solar seawater desalination
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© Fraunhofer ISE
SOLAR SEAWATER DESALINATION
Dr.–Ing. Joachim Koschikowski
Fraunhofer-Institute for Solare
Energy Systems ISE
© Fraunhofer ISE
Outline
Development of the global
desalination market
Overview on desalination
technologies
Decentralized versus centralized
water supply systems
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar
desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the
most critical problems to be solved
Water has no alternative !!!
© Fraunhofer ISE
Water
EnergyFood /
Industry
The shortage of clean and safe water is one of the
most critical problems to be solved
Water has no alternative !!!
© Fraunhofer ISE
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Mio
m³/
day
Global desalination capacity
Global Capacity :
88 Mio m³/day
Development of the global desalination market
Desalination for industrial and domestic fresh water
supply is of increasing importance!
Multi Effect Dist. 7%
Multi Stage Flash 21%
Reverse Osmosis 66%13.000 small and
medium scale
systems with an
average capacity of
1500m³ (25% of total
production)
Membrane based
technology has
increasing share
© Fraunhofer ISE
Development of the global desalination market
Mega plants
> 1Mio m³/Tag
Small scale,
distributed systems
< 1000 m³/Tag
Two major trends can be observed
Desalination for industrial and domestic fresh water
supply is of increasing importance!
Global Capacity :
88 Mio m³/day
13.000 small and
medium scale
systems with an
average capacity of
1500m³ (25% of total
production)
Membrane based
technology has
increasing share
© Fraunhofer ISE
The utilization of renewable energy for desalination is
of increasing interest!
Water shortage and high
solar yield are
geographically correlated
Example:
The production of 1m³ of
fresh water by solar
desalination requires 5 to
10 m² of PV
Development of the global desalination market
© Fraunhofer ISE
Steam at 70°C
0.08 - 0.1 t/tproduct
Thermal energy input ~50 – 60kWh/m³ Cooling
1.5-2.5kWh/m³product
Sea water at 20 – 35°C
Electrical energy input
Cooling blow down
Energy demand
Investment costs
Number of effects 2 -20
Basic set up of a Multi Effect Desalination (MED)
system
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Heat
storage
Fossil
back up
Principle design of a CSP – MED plant
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Electricty
3.5-6 kWh/tproduct
Basic set up of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
60 – 80bar
Pressure recovery
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic set up of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
PV-RO - stand alone system configuration for small scale application
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic set up of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system
PV-RO – grid connected system configuration for large applications
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Driving force:Difference of water vapor pressure between both membrane boundary layers
Evaporator Condenser
Hydrophobic
Membrane
Overview on desalination technologies
Basic set up of Membrane Distillation system
© Fraunhofer ISE
Driving force:Difference of water vapor pressure between both membrane boundary layers
Basic set up of Membrane Distillation system
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
RO: Reverse Osmosis
ED: Electro Dialysis
MSF: Multi stage flash
MED: Multi Effect Distillation
VC: Vapor Compression
STIL: Simple Solar Stil
MEH: Multi Effect Distillation
MD: Membrane Distillation
Renewable energy sources for desalination
Overview on desalination technologies
© Fraunhofer ISE
Low water production costs
Large urban communities can be
supplied with water
Financing is possible since successful
business models exist
Complex, expensive, lossy distribution
grids are required
Minimized distribution costs
Water supply to remote regions
Minimized distribution grid but
maintenance of system is difficult
Financing of systems difficult since
attractive business models do not
exist
Centralized water supply Decentralized water supply
Decentralized distributed water supply systems
versus centralized systems
© Fraunhofer ISE
Stand alone solar only supply is
challenging since large scale energy
storage is expensive
Solar energy can be used efficiently
as fuel saver
100% coverage by solar energy
possible in average annual net
balance in grid connected systems
Full coverage by solar energy in
stand alone systems possible –
further development for cost
reduction
Very remote regions can be reached
CAPEX is high but levalized costs of
water can be the cheapest option
Centralized water supply Decentralized water supply
Solar energy as prime mover for desalination
systems
© Fraunhofer ISE
Application :
Solar thermal power plants with large scale desalination plant for energy and
water supply to coastal cities
Fresh water production for irrigation in agriculture
Challenges:
Locations which provide favorable conditions for CSP and desalination are
limited (CSP+MED requires co-located installation, dislocated installation for
CSP – RO is more flexible)
Intermittent operation is technically difficult and economically inefficient,
storage or fossil backup is necessary
Piloting and demonstration is costly due to required size of plant
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar desalination
Conceptual design of CSP + Desalination plants
© Fraunhofer ISE
Approach:
Development of simulation models
Conceptual design of components and systems
Techno-economical evaluation of system designs and boundary conditions
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar desalination
Conceptual design of CSP + Desalination plants
© Fraunhofer ISE
Application:
Decentralized distributed villages and settlements
Islands with shortage of fresh water
Disaster relief
Challenge:
Adaptation of RO system design to intermittent energy supply
Technical robustness with respect to changing raw water composition
Long term operation with minimized maintenance needs
Minimization of water production costs (Capex – Opex)
Consideration of socioeconomic boundary condition
Development and piloting of solar driven stand alone
desalination systems
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar PV driven RO plant
designed by Fraunhofer ISE
and tested in Cyprus
desalination
filtration
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
Gran Canaria Spain
Solar collector : 180m²
Nominal capacity: 5 m³/day
Pantelleria Italy
Waste heat from power plant
Nominal capacity: 5m³/day
Amarika Namibia
Solar collector: 225m²
Nominal capacity: 5 m³/T
Solar thermally driven MD systems developed and tested
by Fraunhofer ISE in different locations
Fraunhofer ISE activities on solar desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
Basic research on membrane
performance and reliability
Development of new membrane
based desalination modules
Development, installation and
evaluation of lab to pilot scale
desalination systems
Design study and evaluation of CSP
connected desalination systems
Conduction of techno-economical
studies for the evaluation of
renewable driven desalination
systems
Summary of our capabilities in desalination
© Fraunhofer ISE
Solar PV driven stand
alone ultra filtration (UF)
system for purification of
contaminated surface
water
Capacity: 0,8 – 50 m³/day
Modular and scalable
Long term stand alone operation
with minimum maintenance needs
Summary of our capabilities in water treatment
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