4 Contacts in London
Department of Trade and Industry
Response Centre, 1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET
Tel: +44 20 7215 5000
Fax: +44 20 7215 0105
E-mail: dti.enquiries@dti.gsi.gov.uk
RSM Robson Rhodes LLP
Tel: +44 14 3467 3791
www.rsmi.co.uk
Contact person:
Mr. Keith Richardson (mobile no: + 44 (0)77 7619 8547)
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Appendix B Agencies Visited
Day Institution Presentation/Discussion
6 January
(Sunday)
Solid Waste Management
Component;
Ib Larsen, CTA
Introduction to SWM in Denmark and the sites for study tour
7 January Ministry of Environment and
Energy, Solid Waste Management
and Legal Offices;
Helge Andreasen, Deputy DG
Marianne Moth, Head of
Division
Lis Vedel, Deputy Head of
Division
Principles of solid waste regulation in Denmark
Regulations on producer responsibility focusing on WEE, its
administrative rules and its organization
R98, Household Waste Conces-
sionaire, City of Copenhagen
Jes Konig
Presentation and discussion regarding fee system, salary sys-
tem for dustmen, and benchmarking
Deliberation into the concession agreements and its condi-
tions
European Topic Centre on Re-
source and Waste Management;
Christian Fischer
EU Waste Legislation which includes:
Overview of waste legislation
Requirements for the EU Member States to organize waste
management
The use of producer responsibility
9 January Department of Environment, City
of Copenhagen;
Jens Purup, Executive
Adviser
An overview of solid waste management in City of Copenha-
gen with deliberations in schemes, the significance of waste
plans and its relationship with municipal regulations
Sample of a property tax billing statement which shows the
waste fee distribution
Renoflex
The operations of a private major waste collection company
which includes collection of industrial and commercial waste,
treatment of industrial waste and collection of household
waste
Example of a penalty system (Municipality of Greve)
10
January
R98
Renoflex
Copenhagen Recycling Centre
Sites visited :
Incinerator
Collection of bulky waste from single-family houses
Collection of residual waste, paper cardboard and more from
multi-family houses
Recycling station at a specific development of buildings (450
flats)
Copenhagen Recycling Centre (150,000 visitors)
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11
January
Swedish Association of Waste
Management; Weine Wiquist,
Managing Director
An overview of Swedish solid waste management system and
its corresponding policies and legislations.
Differentiating the roles between the municipalities and pro-
ducers and waste types
Producer‟s responsibility and how it is in practice as com-
pared to legislative requirements
Application of economic instruments (landfill tax, municipal
charges, producers fee)
12
January
Berlin Solid Waste Agency An overview of Germany‟s solid waste management system
including the roles at Federal, State and Municipality levels
and formulation of waste plans
Description of BSR operations as a waste disposer in Berlin
in meeting the targets set by the government
Discussion on the pros and cons between private and public
administration of solid waste management
Options for treatment system and overall Federal strategy
Duales System (Green Dot) towards ensuring packaging ma-
terials are recycled
13
January
Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, Ms Tricia Henton, Head of
Agency
Defra, Ron Bates, Head of Private
Finance Policy Waste Implemen-
tation Programme
Nottinghamshire County Council,
Malvin Trigg, Assistant Director,
Communities Department
Veolia Environmental Services
PLC, John Kutner, Deputy Chief
Executive
Martineau Johnson Legal Advi-
sory; Catherine Burke (Partner),
Angela Healy (Senior Associate)
Enviros Consulting Limited, John
Lucas, Technical Director
Roles and function as an environmental agency and its rela-
tionship with the councils, emphasis on self-regulation and
duty of care
Government‟s role in facilitating new infrastructure bridging
the policy requirements and the funding options made avail to
the councils (i.e Private Financing Initiatives –PFI)
Overview of solid waste management at the Nottingham
County Council; experiences of PFI application
Private sector experience of UK waste procurement – applica-
tion of the PFI/PPP/Integrated Contracts
Description of the basic contractual structure and procure-
ment process of the waste PFI in the UK
Roles and functions of the technical advisers in the formulat-
ing integrated waste treatment strategies
top related